The opinion
IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
Duran Thomas, :
Appellant :
:
v. : No. 713 C.D. 2022
: SUBMITTED: October 10, 2023
Hemlock Township, Hemlock :
Township Police Department, :
Scott Township, and Scott :
Township Police Department :
BEFORE: HONORABLE MICHAEL H. WOJCIK, Judge
HONORABLE ELLEN CEISLER, Judge
HONORABLE BONNIE BRIGANCE LEADBETTER, Senior Judge
OPINION NOT REPORTED
MEMORANDUM OPINION BY
SENIOR JUDGE LEADBETTER FILED: November 14, 2023
Duran Thomas appeals from an order of the Court of Common Pleas
for the 26th Judicial District, Columbia County Branch, which granted the motions
for summary judgment filed by Defendants, Hemlock Township and the Hemlock
Township Police Department and Scott Township and the Scott Township Police
Department,1 and entered judgment in favor of Defendants and against Thomas. As
this matter is controlled by Sellers v. Township of Abington, 106 A.3d 679 (Pa.
2014), we affirm.
The pertinent facts are as follows. On the evening of April 22, 2017,
and rolling into the next day, Thomas attended the Bloomsburg University Block
1
The Hemlock Township Defendants and Scott Township Defendants were, and continue to
be, separately represented.
Party2 with Kenneil Pusey. Reproduced Record (R.R.) at 111a-12a. Thomas knew
Pusey “from the street” and was aware that he had recently been released from jail.
R.R. at 101a-02a. Thomas admittedly consumed alcohol that day and Pusey
consumed both drugs and alcohol. R.R. at 115a, 255a.3 In the early morning hours,
Thomas, Pusey, and two other individuals left the Block Party to drive home to
Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. R.R. at 121a-22a. Pusey “jumped in” the driver’s seat
and Thomas then voluntarily got in the vehicle as well, despite Pusey’s alcohol
consumption and knowing that Pusey was not supposed to drive the vehicle, which
belonged to Thomas’s girlfriend’s aunt. R.R. at 104a-05a, 109a, 122a.
At approximately 3:20 a.m., Scott Township Police Officers Robert J.
Anderson and Brock Puterbaugh were monitoring traffic at an intersection when
they observed a Volkswagen sedan drive straight through a turning lane. R.R. at
178a, 180a. While the Scott Township Officers observed that there were passengers
in the vehicle at the time of this incident, they were not aware of who they were or
that Pusey was driving. R.R. at 178a, 180a, 371a.
The Scott Township Officers began following the Volkswagen towards
the I-80 on ramp, activating their emergency lights and sirens to initiate a traffic
stop. R.R. at 178a-81a. The vehicle turned on its right blinker and veered off to the
right berm as though to stop. R.R. at 178a, 180a. However, it then accelerated at a
high rate of speed and entered I-80, having to brake hard and swerve to avoid striking
another car. R.R. at 178a, 180a. The Scott Township Officers pursued the vehicle
2
The Block Party weekend is typically busy for police officers as “thousands of college age
kids . . . come to [] Bloomsburg.” Reproduced Record (R.R.) at 369a. The event is known for
people consuming alcohol and illegal drugs. R.R. at 369a, 379a, 384a, 416a.
3
The toxicology reports confirm that Pusey was under the influence of both alcohol and illegal
drugs at the time of the crash. R.R. at 255a, 342a.
2
onto the highway, which was dry and straight with no hills, and initially there were
no other motorists visible. R.R. at 354a, 372a. The Volkswagen increased its speed
to over 100 miles per hour (mph) despite the pursuing police car. R.R. at 18a, 180a.
When questioned about Pusey’s failure to stop, Thomas recalled Pusey stating that
he did not want to go back to jail. R.R. at 322a.
The Scott Township Officers continued to pursue the vehicle with a
goal of ascertaining the license plate number. R.R. at 178a. They notified Columbia
County Communications that the vehicle failed to yield and that it continued to travel
at high speed. R.R. at 178a, 180a. At approximately 3:24 a.m., Officer Kurt Henrie
of the Hemlock Township Police Department joined the pursuit, pulling ahead of the
Scott Township Officers and becoming the lead pursuit vehicle. R.R. at 178a, 180a.
Officer Henrie was unaware that there were passengers in the Volkswagen when he
joined the pursuit. R.R. at 226a-27a. The vehicle continued to increase its speed
and distance from the officers and, after just a few minutes, Officer Henrie informed
the Scott Township Officers that the Volkswagen was out of sight and there were
other vehicles approaching on the highway. R.R. at 178a, 180a, 207a-08a. The
pursuit was terminated immediately thereafter, with Officer Anderson notifying
Communications of such at 3:26 a.m. R.R. at 178a-82a. The Officers then reduced
their speed and deactivated their lights and sirens. R.R. at 180a. The Scott Township
Officers’ pursuit covered approximately six miles and lasted between four and six
minutes. R.R. at 180a, 248a.
The Volkswagen continued driving along I-80 after the pursuit ended,
approaching an exit ramp well in excess of 100 mph R.R. at 248a-57a. The vehicle
attempted to maneuver around a truck but was unable to turn sharply enough to reach
the exit ramp. The Volkswagen left the roadway, struck a tree, and flipped several
3
times, unfortunately resulting in Pusey’s death and significant injuries to Thomas
and the other passengers. R.R. at 254a, 420a. The Scott Township Officers, who
had continued traveling along I-80, came across the accident at around 3:31 a.m.,
approximately six miles from where they were when they called off the pursuit. R.R.
at 178a, 180a-81a.
Of particular importance herein, the Scott Township Officers testified
that they had no knowledge of the identity of the driver or passengers in the fleeing
vehicle. R.R. at 180a, 386a. More specifically, they did not know the relationship
between the driver and the passengers, and were only able to obtain the first three
letters of the Volkswagen’s license plate. R.R. at 178a, 371a, 386a. For his part,
Officer Henrie was unaware of any passengers in the vehicle. R.R. at 226a-27a.
Thomas filed his second amended complaint in October 2019, raising a
single negligence claim. He asserted that Defendants’ actions in turning a routine
traffic stop for a “minor traffic violation” into a high-speed chase were wrongful,
negligent, and careless, and that the improper high-speed chase caused the ultimate
crash and Thomas’s injuries. See R.R. at 17a-18a. Thomas alleged that he became
a de facto prisoner or kidnapping victim in the vehicle, e.g., an innocent bystander,
once the chase began. R.R. at 15a.
After the completion of discovery, both sets of Defendants moved for
summary judgment based upon governmental immunity. See Sections 8541 and
8542 of the Judicial Code, 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 8541-8542. The trial court agreed,
determining that pursuant to Sellers, Defendants did not owe Thomas a duty of care
because his existence or connection to Pusey was unknown to the Officers at the
4
time of the pursuit. R.R. at 510a-11a. The trial court therefore granted Defendants’
motions and Thomas then appealed to this Court.4
We begin with a brief discussion of immunity. Section 8541 of the
Judicial Code provides, in general, that “no local agency shall be liable for any
damages on account of any injury to a person or property caused by any act of the
local agency or an employee thereof or any other person.” 42 Pa.C.S. § 8541. There
are several exceptions to this grant of immunity, including the vehicle liability
exception. An injured party may recover from a local agency if:
(1) the damages would be otherwise recoverable under
common law or statute creating a cause of action if the
injury w[as] caused by a person not having available a
defense under [Section] 8541[]; (2) the injury was caused
by the negligent act of the local agency or an employee
acting within the scope of his official duties[]; and (3) the
negligent act of the local agency falls within one or more
of the [] enumerated categories of exceptions to immunity,
42 Pa.C.S. § 8542(b). These exceptions must be construed
strictly because of the clear legislative intent to insulate
government from exposure to tort liability.
Lindstrom v. City of Corry, 763 A.2d 394, 397 (Pa. 2000).
4
When reviewing a grant of summary judgment, an appellate court must examine the evidence
of record in a light most favorable to the non-moving party, accepting as true all well-pleaded facts
and reasonable inferences drawn therefrom. Kuniskas v. Pa. State Police, 977 A.2d 602, 604 n.3
(Pa. Cmwlth. 2009). “[S]ummary judgment is only appropriate where the record clearly shows
that there are no genuine issues of material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment
as a matter of law.” Brown v. City of Oil City, 263 A.3d 338, 342 n.1 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2021) (en
banc), aff’d, 294 A.3d 413 (Pa. 2023). Where the non-moving party fails to adduce sufficient
evidence on an issue which is not only essential to its case but on which it bears the burden of
proof such that a jury could return a verdict in its favor, the moving party is entitled to judgment
as a matter of law. Young v. Dep’t of Transp., 744 A.2d 1276, 1277 (Pa. 2000). “A jury can not
be allowed to reach a verdict merely on the basis of speculation and conjecture.” Id.
5
It is axiomatic that the primary element in any negligence cause of
action is that “the defendant owes a duty of care to the plaintiff.” Althaus v. Cohen,
756 A.2d 1166, 1168 (Pa. 2000). Therefore, the threshold issue to be determined
here is whether Defendants owed a duty of care to Thomas under these particular
circumstances. See, e.g., Lindstrom, 763 A.2d at 397. Despite Thomas’s argument
to the contrary, “[t]he assessment of whether a duty of care is owed to a particular
individual . . . is a matter for the courts to decide, not juries.” Sellers, 106 A.3d at
688 [citing Seebold v. Prison Health Servs., 57 A.3d 1232, 1247 (Pa. 2012)].
Thomas’s main argument on appeal is that Sellers does not control with
respect to the duty of care. He attempts to differentiate this matter in various ways,
first by arguing that the cases are factually distinguishable. He further claims that
Sellers applies only when a police officer is wholly unaware there is a passenger in
the fleeing vehicle. Thomas maintains that there is evidence here suggesting that all
of the Officers knew he was in the vehicle at the time of the pursuit. And finally,
Thomas asserts that Sellers applies only when the pursuing officer lacks probable
cause to believe the passenger was committing a crime. Thomas’s Br. at 10.5 Based
on these purported differences, Thomas maintains that the controlling case is Black
v. Shrewsbury Borough, 675 A.2d 381 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1996), and under that case
Defendants owed him a reasonable duty of care. None of these arguments is
availing.
As the trial court aptly notes, the facts here “are remarkabl[y] similar
to” those of Sellers. R.R. at 511a. Just like the present matter, the plaintiff in Sellers
spent the day drinking with several friends and then willingly got a ride home with
5
At some points, Thomas tries to push the issue even further, asserting that Sellers applies
only if the officer lacked probable cause to believe the passenger was connected to the offense
precipitating the pursuit. See Thomas’s Br. at15-16; Thomas’s Reply Br. at 12-13.
6
one of those individuals. 106 A.3d at 680. A police officer observed the vehicle in
which the plaintiff was a passenger commit a traffic violation (speeding), after which
the officer activated his lights and sirens and began a pursuit. Id. at 681. Just as in
the instant matter, the officer in Sellers was in pursuit for only a brief period of time
when he lost sight of the vehicle. Id. Also similar to this case, the officer in Sellers
was unaware of whether there were any passengers in the vehicle or their connection
to the driver, given that the vehicle was directly in front of him and the brevity of
the pursuit. The officer received a radio call shortly after losing sight of the vehicle
indicating that it had crashed. Id. While the driver in Sellers survived, the plaintiff
unfortunately was thrown from the car and died due to his injuries. Id. Simply put,
Sellers is factually on point.
Of even greater consequence, Thomas’s legal argument is based on a
flawed interpretation of Sellers and the extent of its holding. Thomas contends that
Sellers is limited to situations where an officer is wholly unaware of any passengers
in the fleeing vehicle, latching on to the Supreme Court’s use of the phrase
“unknown passengers.” See id. at 689-90. There is no merit in this contention as
the Sellers Court explicitly states: “The term ‘unknown passengers’ will be used
throughout this [o]pinion to describe passengers whose presence in the vehicle or
connection to the driver is unknown to the pursuing officer.” Id. at 685 n.5
(emphasis added). The unmistakable holding in Sellers is, therefore, that an officer
does not owe a duty of care to a passenger in a fleeing vehicle whose existence or
whose connection to the driver is unknown to the officer at the time of the pursuit.6
6
The utility of this holding was adeptly explained by the Sellers Court as follows:
Imposing a duty on officers to unknown passengers in a fleeing
vehicle would present an unworkable burden on officers, essentially
(Footnote continued on next page…)
7
Moreover, the concurring opinion of (now) Chief Justice Todd makes this
abundantly clear. Finally, there is nothing in the Sellers decision pertaining to
whether a pursuing officer has probable cause to believe a passenger was committing
a crime—indeed the pursuit in Sellers, like here, was for a traffic violation.
Thomas’s argument in this regard lacks merit.
As mentioned in footnote four supra, a party at the summary judgment
phase cannot simply rest on his pleadings. Rather,
a non-moving party must adduce sufficient evidence on an
issue essential to his case and on which he bears the burden
of proof such that a jury could return a verdict in his favor.
Failure to adduce this evidence establishes that there is no
genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
Ertel v. Patriot-News Co., 674 A.2d 1038, 1042 (Pa. 1996). Here, Thomas has not
come forward with any evidence to suggest that the Officers had knowledge of his
connection to Pusey at the time of the pursuit.7 The undisputed testimony and
halting police pursuits. The decision to pursue a fleeing vehicle is
one that must be made in a matter of seconds. To require officers to
not only establish the presence of passengers, but also discover the
relationship of the passengers to the fleeing driver, would be
unmanageable in the necessarily fast-paced environment of law
enforcement. Moreover, officers, fearing the risk of civil liability,
would be less likely to initiate pursuit, which would likely
encourage criminals to flee.
106 A.3d at 689.
7
Thomas argues that there is evidence here suggesting that Officer Henrie knew there were
passengers in the vehicle at the time of the pursuit. He points to Scott Township General Order
4.2(B)(1)(d), which provides that an officer engaged in a vehicle pursuit is responsible for relaying
pertinent information to Communications, including the “[n]umber of occupants and descriptions,
if possible.” R.R. at 402a. Again, we come back to the fact that mere knowledge of a passenger
(Footnote continued on next page…)
8
evidence presented by Defendants demonstrates that in the brief few minutes
between the traffic violation and the ultimate crash, the Officers were not aware of
Thomas’s relationship to the fleeing driver. As such, there is no genuine issue of
material fact with respect to whether Defendants owed Thomas a duty of care.
Finally, we note that Thomas’s reliance upon Black is misplaced. Black
is procedurally distinguishable since it involved an appeal from a trial court order
sustaining preliminary objections, while the instant matter is an appeal from a grant
of summary judgment based upon an extensive, developed evidentiary record. This
distinction is especially important since the plaintiffs in Black alleged
that one or both of the pursuing officers were aware of the
identity of the driver and the license number of the fleeing
vehicle, that they knew that there were passengers in it[,]
and that they had had previous encounters with one or
more of the occupants of the car in the course and scope
of their police work.
675 A.2d at 382. At the preliminary objections phase, the Black Court was required
to accept these material factual allegations as true, further distinguishing the case
from the instant matter. Id. at 383. Moreover, this Court’s Black decision predated
our Supreme Court’s opinion in Sellers.
In sum, because Thomas was unable to establish the threshold
requirement that Defendants owed him a duty of care, Defendants cannot be held
liable for the accident caused by Pusey’s intoxicated, high-speed driving.
is not determinative as to the issue of duty of care. Moreover, Thomas’s argument ignores the
express testimony of the Officers involved and is based solely upon his speculation that Officer
Anderson must have relayed to Communications that there were passengers in the fleeing vehicle
given the content of this General Order.
9
Accordingly, we affirm.
_____________________________________
BONNIE BRIGANCE LEADBETTER,
President Judge Emerita
10
IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
Duran Thomas, :
Appellant :
:
v. : No. 713 C.D. 2022
:
Hemlock Township, Hemlock :
Township Police Department, :
Scott Township, and Scott :
Township Police Department :
ORDER
AND NOW, this 14th day of November, 2023, the order of the Court of
Common Pleas for the 26th Judicial District, Columbia County Branch, is hereby
AFFIRMED.
_____________________________________
BONNIE BRIGANCE LEADBETTER,
President Judge Emerita