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DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA COURT OF APPEALS
No. 20-AA-0396
STUART ANDERSON, SR., PETITIONER,
V.
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
DEPARTMENT OF EMPLOYMENT SERVICES, RESPONDENT,
and
PRO-FOOTBALL, INC., et al., INTERVENORS.
On Petition for Review of a Decision and Order of the
District of Columbia Department of Employment Services
Compensation Review Board
(CRB 20-000024)
(Argued June 7, 2022 Decided October 12, 2023)
Benjamin T. Boscolo for petitioner.
Robin E. Hauptmann for intervenors Pro-Football, Inc. and Fireman’s Fund
Insurance Co.
Sheryl A. Tirocchi for intervenors Pro-Football, Inc. and Great Divide
Insurance Company.
Karl A. Racine, Attorney General for the District of Columbia, at the time,
Loren L. AliKhan, Solicitor General, at the time, Caroline S. Van Zile, Principal
Deputy Solicitor General, and Carl J. Schifferle, Deputy Solicitor General, filed a
Statement in Lieu of Brief.
2
Before DEAHL and HOWARD, Associate Judges, and GLICKMAN, * Senior
Judge.
GLICKMAN, Senior Judge: Petitioner Stuart Anderson played professional
football for the Washington Redskins (now known as the Washington Commanders)
in the mid-1980s. In 2018 and 2019, he filed claims against the team under the
Workers’ Compensation Act, seeking medical treatment for arthritis in his hips that
he attributed to injuries and cumulative trauma he had sustained as a professional
football player. The Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) denied Mr. Anderson’s claims
as untimely, and the Compensation Review Board (CRB) affirmed. Mr. Anderson
argues that his claims were timely, mainly based on his testimony that the team knew
in 1984 that he had hurt his right hip, but the ALJ discredited that testimony. For
the reasons that follow, we affirm the determination that Mr. Anderson’s claims were
untimely.
I.
“In a worker’s compensation case, we review the decision of the [CRB], not
that of the ALJ . . . In doing so, however, we cannot ignore the compensation order
*
Judge Glickman was an Associate Judge of the court at the time of argument.
He began his service as a Senior Judge on December 21, 2022.
3
which is the subject of the [CRB]’s review.” 1 We review findings of fact under the
substantial evidence standard, 2 which mandates that we affirm where the CRB’s
decision is supported by “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept
as adequate to support a conclusion.” 3 We review legal issues de novo, but “[i]n
reviewing an administrative agency's construction of a statute, we ‘accord great
deference to the interpretation of the agency charged with its administration,
particularly if the interpretation is of long standing and has been consistently
applied.’” 4 Ultimately, “[t]o the extent that the CRB properly conducts its review
of the decision of the ALJ, we will affirm the ruling unless it is ‘arbitrary, capricious,
or otherwise an abuse of discretion and not in accordance with the law.’” 5
1
Wash. Metro. Area Trans. Auth. (WMATA) v. D.C. Dep’t of Emp. Servs., 926
A.2d 140, 147 (D.C. 2007) (quoting Georgetown Univ. Hosp. v. D.C. Dep’t of Emp.
Servs., 916 A.2d 149, 151 (D.C. 2007)).
2
Id. at 146-47.
3
Id. at 147 (quoting Ferreira v. D.C. Dep’t of Emp. Servs., 667 A.2d 310, 312
(D.C. 1995)).
4
Safeway Stores, Inc. v. D.C. Dep’t of Emp. Servs., 832 A.2d 1267, 1269
(D.C. 2003) (quoting Immigr. & Naturalization Serv. v. Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S.
421, 445-46 (1987)).
5
WMATA, 926 A.2d at 147 (quoting Landesberg v. D.C. Dep’t of Emp. Servs.,
794 A.2d 607, 612 (D.C. 2002)).
4
II.
The Workers’ Compensation Act provides for a one-year time limit on the
filing of claims in D.C. Code §32-1514(a), which states:
the right to compensation for disability or death under this
chapter shall be barred unless a claim therefor is filed
within 1 year after the injury or death . . . . The time for
filing a claim shall not begin to run until the employee or
beneficiary is aware, or by the exercise of reasonable
diligence should have been aware, of the relationship
between the injury or death and the employment.
In cases involving cumulative trauma claims, where it is difficult to pinpoint a
specific date on which the injury was caused by a workplace accident (or a specific
date on which an employee should have been aware of the relationship between an
injury and the employment), the CRB has applied a “manifestation rule,” which sets
the date of injury for such a claim as “the date the employee first seeks medical
treatment for his/her symptoms or the date the employee stops working due to his/her
symptoms, whichever first occurs.” 6
6
Brown-Carson v. D.C. Dep’t of Emp. Servs., 159 A.3d 303, 306 (D.C. 2017)
(quoting VanHoose v. Respicare Home Respiratory Care, CRB No. 07-022, 2007
D.C. Wrk. Comp. LEXIS 409, at *17 (July 23, 2007)); see also, e.g., Cutter v.
Potomac Elec. Power Co., CRB No. 22-014, 2022 DC Wrk. Comp. LEXIS 77, at *5
(Apr. 19, 2022) (“[c]umulative traumas manifest when a claimant (1) misses work
or obtains medical care expressly for the injury in question and (2) the injury’s
seriousness can reasonably be apprehended as potentially disabling”) (citation
omitted); Witt v. Lincoln Hockey, CRB No. 17-039, 2017 DC Wrk. Comp. LEXIS
5
Applying that standard here, Mr. Anderson’s claims were time-barred because
he knew about the putative relationship between his hip problems and the trauma he
sustained as a professional football player, since he began seeking medical treatment
for those problems, at least four years before he filed his claims in 2018 and 2019,
as both the ALJ and the CRB held. Mr. Anderson testified to those facts at the
hearing before the ALJ, and his medical and other records confirm it. In 2013, Mr.
Anderson sought disability benefits under the National Football League (“NFL”)
Player Retirement Plan (the Plan); his chief complaints at that time, according to the
NFL independent medical examination, included a bilateral hip injury. Mr.
Anderson’s subsequent 2014 application to the Plan for disability benefits listed his
need for “hip replacements.” In his testimony before the ALJ, Mr. Anderson
confirmed that when he filed that application in 2014, he “believed that [his] bilateral
hip condition was caused by [his] employment with the Redskins,” based on his
consultation with at least one doctor (Dr. McCue). Later in the hearing, the ALJ
asked Mr. Anderson, “[a]fter your football career, when did you begin to think that
your right hip pain was caused by playing football?” Mr. Anderson responded,
305, at *9 (July 18, 2017) (“in cumulative trauma cases, the date of injury, or
‘manifestation’ of the condition, does not occur until a claimant is aware not only of
the injury and its connection to employment, but is also, through the application or
reasonable diligence, aware enough about the nature of the injury or condition to
comprehend its seriousness”).
6
“[w]ell, I knew it all along.” We thus conclude that the one-year time limit in D.C.
Code §32-1514(a) applies to Mr. Anderson’s claims.
III.
Where an employer or its carrier has been given notice or has knowledge of
an employee’s injury, the one-year time limit in D.C. Code § 32-1514(a) on filing a
claim is tolled and does not begin to run against the claim until the employer files a
First Report of Injury (FROI) as required by D.C. Code § 32-1532(a). See D.C.
Code § 32-1532(f). As the CRB confirmed in its decision in this case, this means
“the statute of limitations is only enforceable if the Employer did not have notice of
the injury or if the Employer had notice and filed a FROI.”
Mr. Anderson argues that this tolling provision applies here, based on his
testimony that he told his trainer that he had hip pain when he injured his groin
playing football in the mid-1980’s (and was diagnosed with a right groin muscle pull
or strain), meaning his employer had notice of his hip injury, but the team did not
file a report of it. However, the contemporaneous records of his physical therapy
and 55 visits to his trainer do not show he ever made such a complaint (though those
records show he did complain of a bruised knee in addition to his groin injury).
Moreover, X-rays of his pelvis and right hip taken on July 26, 1984, in connection
with the treatment of his right groin injury, showed “no evidence of a fracture or
destructive lesion of the right hip” and no other sign of recent injury to it. (“The
7
contours of both femoral heads is normal . . . . The soft tissues of the right hip are
normal.”) Although the report noted “[d]iminution of the joint space, superiorly, of
both hips,” the CRB properly noted that neither the report nor any contemporaneous
medical records link this condition to Mr. Anderson’s employment. As a result,
because the relationship between the injury and his employment was not established,
the employer was not on notice even if the condition noted on the report was related
to Mr. Anderson’s current condition. 7
The ALJ explained that she discredited Mr. Anderson’s testimony that he told
his trainer about his hip pain, based in part on his medical records and on his
demeanor and inconsistent testimony. We are satisfied that this credibility finding
7
The CRB also properly rejected Mr. Anderson’s argument that the mere fact
X-rays of his hip were taken provided “constructive notice” of a work-related hip
injury, or at least of a complaint thereof. “Actual notice” of an injury and its
relationship to the worker’s employment is required, as the CRB correctly held. See
Howard Univ. Hosp. v. D.C. Dep’t of Emp. Servs., 960 A.2d 603, 609 (D.C. 2008).
The X-rays in this case showed no hip injury related to Mr. Anderson’s employment
and did not indicate there had been any complaint of such an injury.
D.C. Code § 32-1521(2) creates a rebuttable presumption that claimants gave
their employer notice of their injury in a timely fashion. See Dillon v. D.C. Dep’t of
Emp. Servs., 912 A.2d 556, 559 (D.C. 2006). However, assuming that Mr.
Anderson’s testimony was sufficient to invoke the presumption, the evidence
presented before the ALJ, including Mr. Anderson’s medical history from his time
with the team, was more than “specific and comprehensive enough” to rebut the
presumption. Wash. Post v. D.C. Dep’t of Emp. Servs., 852 A.2d 909, 911 (D.C.
2004) (citing Ferreira, 531 A.2d at 655).
8
is supported by substantial evidence in the record. We thus conclude that the one-
year limitations period on filing a claim was not tolled in this case under section
32-1532(f).
IV.
Mr. Anderson also argues that the one-year limitation period of D.C. Code
§ 32-1514(a) applies, by its terms, only to “the right to compensation,” and therefore
does not apply to his current claim for medical benefits. This court has
acknowledged that the meaning of the word “compensation” as used throughout the
Workers’ Compensation Act is variable and “context-specific,” 8 and that it may or
may not encompass medical benefits depending on the particular statutory provision
8
Moore v. D.C. Dep’t of Emp. Servs., 211 A.3d 159, 163 (D.C. 2019).
9
in question. 9 Where, as here in its use of the word “compensation,” a statute is
ambiguous, we must defer to the CRB’s interpretation “so long as it is reasonable.” 10
Mr. Anderson argues that, since a failure to give timely notice of an injury
within 30 days does not bar a subsequent claim for medical benefits under section
32-1513, a failure to file such a claim within the one-year limitations period imposed
by section 32-1514 also should not be a bar. The logic of that contention is not clear
to us. It is contrary to the long-held view of the CRB and the Department of
Employment Services, which is that the one-year limitations period for filing a claim
9
Compare Moore, 211 A.3d at 163-64 (concluding that “the CRB reasonably
interpreted ‘compensation’ in [D.C. Code] § 32-1535(g) to include medical costs,”
meaning that the employer’s liability for such costs is extinguished by an employee’s
compromise of a claim against a third party without the employer’s consent, “based
on the twin goals of avoiding double recovery by the employee and preventing
prejudice to the employer by settlements that compromise the employer’s lien”) with
Safeway Stores, Inc., 832 A.2d at 1270-71 (deferring to the agency’s interpretation
that the potential forfeiture of compensation on account of an employee’s failure to
give notice of injury within 30 days, as required by D.C. Code § 32-1513, does not
extend to the loss of medical benefits).
10
Moore, 211 A.3d at 161 (quoting Pannell-Pringle v. D.C. Dep’t of Emp.
Servs., 806 A.2d 209, 211 (D.C. 2002)); see also, e.g., Proctor v. D.C. Dep’t of Emp.
Servs., 737 A.2d 534, 538 (D.C. 1999) (“[S]o long as the agency’s construction is
reasonable and does not conflict with the plain meaning of the statute or its
legislative history, we are bound by it and ‘must sustain [it] even if a petitioner
advances another reasonable interpretation of the statute or if we might have been
persuaded by the alternate interpretation had we been construing the statute in the
first instance.’”) (quoting Smith v. D.C. Dep’t of Emp. Servs., 548 A.2d 95, 97 (D.C.
1988)).
10
applies to claims for medical benefits even though a mere failure to give 30 days’
notice of the injury does not foreclose such claims. 11 The CRB adhered to that view
in the instant case. It agreed with the rationale offered by intervenors:
[I]f the CRB were to adopt the definition of
“compensation” in Safeway Stores to the statute of
limitations for filing cla[i]ms as Claimant suggests, it
would essentially render the statu[t]e of limitations useless
and create an unlimited window for a claimant to file a
claim for medi[c]al benefits. This would frustrate the
11
The regulations governing the private sector workers’ compensation
program state explicitly that “[i]n accordance with § 15 of the Act (§ 36-314, D.C.
Code, 1981 ed.) [the previous codification of section 32-1514], all claims shall be
made by injured employees or their beneficiaries in writing within one (1) year of
the injury or death, except as hereafter provided.” 7 D.C.M.R. § 207.1 (emphasis
added). There is no exception for claims limited to medical benefits. And when
confronted with the question in 2007, the CRB stated:
Finally, we turn to the question of the Petitioner’s
compliance with D.C. Official Code § 32-1514(a). The
Panel notes that the Petitioner requested both
compensation and causally related medical expenses.
Thus, while a determination that the Petitioner has failed
to comply with the notice requirements of D.C. Official
Code § 32-1513, and that such failure is not excused
pursuant to subsection (d)(2) thereof, will serve to bar the
claim for compensation, it does not bar the Petitioner’s
claim for payment of causally-related medical benefits.
Safeway Stores, Inc. v. D.C. Department of Employment
Services, 832 A.2d 1267, 1271(D.C. 2003). In such an
eventuality, the Petitioner’s claim for medical benefits will
only be barred should it be determined that the Petitioner
also failed to timely file her claim.
VanHoose, 2007 DC Wrk. Comp. LEXIS 409, at *24-25.
11
purpose of the statute of limitations, which is to protect the
employer from stale claims and to provide finality by
setting a definitive endpoint to claims.
We consider the CRB’s interpretation of section 32-1514 to be reasonable, and we
perceive no reason to reject it. We thus conclude that the one-year statute of
limitations in D.C. Code § 32-1514(a) applies to Mr. Anderson’s claim for medical
benefits.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the decision of the CRB.
So ordered.