State v. C. P.

512 November 17, 2023 No. 31

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE

STATE OF OREGON

In the Matter of C. P.,

a Youth.

STATE OF OREGON,

Petitioner on Review,

v.

C. P.,

Respondent on Review.

(CC 19JU08303) (CA A173762) (SC S069912)

On review from the Court of Appeals.*

Argued and submitted May 16, 2023.

Gregory A. Rios, Assistant Attorney General, Salem,

argued the cause and filed the briefs for petitioner on review.

Also on the briefs were Ellen Rosenblum, Attorney General,

and Benjamin Gutman, Solicitor General.

Christa Obold Eshleman, Youth, Rights & Justice, Portland,

argued the cause and filed the brief for respondent on review.

Erin K. Olson, Law Office of Erin Olson PC, Portland,

filed the brief for amicus curiae Megan Levonian. Also on

the brief was Rosemary W. Brewer, Oregon Crime Victims

Law Center, Portland.

Before Flynn, Chief Justice, and Duncan, Garrett,

DeHoog, Bushong, and Masih, Justices, and Baldwin, Senior

Judge, Justice pro tempore.**

BUSHONG, J.

The decision of the Court of Appeals is reversed. The

order of the circuit court is affirmed.

______________

* Appeal from Multnomah County Circuit Court, Amy Holmes Hehn, Judge.

322 Or App 51, 518 P3d 598 (2022).

** James, J., did not participate in the consideration or decision of this case.

Cite as 371 Or 512 (2023) 513

514 State v. C. P.

BUSHONG, J.

The youth in this juvenile delinquency case struck

the victim on her head with a mallet, causing significant

injuries. The issue on review is whether the juvenile court

misconstrued the governing statute, ORS 419A.258, in

ordering disclosure of confidential records in youth’s file to

the victim before youth’s delinquency dispositional hearing.

The Court of Appeals concluded that the victim was unable

to show that disclosure was “necessary to serve a legit-

imate need” of the requesting party, as required by ORS

419A.258(7). State v. C. P., 322 Or App 51, 62, 67-68, 518 P3d

598 (2022). We allowed the state’s petition for review.

We conclude from the text, context, and legislative

history of ORS 419A.258 that the statute, properly con-

strued, gives juvenile courts some discretion in weighing the

interests at stake before determining whether and to what

extent disclosure is necessary to serve a legitimate need of

the person seeking disclosure under the circumstances of a

given case. We reject the Court of Appeals’ interpretation

of what is necessary to serve a victim’s legitimate need and

conclude that the juvenile court in this case acted within the

range of discretion granted by the statute in ordering dis-

closure to the victim. Accordingly, we reverse the decision

of the Court of Appeals and affirm the order of the juvenile

court.

I. BACKGROUND

A. Facts and Proceedings Below

As noted by the Court of Appeals, the facts relevant

to the issues on appeal are not in dispute. C. P., 322 Or App

at 52. The victim rented a room in the home where youth

lived. One night, youth entered the victim’s room while she

slept and struck her on the head with a mallet, causing sig-

nificant injuries. In the juvenile court, youth admitted that

he had engaged in that conduct and that his actions would

have constituted second-degree assault if he had been an

adult. Based on those admissions, the juvenile court adjudi-

cated youth to be within the court’s delinquency jurisdiction

and scheduled a hearing—known as a dispositional hear-

ing—to address the consequences of youth’s actions.

Cite as 371 Or 512 (2023) 515

Before the dispositional hearing, the victim filed

a motion under ORS 419A.258, requesting to inspect and

copy the juvenile court’s confidential file,1 including specif-

ically a psychological evaluation of, and the juvenile court

counselor’s report about, youth. Under ORS 419A.258(6), a

court addressing such a motion must weigh the interests

of parties and others who might be affected by disclosure,

including victims and the public. The provision that is at the

center of the parties’ dispute in this case, ORS 419A.258(7),

states that a court shall allow disclosure “only as necessary

to serve the legitimate need” of the person filing the motion.

In this case, the person filing the motion—the vic-

tim—contended that, under ORS 419C.273 and Article I,

section 42, of the Oregon Constitution, she had a right to

meaningfully participate in the dispositional hearing and

stated in the declaration submitted in support of her motion

that she wanted to inspect the records in the confidential

file to facilitate that participation and make an informed

statement to the court. The supporting declaration further

stated that the information was relevant to the dispositional

hearing because the victim’s safety would be considered by

the court in determining an appropriate disposition, and

that allowing access to the file would help the victim fully

understand the circumstances surrounding this case and

assuage her fears regarding youth and the circumstances

surrounding the assault. Youth opposed the motion, con-

tending that the reports are confidential and privileged

under ORS 419A.255, and that the victim had not demon-

strated a “legitimate need” for the reports, as required by

ORS 419A.258(7)(a).

The juvenile court granted the victim’s motion in

part. Specifically, the juvenile court ordered disclosure—

subject to a protective order governing use—of the youth’s

psychological evaluation; the juvenile court counselor’s

report; and the police reports related to the underlying

1

Under ORS 419A.255(1)(a), the clerk of the court is required to maintain

a “record of each case” and a “supplemental confidential file” for each juvenile

court case. The record of the case includes records filed in juvenile court proceed-

ings, ORS 419A.252(4), and the supplemental confidential file includes “reports

and other material relating to the * * * youth’s history and prognosis” that do not

become part of the record of the case. ORS 419A.252(5).

516 State v. C. P.

incident.2 The juvenile court explained in its order that the

victim wanted to know “as much as possible about the Youth,

his mental process related to the offense, his strengths, his

motivations, and the level of risk he presents to her and to

the community in order to assess her own level of safety

under each of the dispositional options under consideration.”

The court made disclosure subject to a protective order that

retained the records in the constructive custody of the court

and required them to be turned over only to the victim’s

counsel, with the victim having a right to inspect—but not

copy—the records. The protective order further provided

that the records could not be disclosed to anyone else and

could not be used for any purpose other than the juvenile

proceeding.

Youth appealed the disclosure order, and the Court

of Appeals reversed, concluding that, although the juvenile

court had correctly acknowledged that the victim’s right to

be heard at the dispositional hearing did not give the vic-

tim a “right per se to access” youth’s confidential file, and

the juvenile court had correctly weighed the interests it was

required to consider in deciding whether to grant the vic-

tim’s motion, C. P., 322 Or App at 64, the juvenile court’s

balancing of those interests did not “comport[ ] with the cor-

rect legal construction of the pertinent and overlapping con-

stitutional and statutory provisions,” id. at 64-65. According

to the Court of Appeals, “a proper construction of the legal

provisions involved here required the [juvenile] court to

resolve the competing interests reflected in this record, in

favor of youth and his family.” Id. at 65. The court explained

that, “[a]lthough the victim’s rights to participate and to

prepare are unquestionably legitimate, they do not give rise

to a ‘need’ to inspect the requested records.” Id. Thus, the

Court of Appeals concluded that the juvenile court “erred as

a matter of law when it granted the victim’s motion.” Id. at

68. The state petitioned for review, which we allowed.

B. Standard of Review

At the outset, we must determine the appropriate

standard for reviewing a juvenile court decision that authorizes

2

On appeal and in this court, youth does not challenge the disclosure of the

police reports.

Cite as 371 Or 512 (2023) 517

disclosure of records in a youth’s confidential file. In consid-

ering that question, we note that, although youth has placed

at issue the correct interpretation of ORS 419A.258—which

we review for legal error3 —the statute, when properly con-

strued, still requires the juvenile court to make separate

discretionary determinations that we ordinarily would

review for abuse of discretion. See State v. Iseli, 366 Or 151,

161, 458 P3d 653 (2020) (“[I]f application of the appropriate

legal principles would permit more than one legally correct

outcome, then the appellate court reviews for abuse of dis-

cretion.”). However, in this case, youth does not contend that

the juvenile court abused its discretion in weighing the par-

ties’ interests under ORS 419A.258; the only issue presented

on appeal is the court’s interpretation of the statute, which

we review for legal error.

We apply our traditional methodology in interpret-

ing the statute. See, e.g., State v. Gaines, 346 Or 160, 171-72,

206 P3d 1042 (2009) (court gives primary weight to statutory

text in context, with appropriate additional weight accorded

to any relevant legislative history); PGE v. Bureau of Labor

and Industries, 317 Or 606, 611, 859 P2d 1143 (1993) (con-

text includes other provisions of the same statute and other

related statutes). In applying that methodology, we attempt

to discern the intent of the legislatures that enacted the

statutes. ORS 174.020; State v. McDowell, 352 Or 27, 30, 279

P3d 198 (2012).

II. DISCUSSION

The juvenile court’s disclosure order in this case

was based on its understanding of ORS 419A.258. That stat-

ute broadly allows “any person” who is not entitled by other

statutes to review juvenile court records to file a motion

requesting access to the confidential case file. Nobody dis-

putes that the victim in this case was entitled to request

access to the records under ORS 419A.258. Youth contends,

however, that, in granting the victim’s request, the juvenile

court misinterpreted subsection (7) of the statute, which, as

3

See Dept. of Human Services v. S. J. M., 364 Or 37, 40, 430 P3d 1021 (2018)

(“We review the juvenile court’s legal conclusions for errors of law[.]”); see also

State v. Thompson, 328 Or 248, 256, 971 P2d 879 (1999) (“A trial court’s interpre-

tation of a statute is reviewed for legal error.”).

518 State v. C. P.

noted above, provides that a juvenile court shall order dis-

closure “only as necessary to serve the legitimate need” of

the person seeking disclosure. The Court of Appeals agreed.

Before analyzing the statutory text and context, we briefly

summarize the parties’ arguments.

A. Contentions of the Parties

Youth contends that ORS 419A.258(6) and (7)

together required the juvenile court to determine whether

the victim had demonstrated a “legitimate need” to inspect

the records before the victim would be given access to any

records in the supplemental confidential file, and that disclo-

sure to the victim in this case was not “necessary” to serve

any “legitimate need” of the victim within the meaning of

the statute. Youth further contends that those statutory

terms, properly construed, authorize disclosure only if dis-

closure was required to comply with the law. He argues that

disclosure to the victim was not required to comply with the

victim’s statutory and constitutional right to participate in

the dispositional hearing, because the victim could attend

the hearing and be heard without seeing the confidential

records.4

The state notes that the victim’s right to participate

in the dispositional hearing is protected by ORS 419C.273

and Article I, section 42, of the Oregon Constitution. It

contends that the juvenile court appropriately applied the

statute, weighed the relevant interests to determine that

the victim’s request for access should be granted, and then

separately and correctly determined that disclosure of the

records at issue was “necessary” to serve the victim’s “legit-

imate need” to review those records in connection with the

dispositional hearing.

The Court of Appeals agreed with youth, concluding

that “a party seeking disclosure must demonstrate some-

thing more than that disclosure would be beneficial to them;

4

Youth also contends that the victim did not need to access the confidential

information to participate in the dispositional hearing because the state already

had access to those materials and could use them to advocate for a proper disposi-

tion. That is true, but a victim’s interests do not always align with the state. That

is why victims have a statutory and constitutional right to participate—separate

from the state—in a dispositional hearing. ORS 419C.273; Or Const, Art I, § 42.

Cite as 371 Or 512 (2023) 519

they must demonstrate that disclosure is necessary under

the circumstances.” C. P., 322 Or App at 65-66 (emphasis

in original). The court thought that the statute’s context

“reflects that the legislature did not view victims as hav-

ing a ‘need’ to inspect confidential juvenile files,” id. at 66,

and concluded that, although access to confidential records

“might in theory be helpful to the prosecutor[, it] does not

establish that the victim has a ‘legitimate need’ ” to see the

records, id. at 67. We allowed review to resolve that import-

ant question of statutory interpretation. We begin with the

text and context of the statute.

B. Statutory Text and Context

In juvenile delinquency proceedings, the juvenile

court has authority to allow persons who are not parties to

the proceedings—including victims—to review court files

in certain circumstances. The court clerk is required to

“maintain a record of each case and a supplemental confi-

dential file for each case[.]” ORS 419A.255(1)(a). The “record

of the case” is “withheld from public inspection but is open

to inspection” by the persons specified in the statute, ORS

419A.255(1)(b). That provision does not specifically list vic-

tims within the categories of persons allowed to inspect the

“record of the case,” but it does allow inspection by “[a]ny

other person or entity allowed by the court pursuant to ORS

419A.258.” ORS 419A.255(1)(b)(Q). A subset of those allowed

to inspect the “record of the case” is entitled to receive cop-

ies of the record of the case. ORS 419A.255(1)(c). Again,

that subset does not specifically include victims, but it does

include “[a]ny other person or entity allowed by the court

pursuant to ORS 419A.258.” ORS 419A.255(1)(c)(E).

With respect to the “supplemental confidential file,”

ORS 419A.255(2)(a) provides that records in that file relat-

ing to the youth’s “history and prognosis” are “privileged”

and “shall be withheld from public inspection” except as per-

mitted by paragraph (2)(b), which, in turn, limits inspection

to listed persons—again, not including victims in that list,

but including “[a]ny other person or entity allowed by the

court pursuant to ORS 419A.258.” ORS 419A.255(2)(b)(O).

Similarly, a subset of those allowed to inspect the supplemen-

tal confidential file is entitled to receive copies of material

520 State v. C. P.

maintained in that file. ORS 419A.255(2)(d). That subset,

once again, does not include victims but does include “[a]ny

other person or entity allowed by the court pursuant to ORS

419A.258.” ORS 419A.255(2)(d)(J). Any person obtaining

copies of material in the supplemental confidential file is

responsible for preserving the confidentiality of that mate-

rial. ORS 419A.255(2)(e).

The statute that is directly applicable here, ORS

419A.258, outlines the process for filing, serving, and

resolving a motion to allow access to the juvenile court file.

Subsection (1) of that statute provides:

“Any person or entity not included in ORS 419A.255 as

a person or entity entitled to inspection or copying of the

record of the case or the supplemental confidential file may

file a motion with the court to inspect or copy the record of

the case or the supplemental confidential file. The person

or entity filing the motion shall file a sworn affidavit or

declaration under penalty of perjury that states all of the

following:

“(a) The reasons why the inspection or copying is

sought;

“(b) The relevancy, if any, of the inspection or copying

to the juvenile court proceeding; and

“(c) How the inspection or copying will serve to balance

the interests listed in subsection (6) of this section.”

(Emphasis added.) Subsection (2) of ORS 419A.258 requires

the person filing the motion to serve it on all parties and

attorneys of record in the juvenile court proceeding and file

proof of service. Subsection (5) requires the court to conduct

an in camera review “[u]pon determination by the court that

the person or entity filing the motion has met the require-

ments of subsections (1) and (2)[.]”

Subsection (6) of ORS 419A.258 provides that, after

the court conducts its in camera review and

“in making the determination of whether to allow inspec-

tion or copying of the record of the case or the supplemental

confidential file, in whole or in part, the court shall weigh

the following interests:

Cite as 371 Or 512 (2023) 521

“(a) The privacy interests and particular vulnera-

bilities of the * * * youth * * * that may be affected by the

inspection or copying of all or part of the record of the case

or the supplemental confidential file;

“(b) The interests of the other parties to, or victims in,

the juvenile court proceeding;

“(c) The interests of the person or entity filing the

motion; and

“(d) The interests of the public.”

(Emphasis added.) Thus, the text of the statute specifically

lists the victim’s interests as one of the interests that the

juvenile court must weigh “in making the determination” of

whether to allow inspection or copying of the supplemental

confidential file.

Subsection (7) of ORS 419A.258 provides:

“In granting a motion made under this section, the

court:

“(a) Shall allow inspection or copying only as necessary

to serve the legitimate need of the person or entity filing the

motion, as determined by the court;

“(b) May limit inspection or copying to particular

parts of the record of the case or the supplemental confi-

dential file;

“(c) May specify the timing and procedure for allowing

inspection or copying; and

“(d) Shall make protective orders governing use of the

materials that are inspected or copied.”

(Emphasis added.)

Those provisions, read together, outline the pro-

cess that “any person” not otherwise entitled to inspect the

records in a juvenile court file—including a victim—must

follow to obtain access to those records, including the supple-

mental confidential portion of the file. Under that process, as

explained in more detail below, a person requesting access

to the records must file and serve a motion and supporting

affidavit or declaration; the court reviews those materials

and, if satisfied that certain statutory requirements have

522 State v. C. P.

been met, reviews the files; and the court then weighs the

competing interests and determines whether and to what

extent disclosure is necessary, subject to the terms of a pro-

tective order.

Subsection (1) of ORS 419A.258 recognizes that per-

sons or entities specifically listed in ORS 419A.255 already

have a right of access to the file; ORS 419A.258 addresses a

request for access by any person or entity not listed in ORS

419A.255. The first step in the process, described in sub-

section (1) of ORS 419A.258, occurs when a person or entity

requesting access files a motion to inspect or copy the file.

The motion must be supported by a sworn affidavit or decla-

ration outlining the reasons for the request, how the request

is relevant to the juvenile court proceeding, and how the

request fits within the interest-balancing test under subsec-

tion (6). The motion and supporting material must be served

in accordance with subsection (2).

If the court determines that the moving party has

complied with the filing and service requirements of sub-

sections (1) and (2), then subsection (5) requires the court

to conduct an in camera review of the file. After conducting

that review, subsection (6) requires the court to “weigh” the

interests of those listed in that subsection—which expressly

includes victims—and subsection (7) requires the court to

allow access “only as necessary to serve the legitimate need”

of the person requesting access.

In weighing the interests of the persons listed in

subsection (6), the court must examine the reasons for seek-

ing access given by the person filing the motion and deter-

mine how allowing access to those materials might be per-

tinent to the proceedings. The court’s assessment of that

person’s “interests” under subsection (6) would thus include

some consideration of whether the person has a “legitimate

need” to access the materials—however that term is defined.

In addition, in determining the extent of access that should

be allowed under subsection (7), the court could determine

that none of the records in the juvenile court file is neces-

sary to serve the person’s “legitimate need,” effectively deny-

ing access entirely. Thus, as a practical matter, subsections

(6) and (7), read together, both require juvenile courts to

Cite as 371 Or 512 (2023) 523

assess whether and to what extent a person seeking disclo-

sure has demonstrated a legitimate need for the materials

sought. We turn to analyzing what the legislature intended

when it authorized juvenile courts to order disclosure “only

as necessary to serve the legitimate need” of the person

requesting disclosure.

We start with the plain meanings of the terms

“legitimate” and “need.” The dictionary defines “legitimate”

as “genuine * * *[;] accordant with law or with established

legal forms and requirements.” Webster’s Third New Int’l

Dictionary 1291 (unabridged ed 2002). The word “need”—

when used as a noun, as it is here—means a “necessary duty

* * *[;] a want of something requisite, desirable, or useful.”

Id. at 1512. The word “necessary” means “whatever is essen-

tial for some purpose.” Id. at 1510.

In this context, the dictionary definition of “nec-

essary”—whatever is essential for some purpose—is help-

ful, but the intended purpose that must be served by dis-

closure remains unclear.5 Although the text requires that

disclosure must be necessary to serve the requesting per-

son’s “legitimate need,” the term “need,” as noted above, can

mean “a want of something” that is “requisite” or “desirable”

or “useful.” Thus, considering the dictionary definitions

alone, access might be “necessary” to serve the moving par-

ty’s “legitimate need” to review certain records in the file if

access would be essential for a requisite purpose, meaning

something that is required. Alternatively, disclosure to the

moving party might be “necessary” to serve the movant’s

“legitimate need” if access to the records would be essential

for a desirable or useful purpose even though it may not be

required.

Given those differing dictionary definitions, we must

“consider the statutory words in context to determine which

5

In other contexts, we have determined that the dictionary definitions of the

word “necessary” may not resolve the issue. State v. Jackson, 369 Or 510, 522,

508 P3d 457 (2022); see also Penn v. Board of Parole, 365 Or 607, 631, 451 P3d 589

(2019) (noting that, when not defined in a statute, “the word ‘necessary’ * * * is an

inexact term, the intended meaning of which is for [the] court to determine”). In

addition, some statutes may authorize actions that are “reasonably necessary”

to accomplishing a specified purpose; in that context, we would not understand

“necessary” to mean “essential.”

524 State v. C. P.

of multiple definitions is the one that the legislature

intended.” State v. Clemente-Perez, 357 Or 745, 765, 359 P3d

232 (2015). As noted above, context includes other provi-

sions of the same statute and other related statutes. PGE,

317 Or at 611. Also as noted above, subsection (1) of ORS

419A.258 requires the moving party to submit in support of

the motion an affidavit or declaration stating the reasons for

the request, how it is relevant to the proceeding, and how it

will serve the court in balancing the interests it is required

to balance under subsection (6).

Subsection (6), in turn, requires the court to weigh

the interests of the moving party against a youth’s “privacy

interests and particular vulnerabilities” as well as the inter-

ests of other parties, the victim, and the public. Assessing

all the reasons stated for seeking disclosure and weighing

all the relevant interests listed in the statute would seem, at

least preliminarily, to support an interpretation that gives

juvenile courts some discretion to consider more than just

whether disclosure would be essential to serve a purpose

required by law.

We turn to the legislative history to see whether it

sheds any additional light on the legislature’s intent.

C. Legislative History

As explained below, the legislative history, although

not especially illuminating, does not contradict our tentative

conclusion that, in assessing whether a person has demon-

strated that disclosure was “necessary” to serve the person’s

“legitimate need” to access confidential records, the legisla-

ture intended to authorize juvenile courts to consider more

than what would be essential to serve a purpose required by

law.

The statutes addressing access to confidential juve-

nile files date back to 1993, when the legislature enacted the

first iteration of ORS 419A.255 as part of a comprehensive

revision of the Oregon Juvenile Code. Or Laws 1993, ch 33,

§ 49.6 As originally enacted, ORS 419A.255 did not permit

victims or other persons who were not specifically listed in

6

ORS 419A.255 (1993) was slightly amended several times between 1993

and 2013.

Cite as 371 Or 512 (2023) 525

that statute to access confidential juvenile records at all.

See ORS 419A.255 (1993) (“The record of the case shall be

withheld from public inspection but shall be open to inspec-

tion by the child, parent, guardian or surrogate and their

attorneys. * * * Reports and other material relating to the

child’s history and prognosis are privileged and * * * shall

not be disclosed * * * to anyone other than the judge of the

juvenile court, those acting under the judge’s direction and

to the attorneys of record for the child or the child’s parent,

guardian or surrogate.”).

In 2013, the legislature amended ORS 419A.255 to

permit persons who were not parties to the juvenile court

proceedings to inspect and obtain copies of records in some

circumstances. Or Laws 2013, ch 417, § 3. The 2013 legisla-

tion was the culmination of a process that started in 2010,

when the Oregon Judicial Department asked the Oregon Law

Commission (OLC) to review, clarify, and improve juvenile

code provisions related to confidentiality of juvenile court

records—and specifically requested review and improve-

ment of ORS 419A.255. Exhibit 12, House Committee on

Judiciary, SB 622, May 14, 2013, 3 (Juvenile Records Work

Group Report for SB 622 (2013), Oregon Law Commission)

(Juvenile Records Report). The OLC formed a work group to

recommend legislation for clearer rules for access to juvenile

court records. Id. at 3-4.

Among the changes recommended by the OLC work

group were the provisions ultimately included in the current

version of ORS 419A.255, summarized above, that autho-

rized juvenile courts to allow persons other than those spe-

cifically listed in the statute to request access to juvenile

court records. The work group described those provisions as

“a catch-all” that would give juvenile courts “authority and

discretion” to allow inspection or copying of records by per-

sons or entities not specifically listed in the statute. Juvenile

Records Report at 10, 12. The legislature ultimately adopted

the work group’s recommendations and amended ORS

419A.255, but it delayed the operational date of the “catch-

all” provisions until 2016. See Exhibit 13, Senate Committee

on Judiciary, HB 4074, Feb 22, 2016, 1-2 (Amendments to

the Juvenile Court Records Statutes Report for HB 4074A

526 State v. C. P.

(2016), Oregon Law Commission) (Amendments Report)

(explaining that litigation involving members of both the

OLC and the juvenile records work group had been filed

when the “catch-all” provisions were first being considered,

and recommending delaying further consideration of those

provisions, in part, due to pending litigation). Another rea-

son for that delay was to give the work group time to solicit

input from juvenile court judges and others to develop stan-

dards that juvenile courts could use in applying the “catch-

all” provisions. Id. at 2-3.

Ultimately, the OLC work group recommended

the procedures that were subsequently codified in ORS

419A.258, which the work group described as “an approach

that balances adequate guidance for juvenile court judges

while still providing them with meaningful discretion.”

Id. at 4; see also Or Laws 2016, ch 95, § 9 (enacting what

is now ORS 419A.258). One issue of particular concern

was ensuring that the provisions complied with the “open

courts” requirement of the Oregon Constitution.7 The work

group believed that the standards it recommended “[struck]

the appropriate balance between open courts and protect-

ing juvenile interests.” Amendments Report at 4. The work

group also “felt it necessary for the courts to include in its

balancing of factors the interests of all parties of the pro-

ceedings as well as any victims involved in the proceedings.”

Id. at 6.

Unfortunately, aside from listing the factors the

court should consider in conducting the required balancing,

the report does not specifically describe what evidence the

court must examine or how it should weigh the competing

interests under subsection (6). The report does state that,

under subsection (7), disclosure should be allowed “only as

necessary,” id., but it does not explain how a court was to

determine what would be “necessary” or for what purpose.

7

The “open courts” clause of Article I, section 10, of the Oregon Constitution

states, “No court shall be secret, but justice shall be administered, openly and

without purchase[.]” We analyzed that provision in Doe v. Corp. of Presiding

Bishop, 352 Or 77, 102, 280 P3d 377 (2012), concluding there that the provision

did not require a trial court “to order the release of exhibits that were subject to

an earlier protective order requiring that the parties maintain their confidenti-

ality at the close of trial.”

Cite as 371 Or 512 (2023) 527

Judge Maureen McKnight, a member of the work

group and the chief family law judge in Multnomah County

at the time, testified to a legislative committee in support

of the legislation, proposed as House Bill (HB) 4074 (2016).

Judge McKnight testified that the “upshot” of the weigh-

ing of interests required by subsection (6) of the proposed

legislation was that “the court was to consider all of [the]

interests and in a particular case one or more might prepon-

derate, but we didn’t want to emphasize or detail what that

weighing would be because it would be driven by the indi-

vidual facts in the case.” Audio Recording, House Committee

on Judiciary, HB 4074, Feb 9, 2016, at 1:12:29 (testimony of

Judge Maureen McKnight), https://olis.oregonlegislature.gov

(accessed Nov 7, 2023). After conducting that balancing,

Judge McKnight explained, the juvenile court would “allow

* * * access as necessary to serve [the moving party’s] need if

the court found it legitimate.” Id. at 1:12:50. Judge McKnight

did not otherwise explain how a juvenile court was to deter-

mine whether and to what extent access was “necessary” to

serve the moving party’s “legitimate need.”

Thus, the legislative history does not conclusively

determine what the legislature intended when it required

juvenile courts to order disclosure “only as necessary to

serve the legitimate need” of the person requesting access

to confidential records, though the history does show that

the legislation was designed to give juvenile courts some

discretion to make access decisions on a case-by-case basis,

determining whether to grant a motion for disclosure by

weighing the factors listed in subsection (6) and limiting the

extent of disclosure by assessing the moving parties’ needs

and whether the court found those needs to be “legitimate.”

D. Summary of Statutory Interpretation

Given the limited assistance provided by the leg-

islative history, we return to the text and context of ORS

419A.258, as the best evidence of the legislature’s intent.

See Gaines, 346 Or at 171 (stating that “text and context

remain primary, and must be given primary weight in the

analysis”). Under the Court of Appeals’ interpretation of

ORS 419A.258(6) and (7), a victim’s right to participate in

a dispositional hearing is insufficient as a matter of law to

528 State v. C. P.

establish that disclosure is “necessary” to serve a victim’s

“legitimate need” to access material in a youth’s confiden-

tial file because the victim can participate in the hearing

without seeing the records. C. P., 322 Or App at 67. We dis-

agree. As explained below, we conclude that the legislature

intended for juvenile courts to determine both the need for

and extent of disclosure on a case-by-case basis, and that,

depending on the circumstances, disclosure can be neces-

sary to serve a victim’s legitimate need within the meaning

of the statute.

As noted, the text of ORS 419A.258(7) authorizes

disclosure only when the movant’s interests outweigh the

other interests set out in ORS 419A.258(6) and “only as nec-

essary to serve the legitimate need” of the person request-

ing access. The dictionary definitions of those words suggest

two possibilities, as discussed above. One possibility is that

the legislature intended to limit juvenile courts’ authority

to order disclosure only if disclosure would be essential to

serving a purpose that is required by law, as the Court of

Appeals concluded. Another possibility is that the legisla-

ture intended to allow juvenile courts to order disclosure if

disclosure would be essential to serving a purpose that is

consistent with the law.

Although both possibilities are plausible, we con-

clude that the second possibility is the better reading of

the statutory text in context, consistent with the legisla-

tive history. As noted above, one of the primary concerns

addressed by the 2013 legislation was ensuring compliance

with the “open courts” clause of Article I, section 10, of the

Oregon Constitution. Under that clause, the media and the

public may have an interest in disclosure of records in the

court files. Under ORS 419A.258(6), that interest must be

weighed against the youth’s competing privacy interests. If

the only purpose that would qualify as a “legitimate need”

is a purpose that is required by law, and if the public’s inter-

est under the open courts clause is treated as a disclosure

that is “required by law,” then juvenile courts would always

have to order disclosure upon request. Conversely, disclo-

sure would never be allowed if protecting the youth’s privacy

interests is something that is “required by law.”

Cite as 371 Or 512 (2023) 529

That suggests that a disclosure “as necessary to

serve the legitimate need” of the person requesting access

was not intended to mean only a disclosure that serves a

purpose “required by law.” A better reading of the statute

acknowledges that both the public’s interest in disclosure

and the youth’s interest in privacy are cognizable under

and protected by the law—and, thus, serving those inter-

ests could justify disclosure in some circumstances—but the

statute should not be understood to mean that disclosure

must be denied in all circumstances unless it would serve

an interest that is required by law. That is why a weighing

of those interests is necessary. That suggests that the legis-

lature may have intended that, by allowing disclosure when

“necessary to serve a legitimate need” of the moving party,

the moving party’s need can be broader than just what is

essential to serve a purpose that is required by law.

The fact that subsection (6) of ORS 419A.258 spe-

cifically lists a victim’s interests among the interests that

the juvenile court must weigh in determining whether to

grant a motion for access is also illustrative. Although that

provision may, in part, reflect legislative concerns about vic-

tim privacy, a victim in a juvenile delinquency proceeding

also has interests arising from the victim’s right to partici-

pate in such proceedings as provided by statute and by the

Oregon Constitution. ORS 419C.273(2)(a)(c) gives crime vic-

tims a statutory right to be heard at dispositional hearings

in juvenile court. Article I, section 42(1)(a), of the Oregon

Constitution gives crime victims the right “to be present at”

and, upon request, “to be heard” at a juvenile court delin-

quency dispositional hearing. We have indicated that a

victim’s right to be heard “is similar to a defendant’s right

of allocution” before sentencing in a criminal case. State v.

Ball, 362 Or 807, 817, 416 P3d 301 (2018). A defendant exer-

cising the right of allocution should be “given an opportu-

nity to make any relevant personal comments to the court.”

DeAngelo v. Schiedler, 306 Or 91, 95-96, 757 P2d 1355 (1988).

Although the victim’s right to be “present” and

“heard” at a dispositional hearing does not require victims to

have access to juvenile court records, ORS 419A.258(6) does

require the juvenile court to weigh the victim’s interests

530 State v. C. P.

along with the interests of the youth, other parties to the

proceeding, and the public. If the legislature had intended

to limit the court’s assessment of the victim’s interests to

determining what disclosures would be essential to serve

only those purposes that are required by law—in this con-

text, complying with a victim’s right to be present and

heard—that purpose is served by simply allowing victims

to attend the hearing and giving them the opportunity to

speak.

But if that is what the legislature intended, then

crime victims would never be allowed to access the juvenile

court file because access to that file would never be neces-

sary to give a victim a right to be present and to be heard,

as required by law. At least with respect to victims, there

would have been no reason to give “any person”—including

specifically a crime victim—the right to seek access to the

file under subsection (1) of ORS 419A.258, nor would there

be any reason to consider a victim’s interests as part of the

“weighing” process required by subsection (6), if the statute

is read that narrowly. Again, that suggests that the legis-

lature intended to give juvenile courts some discretion to

order limited disclosures to victims to serve purposes that

are broader than only those purposes that are required by

law.

If the statute authorizes juvenile courts to order

disclosure where it would be essential to serve a purpose

authorized—but not required—by law, the court would

address a motion to inspect or copy juvenile court records

by weighing a variety of factors in assessing the “needs”

articulated by the moving party, determining whether those

needs are “legitimate,” and then determining whether dis-

closure is essential to serve a purpose consistent with the

law. That assessment is not limited to determining what

disclosures are required by law. Instead, the court should

assess why a moving party has requested access and deter-

mine whether those reasons are legitimate. That, in turn,

requires the court to assess whether the moving party’s

stated reasons are “genuine” and lawful. Finally, the court

must determine—under the circumstances of a particular

case—whether and to what extent disclosure is necessary

Cite as 371 Or 512 (2023) 531

to serve that purpose. In other words, the statute allows a

juvenile court to balance competing interests and, based on

that balancing, determine what information to disclose, if

any. In doing so, a juvenile court must be mindful of the

long-recognized, strong privacy interests that a youth and

their family have in the records in a juvenile court’s confi-

dential file.

Under that interpretation, the victim’s right to par-

ticipate in a dispositional hearing could, in some instances,

support some disclosure of records in a confidential file.

Allowing a victim access to a youth’s psychological evalu-

ation, for example, could be “necessary” to serve the vic-

tim’s “legitimate need” if the juvenile court determines that

(1) it is important under the circumstances of that case for

the victim to be able to understand, address, and respond

to the youth’s mental health issues; (2) that information is

not otherwise known to the victim; and (3) the victim’s need

for the information outweighs the interests in keeping the

information confidential. If the victim and the youth are

friends, relatives, or otherwise closely associated in a way

that makes it likely that they will have future interactions

with each other, a juvenile court could determine that a vic-

tim might need to consider the youth’s psychological eval-

uation before addressing the court, because disclosure in

that context would allow the victim to understand how she

might have misjudged the threat posed by the youth and

take steps to ensure her safety in the future, but the juve-

nile court could allow disclosure only if the victim’s interests

outweighed the strong interests in protecting the confidenti-

ality of juvenile records.

Thus, victims are not always entitled to access

records in the confidential file in a juvenile proceeding. If,

for example, the victim did not know the youth before the

assault or where it is unlikely that they will be interacting

with each other in the future, the juvenile court might very

well conclude that the victim does not have any legitimate

need to see the youth’s evaluation and deny access because

the circumstances do not give rise to any need for the vic-

tim to fully understand the youth’s mental and psycholog-

ical issues, and any interest that the victim may have in

532 State v. C. P.

reviewing those records would be outweighed by the strong

interests in protecting the youth’s privacy. The legislature

intended for juvenile courts to determine both the need for

and extent of disclosure on a case-by-case basis. In some

circumstances, a victim’s stated reasons for seeking access

might not, when weighed against the privacy interests of the

youth and other interests, justify ordering disclosure of any

materials in the supplemental confidential file. In other cir-

cumstances, a victim’s stated reasons for requesting access

to allow meaningful participation in the dispositional hear-

ing might justify disclosure under the terms of an appropri-

ate protective order.

Unlike the Court of Appeals, we do not interpret

ORS 419A.258(6) and (7) to mean that a victim’s right to

participate in a dispositional hearing is insufficient as a

matter of law to establish that disclosure may be necessary

to serve a victim’s legitimate need to access material in the

confidential file. Rather, we conclude that the statute, prop-

erly interpreted, gives juvenile courts some discretion in

weighing the relevant interests and, if the victim’s interests

outweigh the other interests, the juvenile court can deter-

mine whether and to what extent disclosure is necessary to

serve the victim’s legitimate need under the circumstances.

E. Application to This Case

In this case, as described above, the victim and

youth lived in the same house at the time of the assault,

and there was no evidence that anything happened between

the two to precipitate the attack. Instead, the evidence was

that youth entered the victim’s room while she was sleep-

ing and hit her on the head with a mallet for no apparent

reason. The juvenile court weighed the interests of youth,

the victim, the parties to the proceeding, and the public, as

required by subsection (6) of ORS 419A.258, and it ordered

disclosure of three records in youth’s confidential file. Youth

does not dispute that the victim’s interests permitted the

court to order disclosure of the police reports, contending

instead that disclosure of the psychological evaluation and

the juvenile counselor’s report was not necessary to serve

any legitimate need of the victim within the meaning of the

Cite as 371 Or 512 (2023) 533

statute.8 The Court of Appeals concluded that disclosure of

those confidential records was not necessary to serve any

legitimate need of the victim as a matter of law. We disagree.

In ordering disclosure in this case, the juvenile court

correctly determined that the victim’s constitutional right to

be heard in the dispositional hearing did not automatically

give the victim a “right” to access that juvenile court records.

Instead, the juvenile court gave the victim’s constitutional

right to participate “significant weight” and weighed the

victim’s safety needs and interests against youth’s privacy

interests and particular vulnerabilities. After determining

that it should grant the motion, the juvenile court entered a

protective order that only gave the victim an opportunity to

inspect the materials, not to copy them—with the materials

to remain in the possession of the victim’s attorney—and

prohibited the victim and her attorney from disclosing the

records to anyone else or using them for any purpose other

than the juvenile proceedings.

As noted above, the juvenile court explained in its

order that the victim wanted to know “as much as possible

about the Youth, his mental process related to the offense,

his strengths, his motivations, and the level of risk he pres-

ents to her and to the community in order to assess her own

level of safety under each of the dispositional options under

consideration,” concluding that disclosure of three docu-

ments subject to a protective order was “necessary to serve

the victim’s legitimate need for information.” In this con-

text, the juvenile court correctly understood the “legitimate

need” provision of subsection (7) of ORS 419A.258 to mean

that it could order access after assessing the victim’s stated

reasons for requesting access, determining whether those

reasons were genuine and in accordance with the statutory

and constitutional provisions that give victims a right to be

heard at juvenile court dispositional hearings, and deciding

that it was essential under the circumstances of this case

for the victim to meaningfully understand what had hap-

pened to her, why it had happened, and how to protect her-

self in the future. As discussed above, that understanding

8

Youth also does not contend that the juvenile court abused its discretion in

weighing the relevant interests at stake as required by ORS 419A.258(6).

534 State v. C. P.

was consistent with the legislative intent reflected in the

text, context, and legislative history of the statute.

In short, the statute gave the juvenile court some

discretion to weigh the relevant interests, and then the

court could determine whether and to what extent disclo-

sure might be necessary to serve the victim’s legitimate

need. Here, the juvenile court did exactly what the legisla-

ture intended that juvenile courts should do in weighing the

competing interests, limiting disclosure, and entering an

appropriate protective order. The juvenile court’s disclosure

order in this case was not based on a misinterpretation of

ORS 419A.258.

III. CONCLUSION

The juvenile court did not misinterpret ORS

419A.258 in ordering disclosure of two records in youth’s

confidential court file to the victim and her counsel, subject

to the terms of a protective order, under the circumstances

of this case.

The decision of the Court of Appeals is reversed.

The order of the circuit court is affirmed.