The opinion
RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
File Name: 23a0256p.06
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
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IN RE: E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY C-8
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PERSONAL INJURY LITIGATION.
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___________________________________________
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KEVIN D. HARDWICK, > No. 22-3765
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Plaintiff-Appellee,
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v. │
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3M COMPANY; E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND │
COMPANY; CHEMOURS COMPANY; ARCHROMA │
MANAGEMENT, LLC; ARKEMA, INC.; ARKEMA │
FRANCE, S.A.; AGC CHEMICALS AMERICAS, INC.; │
DAIKIN INDUSTRIES, LTD.; DAIKIN AMERICA, INC.; │
SOLVAY SPECIALTY POLYMERS, USA, LLC, │
│
Defendants-Appellants. ┘
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio at Columbus.
No. 2:18-cv-01185—Edmund A. Sargus, Jr., District Judge.
Argued: October 19, 2023
Decided and Filed: November 27, 2023
Before: KETHLEDGE, THAPAR, and MATHIS, Circuit Judges.
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COUNSEL
ARGUED: Paul D. Clement, CLEMENT & MURPHY, PLLC, Alexandria, Virginia, for
Appellants. Aaron M. Herzig, TAFT STETTINIUS & HOLLISTER LLP, Cincinnati, Ohio, for
Appellee. ON BRIEF: Daniel L. Ring, Joshua D. Yount, Michael A. Scodro, MAYER
BROWN LLP, Chicago, Illinois, Andrew J. Pincus, Nicole A. Saharsky, MAYER BROWN
LLP, Washington, D.C., Richard D. Schuster, VORYS, SATER, SEYMOUR AND PEASE
LLP, Columbus, Ohio, Shawn J. Organ, Erik J. Clark, ORGAN LAW LLP, Columbus, Ohio,
Lanny S. Kurzweil, MCCARTER & ENGLISH, LLP, Newark, New Jersey, Kristofor T.
Henning, MCCARTER & ENGLISH, LLP, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Scott A. Chesin,
SHOOK, HARDY & BACON LLP, New York, New York, Matthew S. Brown,
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CARLILE PATCHEN & MURPHY LLP, Columbus, Ohio, Peter C. Condron, CROWELL &
MORING LLP, Washington, D.C., Ronald S. Kopp, ROETZEL & ANDRESS, Akron, Ohio,
Melanie Black Dubis, Charles Raynal PARKER POE, Raleigh, North Carolina, James A. King,
PORTER, WRIGHT, MORRIS & ARTHUR LLP, Columbus, Ohio, Daniel A. Spira, SIDLEY
AUSTIN LLP, Chicago, Illinois, Jaren Janghorbani, Theodore V. Wells Jr., Daniel J. Toal,
Crystal Lohmann Parker, PAUL, WEISS, RIFKIND, WHARTON & GARRISON LLP, New
York, New York, Theodore M. Grossman, JONES DAY, New York, New York, Louis A.
Chaiten, James R. Saywell, JONES DAY, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellants. Aaron M. Herzig,
Robert A. Bilott, William E. Braff, TAFT STETTINIUS & HOLLISTER LLP, Cincinnati, Ohio,
David J. Butler, Jonathan N. Olivito, TAFT STETTINIUS & HOLLISTER LLP, Columbus,
Ohio, for Appellee. Jeffrey S. Bucholtz, KING & SPALDING LLP, Washington, D.C., Samuel
E. Hofmeier, BRYAN CAVE LEIGHTON PAISNER LLP, Kansas City, Missouri, Barbara A.
Smith, Andrea R. Butler, BRYAN CAVE LEIGHTON PAISNER LLP, St. Louis, Missouri,
Brian A. Troyer, Kyle T. Cutts, BAKER & HOSTETLER LLP, Cleveland, Ohio, Bethany G.
Lukitsch, Kamran B. Ahmadian, BAKER & HOSTETLER LLP, Los Angeles, California,
Matthew D. Thurlow, BAKER & HOSTETLER LLP, Washington, D.C., D. Matthew Allen,
Nathaniel G. Foell, CARLTON FIELDS, Tampa, Florida, Jeffrey A. Cohen, CARLTON
FIELDS, Miami, Florida, for Amici Curiae.
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OPINION
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KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judge. Seldom is so ambitious a case filed on so slight a basis.
The gravamen of Kevin Hardwick’s complaint is that his bloodstream contains trace quantities of
five chemicals—which are themselves part of a family of thousands of chemicals whose usage is
nearly ubiquitous in modern life. Hardwick does not know what companies manufactured the
particular chemicals in his bloodstream; nor does he know, or indeed have much idea, whether
those chemicals might someday make him sick; nor, as a result of those chemicals, does he have
any sickness or symptoms now. Yet, of the thousands of companies that have manufactured
chemicals of this general type over the past half-century, Hardwick has chosen to sue the ten
defendants present here. His allegations regarding those defendants are both collective—rarely
does he allege an action by a specific defendant—and conclusory. Yet Hardwick sought to
represent a class comprising nearly every person “residing in the United States”—a class from
which, under Civil Rule 23(c), nobody could choose to opt out. And as relief for his claims,
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Hardwick asked the district court to appoint a “Science Panel”—whose conclusions, he said,
“shall be deemed definitive and binding on all the parties[.]”
The district court, for its part, certified a class comprising every person residing in the
State of Ohio—some 11.8 million people. The defendants now appeal that order, arguing
(among many other things) that Hardwick lacks standing to bring this case. We agree with that
argument, and remand with instructions to dismiss the case.
I.
The family of chemicals at issue here are called PFAS, which is short for per- and
polyfluoroalkyl substances. All PFAS compounds feature exceptionally strong bonds between
carbon and fluorine atoms; but different kinds of PFAS differ as to the length of their carbon
chains and isomer type (branched as opposed to linear), among other things. According to the
record here, some PFAS have—in the human body—an “elimination half-life” measured in days,
whereas for others that period is measured in years. Together, PFAS include thousands of
different compounds.
For most if not nearly all Americans, interaction with materials containing PFAS is a fact
of daily life. PFAS entered mass production in the 1950s and have been used ever since
in innumerable applications, including medical devices, automotive interiors, waterproof
clothing and outdoor gear, food packaging, firefighting foam, non-stick cookware, ski and
car waxes, batteries, semiconductors, aviation and aerospace construction, paints and
varnishes, and building materials. Not surprisingly, then, the risks of PFAS exposure
have long been the subject of scientific research, including a pending “national, Multi-
site Study” by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Pease Study,
https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/pfas/activities/pease.html (last visited Nov. 27, 2023).
Kevin Hardwick served as a firefighter for over 40 years, and in that role he used
firefighting foams that contained PFAS. He does not know what companies manufactured those
foams. In connection with this litigation, Hardwick submitted to a blood draw that revealed the
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presence of five particular PFAS compounds in his blood. He does not know whether those
particular PFAS were present in the foams he used.
Hardwick brought this suit in 2018, alleging that the “Defendants” caused his blood to be
contaminated with PFAS. He thereafter moved to certify a class made up of every person
“residing within the United States at the time of class certification for one year or more since
1977 with 0.05 parts per trillion (ppt) or more of PFOA [which is a particular type of PFAS] and
at least 0.05 ppt or more of any other PFAS in their blood serum.” Those trace amounts, the
parties agree, are present in the blood of every person residing in the United States; and
according to one of the defendants’ experts, at least, those amounts are “orders of magnitude”
less than the amounts currently detectable by any testing.
The district court granted Hardwick’s motion in part, and certified under Civil
Rule 23(b)(2) a class that includes every person “subject to the laws of Ohio” who has “0.05
parts per trillion (ppt) of PFOA (C-8) and at least 0.05 ppt of any other PFAS in their blood
serum.” The defendants petitioned under Civil Rule 23(f) for interlocutory review of that order.
We granted that petition. In re E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co. C-8 Personal Injury Litig., No.
22-0305, 2022 WL 4149090, at *1, 10 (6th Cir. Sept. 9, 2022).
II.
A.
A threshold question is whether Hardwick has standing to proceed with his claims against
these defendants. Standing is a prerequisite to the federal courts’ jurisdiction over this case, and
thus falls within the scope of this Rule 23(f) appeal. See Fox v. Saginaw Cnty., 67 F.4th 284,
292 (6th Cir. 2023). We review de novo the district court’s determination that Hardwick has
standing to assert his claims against each of the defendants here. Id.
The elements of standing are familiar: “Plaintiffs must have suffered an injury. They
must trace this injury to the defendant. And they must show that a court can redress it.” Id. at
293. Every element of that inquiry is particularized: the court must carefully examine
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“a complaint’s allegations to ascertain whether the particular plaintiff is entitled to an
adjudication of the particular claims asserted” against a particular defendant. Allen v. Wright,
468 U.S. 737, 752 (1984); see also Fox, 67 F.4th at 293; Fednav, Ltd. v. Chester, 547 F.3d 607,
614 (6th Cir. 2008). Moreover, that Hardwick brought this case as a putative class action “adds
nothing to the question of standing.” Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 357 (1996) (cleaned up); see
also Fox, 67 F.4th at 294 (same). Instead, like any plaintiff, Hardwick must show the existence
of his own “case or controversy” as to every defendant he has chosen to sue here. Fox, 67 F.4th
at 294.
To that end, Hardwick must establish standing “in the same way as any other matter on
which the plaintiff bears the burden of proof, i.e., with the manner and degree of evidence
required at the successive stages of the litigation.” Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555,
561 (1992). Hardwick’s case comes to us after class certification but before merits discovery.
He says we should determine standing based on the pleadings alone; the defendants say we
should consider the record as a whole. We need not resolve that dispute: the pleadings alone,
along with some undisputed facts, are enough to decide the issue here.
B.
Even at the pleadings stage, of course, a complaint must do more than just check the
boxes for the elements necessary for a claim to proceed. Instead, Civil Rule 8(a)(2) requires a
plaintiff to allege facts “providing not only fair notice of the nature of the claim, but also grounds
on which the claim rests.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 n.3 (2007)
(internal quotation marks omitted). And the complaint’s factual allegations, taken as true, “must
be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Id. at 555. That means the
complaint must allege facts supporting an inference that the defendant’s liability is plausible,
rather than just possible. Id. at 556-57.
Here, the defendants argue that Hardwick has failed to allege facts that plausibly support
any element of standing. We choose to begin and end, however, with the element of traceability.
That element, to reiterate, requires a showing that the plaintiff’s “injury was likely caused by the
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defendant”—or in this case, by each of the ten defendants. TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez, 141
S. Ct. 2190, 2203 (2021). Hardwick’s alleged injury, by his own account, is the presence of five
particular PFAS compounds in his blood. He must therefore show that he has alleged facts
plausibly supporting an inference that each defendant “likely caused” at least one of those PFAS
compounds to end up in his blood. Id.
For two reasons, Hardwick has failed to carry that burden as to any of the defendants
here. First, Hardwick and the district court alike treat the defendants as a collective. The subject
of nearly every verb in the “General Factual Allegations” section of Hardwick’s First Amended
Complaint is “Defendants.” Hardwick alleged, for example, that “Defendants” manufactured
PFAS and “released such PFAS materials into the environment”; that “Defendants repeatedly
assured and represented to governmental entities” that PFAS were safe; and that “Defendants
encouraged the continued and even further increased use and release into the environment of
PFAS.” The district court analyzed traceability the same way, referring to the actions of
“Defendants” throughout, and concluding that “Plaintiff has adequately shown that his injuries
are fairly traceable to Defendants.”
But the Supreme Court has long made clear that “standing is not dispensed in gross.”
DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno, 547 U.S. 332, 353 (2006). That means a plaintiff cannot sue ten
defendants—by lumping them all together in his allegations—when the more particular facts
would allow him to proceed against only one. (Much less none.) For even a plaintiff “who
meets the ‘actual-injury requirement’”—a point sharply contested here—“does not thereby
obtain a license to sue anyone over anything.” Fox, 67 F.4th at 293. Instead, the plaintiff must
tie his injury “to each defendant.” Id. Hardwick has not even tried to make that more specific
showing in this case.
Second, the allegations in Hardwick’s complaint are “conclusory,” which means they fall
short even at the pleadings stage. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 681 (2009). Here, nobody
disputes that thousands of different compounds fall under the heading of PFAS; one of the
defendant’s experts puts the number of different PFAS at 5,000-10,000, which is roughly the
number of known species of mammals on Earth. Wait Rep., ECF 200-5, PageID 5351;
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Connor J. Burgin et al., How many species of mammals are there?, 99 J. MAMMALOGY 1, 1
(2018). Only five of these compounds are present in Hardwick’s blood. To allege simply that
these defendants manufactured or otherwise distributed “PFAS,” therefore, is patently
insufficient to support a plausible inference that any of them bear responsibility for the particular
PFAS in Hardwick’s blood. Yet nowhere in his complaint, for example, did Hardwick allege
that any of these defendants, much less every one of them, manufactured any of those five
compounds. Nor did he allege any plausible pathway by which any of these defendants could
have delivered any of these five PFAS to his bloodstream. Instead, he simply alleged that
“Defendants” manufactured and distributed “one or more PFAS materials, including in Ohio and
this District, in such a way as to cause the contamination of Plaintiff’s and the class members’
blood[.]” That is a textbook example of the type of “the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me
accusation” that the Supreme Court has found inadequate. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678.
Hardwick has not alleged facts supporting a plausible inference that any of these
defendants caused these five particular PFAS to end up in his blood. Indeed, Hardwick failed to
offer any argument to that effect in his brief or when questioned specifically about this point at
oral argument. He elides rather than meets the Supreme Court’s requirements as to pleadings
and traceability. Hardwick therefore lacks standing to proceed with his claims.
* * *
The district court’s certification order is vacated, and the case is remanded with
instructions to dismiss the case for lack of jurisdiction.