The opinion
Filed 7/18/23
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION SIX
THE PEOPLE, 2d Crim. No. B321947
(Super. Ct. No. CR27515-2)
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Ventura County)
v.
TIMOTHY PATRIC
ANTONELLI,
Defendant and Appellant.
Timothy Patric Antonelli acknowledges that in 1991 he
“was convicted of provocative act murder.” He appeals a
postjudgment order denying his Penal Code section 1172.6
(formerly § 1170.95) petition to vacate the first degree murder
conviction.1 Section 1172.6 was added to the Penal Code by
Senate Bill No. 1437 (S.B. 1437). (Stats. 2018, ch. 1015, § 4.)
Unless otherwise stated, all statutory references are to
1
the Penal Code.
Effective January 1, 2022, section 1172.6 was amended by Senate
Bill No. 775 (S.B. 775). (Stats. 2021, ch. 551, § 2.)2
This is the second time that appellant has filed a section
1172.6 petition. Appellant appealed the order denying his first
petition. We affirmed in a 2020 unpublished opinion – People v.
Antonelli (Dec. 1, 2020, B299749) (Antonelli).
Appellant claims the trial court erred in denying the second
petition without conducting an evidentiary hearing. He argues
he made a prima facie case for relief based on S.B. 775’s
amendment of section 1172.6, subdivision (a) to add the following
ground for relief: the petitioner’s murder conviction was pursuant
to a “theory under which malice is imputed to a person based
solely on that person’s participation in a crime.” (Ibid., italics
added.) Appellant maintains he was convicted of provocative act
murder pursuant to such a theory of “imputed” malice because he
did not personally commit a provocative act. The provocative acts
allegedly were committed by his accomplices.
Because appellant was convicted of provocative act murder,
as a matter of law he is not eligible for section 1172.6 relief. As
we explain below, a conviction of provocative act murder cannot
be premised on “malice [that] is imputed to a person based solely
2 We deny appellant’s request for judicial notice of a
“factsheet regarding the impact” of S.B. 1437 and S.B. 775. The
factsheet was prepared by the Office of the State Public Defender.
Appellant has not shown that the factsheet meets the
requirements of Evidence Code section 452, subdivision (h),
which permits judicial notice of “[f]acts and propositions that are
not reasonably subject to dispute and are capable of immediate
and accurate determination by resort to sources of reasonably
indisputable accuracy.” Furthermore, the factsheet is irrelevant
to the issues before us in this appeal.
2
on that person’s participation in a crime . . . .” (§ 1172.6, subd.
(a).) Accordingly, we affirm.
3
Facts
The summary of the horrific facts of this case is primarily
taken from our prior unpublished opinion, Antonelli, supra, slip
opn. at pp. 3-5.
On January 1, 1991, Phil Shine called Leslie Phipps in the
early morning hours and asked Phipps to come to a New Year’s
Eve party at Melody Hatcher’s and Paul Blair’s house in Ojai.
Shine asked her to bring marijuana. Phipps declined but told her
roommate, appellant, about the party. Appellant called Shine 20
minutes later, asked for directions, and said he would bring
marijuana.
Appellant and Frank Stoddard hatched a plan to rob
everyone at the party. Phipps overheard Stoddard say something
about two guns and splitting something three ways. Stoddard
told appellant they would “‘pick up Ronnie [Brown] and go on up
there.’” Brown told his roommate, Shane Allen, he was going
with Stoddard and appellant to “‘hit a party in Ojai.’” Appellant
and Stoddard picked up Ron Brown. Stoddard and Brown armed
themselves with a .30-06 semiautomatic rifle and a .22
semiautomatic pistol.
Appellant knocked on the front door of Melody Hatcher’s
house and looked to his right outside the doorway as Hatcher
opened the door. Wearing ski masks, Stoddard and Brown burst
into the house brandishing the rifle and pistol. Appellant cleared
the doorway, threw Hatcher down on a couch and got down next
to her. Party guests Billie Joe Gregory, August Howard and John
Schommer were sitting at the dining room table. Scott Blair was
in the bedroom.
Shouting “‘police, everybody down,’” Stoddard and Brown
herded everyone into the living room and demanded money,
4
drugs, and jewelry. Stoddard ordered John Schommer to turn
over his valuables. Schommer had nothing. Stoddard yelled
“‘then you’re just going to die’” and repeatedly kicked Schommer
in the head.
Fearing for his life, Gregory turned over his wallet with five
dollars in it. Stoddard hit Gregory in the head with the rifle,
knocking him unconscious. Angry about the paucity of the take,
Stoddard yelled “‘if this is all the money you guys could come up
with, we’ll just go over here [and] blow this fucking bitch’s
[Hatcher’s] brains out.’” Stoddard dragged Hatcher by the hair
into the kitchen.
August Howard tried to rescue Hatcher but was shot in the
eye by Stoddard. Shine thought they were all going to die and
grabbed for Stoddard’s pistol. A melee ensued. It was appellant
and his armed cohorts versus six or more angry partygoers.
Brown hit Shine with the rifle as Stoddard stood close by
with the pistol. Shine fought back and grabbed the rifle and
pistol barrels, as Brown bit down on Scott Blair’s thumb.
Gregory jumped into the fray, grabbed the rifle, and
clubbed Brown with it until Brown released Blair’s thumb.
Brown and Schommer fought one another until Brown held a
buck knife to Schommer’s neck. Fearing that Schommer would
be killed, Gregory fired two shots, killing Brown. Someone called
911.
The fighting continued. Shine and Stoddard struggled to
get control of the .22 pistol. Gregory shot a round at Stoddard,
ran out of bullets, and beat Stoddard with the rifle stock until it
broke. Stoddard let go of the pistol and ran. A white Ford Escort
was outside the house with the engine running. As Gregory ran
toward it, appellant drove away and left Stoddard behind.
5
Trial Court’s Ruling on First Petition
As to appellant’s first petition, the trial court ruled that
appellant had made a prima facie case for relief. After an
evidentiary hearing, the court denied the petition because “the
People have proven beyond a reasonable doubt that [appellant] is
guilty . . . under the theory that [he] was ‘a major participant’ and
‘acted with reckless indifference to human life.’” The court
considered the “major participant” and “reckless indifference”
factors set forth in People v. Banks (2015) 61 Cal.4th 788, and
People v. Clark (2016) 63 Cal.4th 522.
Prior Appellate Opinion
In our prior 2020 opinion, we noted that S.B. 1437 “permits
defendants convicted of murder pursuant to the felony murder
rule or natural and probable consequences doctrine to petition for
resentencing based on changes to Penal Code section 188 and
189.” (Antonelli, supra, slip opn. at p. 2.) But we said that
appellant “was tried and convicted for provocative act murder.”
(Id. at p. 8.) We held “that the provocative act murder theory
survives Senate Bill No. 1437 . . . and no evidentiary hearing was
required.” (Id. at p. 1.) We stated: “In People v. Lee (2020) 49
Cal.App.5th 254 . . . , review granted July 15, 2020, S262459 [but
review dismissed on Nov. 23, 2021], our colleagues in Division
One held that provocative act murder survives S.B. 1437. Here,
[appellant] and two armed accomplices committed a home
invasion robbery, during which a victim fought back and killed
one accomplice. We agree with the rule and rationale of Lee.
And, based thereon, we affirm.” (Id. at p. 3; see also this court’s
opinion in People v. Johnson (2020) 57 Cal.App.5th 257, 269
(Johnson) [“we cannot conclude that the Legislature intended to
afford relief to persons convicted of murder under . . . theories
6
[not mentioned in section 1172.6, subdivision (a)] such as
provocative act murder].)”
In Antonelli we observed: “[T]here is a separate and
distinct reason why we affirm. Even if [appellant] had been
convicted of felony murder and/or [murder under] the natural and
probable consequences theory, and even if provocative act murder
is a ‘subset’ of these theories, appellant would still not prevail.”
(Antonelli, supra, slip opn. at p. 3.) This is because substantial
evidence supports the trial court’s finding that appellant “was a
major participant and acted with a reckless indifference to
human life.” (Id. at p. 11.) “Regardless of what murder theory
was used to convict before the enactment of S.B. 1437, a
defendant is not eligible for resentencing if he or she was a major
participant in the underlying dangerous felony and acted with
reckless indifference to human life. [Citations.] This equates to
malice, and more specifically implied malice.”3 (Id. at p. 7.)
Appellant argues, “While this Court found substantial evidence
supported the trial court’s major participant and reckless
indifference finding, the Court’s reasoning was not necessary to
the decision and [is] therefore dicta.”
3 But see People v. Silva (2023) 87 Cal.App.5th 632, 637, fn.
11 [“The court also found the evidence established petitioner was
a major participant in the attack and acted with reckless
indifference to human life, standards that would be applicable
under a felony murder, rather than implied malice, theory.”
7
Appellant’s Second Petition: Defense Counsel’s
Argument in Trial Court and Trial Court’s Ruling
Section 1172.6, subdivision (a), originally provided, “A
person convicted of felony murder or murder under a natural and
probable consequences theory may file a petition with the
court . . . to have the petitioner’s murder conviction vacated and
to be resentenced on any remaining counts when all of the
following conditions apply.” After our 2020 Antonelli decision,
S.B. 775 amended section 1172.6, subdivision (a) to provide that a
petition may also be filed if a murder conviction was pursuant to
a “theory under which malice is imputed to a person based solely
on that person’s participation in a crime.” (Stats. 2021, ch. 551,
§ 2.)
As to the second petition, appellant argued in the trial
court that his murder “conviction falls under [amended] section
[1172.6’s] ambit as he was convicted on a theory of murder
whereby malice murder was imputed to him based on his
[accomplices’] commission of provocative acts during the
robbery. . . . After S.B.[] 775[’s] amendment to section [1172.6],
the prosecutor would have been barred from making an
argument for murder liability based on . . . a provocative act
theory whereby malice was imputed to [appellant] based on his
participation in the robbery.”
The trial court denied the second petition without
conducting an evidentiary hearing. It concluded that appellant
had failed to make a prima facie case for relief under section
1172.6, subdivision (c). The court said it agreed with the
prosecutor’s reasoning. The prosecutor argued: “If there had
been a change in the law that applied specifically to [appellant],
he would get a new hearing, but that hasn't happened. [¶] . . . I
8
think the Court can make that ruling at the prima facie stage
because [appellant] had his hearing already . . . .”
The trial court’s minute order states: “The Court notes that
[appellant] has previously been afforded a hearing under PC
1170.95 [now section 1172.6]. Judge Gilbert Romero made his
findings [on the first petition] beyond a reasonable doubt. This
Court has not been convinced that there has been any change in
the law that would allow the defendant a second resentencing
hearing.”
Provocative Act Murder
“When someone other than the defendant or an accomplice
kills during the commission or attempted commission of a crime,
the defendant is not liable under felony-murder principles but
may nevertheless be prosecuted for murder under the provocative
act doctrine.” (People v. Gonzalez (2012) 54 Cal.4th 643, 654
(Gonzalez).) Pursuant to this doctrine, “‘“when the perpetrator of
a crime maliciously commits an act that is likely to result in
death, and the victim kills in reasonable response to that act, the
perpetrator is guilty of murder. [Citations.] ‘In such a case, the
killing is attributable, not merely to the commission of a felony,
but to the intentional act of the defendant or his accomplice
committed with conscious disregard for life.’ [Citation.]”
[Citation.] [¶] “. . . [A] participant in the underlying crime who
does not actually commit a provocative act himself may
nevertheless be vicariously liable for the killing caused by his
provocateur accomplice based upon having aided and abetted
commission of the underlying crime. [Citations.] Thus, under
the provocative act doctrine, a defendant may be vicariously
liable for the provocative conduct of his surviving accomplice in
9
the underlying crime. . . .”’” (Johnson, supra, 57 Cal.App.5th at
p. 265.)
“‘As to the mental element of provocative act murder, the
People must prove “that the defendant personally harbored . . .
malice.” [Citations.] But, malice may be implied . . . .’”
(Johnson, supra, 57 Cal.App.5th at p. 265.)
Appellant Failed to Make a Prima Facie Case for Relief
In our prior 2020 opinion, we held that “the provocative act
murder theory survives Senate Bill No. 1437” and therefore a
section 1172.6 evidentiary hearing is not required where the
petitioner has been convicted of provocative act murder.
(Antonelli, supra, slip opn. at p. 1.) This holding is the law of the
case. (See discussion of law of the case doctrine in People v.
Stanley (1995) 10 Cal.4th 764, 786-787.)
Appellant contends, “[T]his Court’s holding in the previous
appeal that [the] provocative act murder theory survives Senate
Bill No. 1437 is not the law of the case [as] to the issue of
whether provocative act murder, as applied to [appellant], also
survives S.B. 775.” Appellant relies on S.B. 775’s amendment of
section 1172.6, subdivision (a) to provide an additional ground for
relief where a murder conviction was pursuant to a “theory under
which malice is imputed to a person based solely on that person’s
participation in a crime.” (Ibid.) Appellant argues he was
convicted pursuant to such a theory because malice was imputed
to him based on the provocative acts of his accomplices, Stoddard
and Brown. Appellant frames the issue as follows: “Does S.B.
775’s amendment to section 1172.6, which authorizes
resentencing [of] a defendant convicted of murder on a theory
under which malice was imputed to the defendant based on that
defendant’s participation in a crime, apply to provocative act
10
murder when the defendant did not commit the provocative act?”
(Bold omitted.)
S.B. 775’s amendment of section 1172.6 is of no benefit to
appellant. A defendant cannot be convicted of provocative act
murder premised on malice “imputed to [him] based solely on
[his] participation in a crime . . . .” (§ 1172.6, subd. (a).) “A
murder conviction under the provocative act doctrine . . . requires
proof that the defendant personally harbored the mental state of
malice, and either the defendant or an accomplice intentionally
committed a provocative act that proximately caused an unlawful
killing.” (Gonzalez, supra, 54 Cal.4th at p. 655, italics added.)
We are bound by this Supreme Court pronouncement, which is
necessary to its holding in Gonzales. (Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v.
Superior Court (1962) 57 Cal.2d 450, 455.) “[U]nder the
provocative act doctrine, a defendant may be vicariously liable for
the provocative conduct of his surviving accomplice in the
underlying crime. [Citation.] [¶] [But] [w]ith respect to the
mental element of provocative act murder, a defendant cannot be
vicariously liable; he must personally possess the requisite
mental state of malice aforethought when he either causes the
death through his provocative act or aids and abets in the
underlying crime the provocateur who causes the death.
[Citation.] . . . When a defendant, with conscious disregard for
human life, intentionally acts in a manner inherently dangerous
to human life or, with the same state of mind, aids and abets in
the underlying crime, he demonstrates implied malice.” (People
v. Mejia (2012) 211 Cal.App.4th 586, 603, fn. omitted.)
“Thus, section 188, subdivision (a)(3), which provides
malice shall not be imputed to a person based solely on his or her
participation in a crime, does not affect the theory of provocative
11
act murder. Unlike natural and probable consequences liability
for murder, which contained no requirement of proof of malice
[citation], malice aforethought—conscious disregard for life—is a
necessary element of a conviction for provocative act
murder . . . .” (People v. Mancilla (2021) 67 Cal.App.5th 854,
868.) Therefore, “the People must prove a defendant personally
acted with implied malice to be convicted of provocative act
murder.” (Id. at p. 870.)
Appellant contends, “[T]he provocative act jury instruction
provided to the jury in this case authorized the jury to impute
malice to [him] based on Stoddard and Brown’s provocative acts.”
We need not examine the jury instructions to determine whether
appellant’s contention has merit. Irrespective of the instructions,
appellant was not convicted of murder pursuant to a “theory
under which malice is imputed to a person based solely on that
person’s participation in a crime . . . .” (§ 1172.6, subd. (a).)
Appellant was convicted pursuant to the provocative act murder
doctrine, which requires that the defendant personally harbor
malice. This doctrine is the only murder theory available “[w]hen
[as here] someone other than the defendant or an accomplice kills
during the commission or attempted commission of a crime.”
(Gonzalez, supra, 54 Cal.4th at p. 654.)
Moreover, appellant fails to meet the criterion of section
1172.6, subdivision (a)(3) that a petitioner may seek relief only if
“[t]he petitioner could not presently be convicted of murder or
attempted murder because of changes to Section 188 or 189 made
effective January 1, 2019.” (Italics added.) S.B. 1437, which
amended sections 188 and 189 effective January 1, 2019, did not
change the law to prohibit the conviction of provocative act
murder premised on malice “imputed to a person based solely on
12
that person’s participation in a crime . . . .” (§§ 188, subd. (a)(3),
1172.6, subd. (a).) Before the amendment, the law of provocative
act murder required that the defendant personally harbor malice.
(Gonzalez, supra, 54 Cal.4th at p. 655.) It still does.4
Disposition
The order denying appellant’s second section 1172.6
petition is affirmed.
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION.
YEGAN, J.
We concur:
GILBERT, P. J.
BALTODANO, J.
4 In two prior opinions involving the same defendant and
criminal offense – Johnson, supra, 57 Cal.App.5th at p. 271, and
People v. Johnson (2013) 221 Cal.App.4th 623, 627, 630 – we said
malice could be “imputed” to the “mastermind” of an armed
home-invasion robbery who was convicted of provocative act
murder even though he had not been personally present during
the robbery and murder. Our use of the word “imputed” was
inartful. We did not mean to suggest that the mastermind could
be convicted of provocative act murder regardless of whether he
personally harbored malice. We noted, “As to the mental element
of provocative act murder, the People must prove ‘that the
defendant personally harbored . . . malice.’” (Ibid.)
13
Ryan J. Wright, Judge
Superior Court County of Ventura
______________________________
Claudia Y. Bautista, Public Defender, William Quest, Snr.
Deputy Public Defender, for Defendant and Appellant.
Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief
Assistant Attorney General, Susan Sullivan Pithey, Senior
Assistant Attorney General, Idan Ivri, Supervising Deputy
Attorney General, Theresa A. Patterson, Deputy Attorney
General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.