United States v. Devonne L. Walker

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[DO NOT PUBLISH]

In the

United States Court of Appeals

For the Eleventh Circuit

____________________

No. 21-14136

Non-Argument Calendar

____________________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

DEVONNE L. WALKER,

a.k.a. Dee Dee,

a.k.a. Jimmy,

Defendant-Appellant.

____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

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2 Opinion of the Court 21-14136

D.C. Docket No. 5:21-cr-00040-RBD-PRL-1

____________________

Before JORDAN, JILL PRYOR, and BRANCH, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

Devonne Walker appeals his sentence of 300 months’ im-

prisonment, which was imposed after he pled guilty to one count

of conspiring with others to possess with the intent to distribute

various controlled substances. Walker argues that the district

court made two errors in calculating his sentence: First, he argues

that the court erred when it applied a four-level enhancement un-

der the Sentencing Guidelines for Walker’s role as an organizer or

leader of a criminal activity that involved five or more partici-

pants or was otherwise extensive. Second, he contends that the

court improperly applied a two-level enhancement under the Sen-

tencing Guidelines for possessing a dangerous weapon in connec-

tion with a drug offense. Because the record supports the district

court’s application of these enhancements, we affirm Walker’s

sentence.

I.

Walker first appeared on the government’s radar in March

2018, when an informant indicated that Walker and another man,

Chauncy Stackhouse, were selling large quantities of cocaine and

methamphetamine. At that time, Walker and Stackhouse were

selling approximately two kilograms of cocaine per month, which

they obtained from a supplier in Orlando, Florida.

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In July 2018, government agents received a tip that Walker,

Stackhouse, and two unnamed associates were flying from Tam-

pa, Florida to Puerto Rico to purchase cocaine. Agents stopped

Walker, Stackhouse, and their associates at the Tampa airport and

seized $80,000 in cash—cash which belonged to Walker and

agents believed was intended to be used to buy cocaine. During

this time period, Walker and Stackhouse were receiving between

four and six kilograms of cocaine each month from their Puerto

Rican supplier. The supplier in Puerto Rico transferred the co-

caine from Puerto Rico to Florida, then Walker and Stackhouse

picked up the cocaine once it arrived in Florida. Walker always

paid for the cocaine.

After a few months of working with the Puerto Rican sup-

plier, Walker and Stackhouse decided to find a cheaper source for

the drugs. A friend, known to Stackhouse only as “Chad,” offered

to serve as the middleman connecting Walker and Stackhouse

with a drug supplier in Phoenix, Arizona. Walker and Stackhouse

eventually decided to cut Chad out of the deal and work directly

with their new Arizona contact. From that point on, Walker

managed all the dealings with the supplier; he arranged which

drugs would be shipped from Arizona to Florida and negotiated

the drug prices.

On their first visit to Arizona, Walker and Stackhouse

along with an associate named Tyler Reed (also known as “Kyle”)

met Kanisha Savage at a gas station in Phoenix. They convinced

Savage to buy marijuana from a dispensary for them. Walker

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4 Opinion of the Court 21-14136

gave her money for the purchase. After she purchased the drugs,

Savage and the three men smoked marijuana together and ex-

changed phone numbers.

Walker texted Savage a month after their first encounter,

asking whether she knew of any Airbnb rentals in the area be-

cause he would be returning to Phoenix soon. He also asked Sav-

age if she would continue buying marijuana from dispensaries for

him. She agreed. When Walker, Stackhouse, and Reed returned

to Arizona, Walker once again paid Savage to obtain marijuana.

This relationship between Walker and Savage continued for some

time. Eventually, Walker began requesting that Savage bring him

more marijuana than she was able to purchase through dispensa-

ries. Because she could no longer get Walker the amount of mari-

juana he wanted, Savage introduced Walker to Tymane Hamil-

ton, a known marijuana dealer. Walker and Hamilton entered in-

to an arrangement.

At some point over the course of their relationship, Walker

asked Savage to drop off packages at the post office for him in ex-

change for money. Savage agreed, and their arrangement played

out as follows: Walker would inform Savage when she could ex-

pect packages and where to pick them up. One of two men would

bring sealed packages to wherever Walker directed Savage to go

and pay Savage $100 upon giving her the parcels. Walker would

send Savage addresses located in the Middle District of Florida

and direct her to send the packages to those addresses. Once Sav-

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21-14136 Opinion of the Court 5

age dropped off the packages with the United States Postal Ser-

vice (“USPS”), Walker would pay Savage $150 through Cash App.

Under Walker’s direction, many packages were mailed

from Arizona to Florida. Between July 2018 and October 2019,

USPS identified more than 50 parcels sent from Arizona to Florida

containing cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, fentanyl, and ma-

rijuana.

Savage also received packages on Walker’s behalf. An asso-

ciate of Walker’s named Kathy Stivale sent Savage several pack-

ages from Florida. Walker let Savage know in advance when she

could expect a package from Stivale; Walker also told Savage

what to do with Stivale’s packages. The same men who gave Sav-

age packages for Walker collected Stivale’s packages.

Savage met Stivale when Stivale accompanied Walker on a

trip to Phoenix. During that trip, Stivale was responsible for ar-

ranging Walker’s transportation. On one occasion, Walker had

Savage and Stivale carry cash and money orders for him on a

flight from Orlando to Phoenix.

In addition to handling packages and carrying money for

Walker, Savage also arranged for Walker to buy a firearm from a

man she knew in Phoenix.

As the investigation continued, agents became aware of a

residence in Phoenix on 42nd Avenue. They believed it to be a

“stash house” used by Walker, Savage, Hamilton, and other

members of the conspiracy. Agents observed Walker bringing

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shipping supplies into the house and learned that Hamilton and

his girlfriend resided there.

In October 2019, agents executed a search warrant for the

Arizona residence. They seized nine USPS parcels labeled with

addresses in the Middle District of Florida and an AM-15 rifle. In-

side the packages, agents found a total of 49.4 kilograms of mari-

juana and 2.7 kilograms of methamphetamine.

In June of 2021, Walker was indicted for conspiracy to pos-

sess with intent to distribute various controlled substances: five

kilograms or more of cocaine; 500 grams or more of metham-

phetamine; one kilogram or more of heroin; 40 grams or more of

fentanyl; and more than 50 kilograms or marijuana.1

About two weeks later, local Florida police officers execut-

ed an arrest warrant for Walker. Officers observed Walker arrive

on the scene in his sister’s car. After Walker exited the car, a dep-

uty approached the car to confirm there were no other occupants

who might threaten officer safety. While looking into the vehicle,

the deputy noticed a marijuana blunt in plain view in the front

seat center console. Officers decided to search the vehicle. On the

floorboard behind the passenger seat, they saw a drawstring bag.

Inside the bag they found a 9 mm handgun, drug paraphernalia,

1 Savage and Hamilton were charged as co-defendants. In a separate criminal

case, Stackhouse was charged with possession with intent to distribute

methamphetamine.

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and substances that the officers suspected to be marijuana, heroin,

cocaine, fentanyl, and methamphetamine.

Walker pled guilty to the conspiracy charged in the indict-

ment. Before Walker’s sentencing hearing, a probation officer

prepared a presentencing investigation report (“PSI”). The PSI set

forth facts about how the conspiracy operated and Walker’s role

in the conspiracy. It reported that Walker was accountable for the

distribution of 32,460 grams of “ice,” 2 51,631 grams of marijuana,

79 grams of fentanyl, and 125 grams of heroin. Based on these

drug quantities, the PSI assigned Walker a base offense level of 38.

The PSI found that Walker should receive a four-level enhance-

ment under U.S.S.G. §3B1.1(a) for being an organizer or leader of

a criminal activity that involved five or more participants or was

otherwise extensive. The PSI also recommended a two-level en-

hancement under U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1) because a dangerous

weapon (in this case, a firearm) was possessed in connection with

a drug offense. The PSI calculated Walker’s adjusted offense level

as 44. It also noted that Walker was eligible for a reduction in his

offense level for acceptance of responsibility.

2 The Sentencing Guidelines define “ice” as “a mixture or substance contain-

ing d-methamphetamine hydrochloride of at least 80% purity.” U.S.S.G.

§ 2D1.1, note C.

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Walker objected to several portions of the PSI. He objected

to some of the paragraphs that described the offense conduct. He

also objected to the role and dangerous weapons enhancements.

At the sentencing hearing, the district court overruled

these objections. It adopted the PSI’s description of the offense

conduct. The district court found that the government had shown

by a preponderance of the evidence that Walker was an organizer

or leader such as to warrant a § 3B1.1(a) enhancement. The dis-

trict court was also satisfied that the rifle found at the 42nd Ave-

nue residence in Arizona and the handgun seized at Walker’s ar-

rest justified a dangerous weapons enhancement under U.S.S.G.

§ 2D1.1(b)(1).

After accepting the PSI’s calculation of the offense level and

applying a two-level reduction for acceptance of responsibility,

the district court found that Walker had a total offense level of 42

and a criminal history category of VI, yielding a sentence range of

360 months’ to life imprisonment. 3 The district court sentenced

Walker to 300 months’ imprisonment.

Walker timely appealed to this Court.

3 The court found that Walker was eligible for the career-offender enhance-

ment. Under the career-offender enhancement, Walker’s offense level would

have been 37 before any reduction for acceptance of responsibility. Because

this offense level was not “greater than the offense level otherwise applica-

ble,” the district court did not rely on the career-offender enhancement to

calculate Walker’s guidelines range. U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(b).

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II.

We accept a district court’s factual findings at sentencing

unless clearly erroneous. United States v. Caraballo, 595 F.3d

1214, 1230 (11th Cir. 2010). A factual finding is clearly erroneous

when, upon review of the evidence, the Court is “left with a defi-

nite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.”

United States v. Foster, 155 F.3d 1329, 1331 (11th Cir. 1998).

Whether a defendant was an organizer or leader of a criminal ac-

tivity that involved five or more participants or was otherwise ex-

tensive is a factual finding we review for clear error. 4 United

States v. Ramirez, 426 F.3d 1344, 1355 (11th Cir. 2005). The same

is true for whether a dangerous weapon was possessed in connec-

tion with a drug crime. United States v. Stallings, 463 F.3d 1218,

1220 (11th Cir. 2006).

We review a district court’s application of the Sentencing

Guidelines to the facts de novo. United States v. Smith, 22 F.4th

1236, 1242 (11th Cir. 2022).

4 The government argues that the district court’s determination as to Walk-

er’s § 3B1.1 role enhancement should be reviewed for plain error, arguing

that Walker did not raise the specific issues he advances here in the district

court. See United States v. Aguillard, 217 F.3d 1319, 1320 (11th Cir. 2000).

We assume Walker sufficiently raised the issue at the district court level and

proceed under the clear-error standard because the result we reach is the

same under either standard of review.

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10 Opinion of the Court 21-14136

III.

Walker challenges the district court’s application of the

leadership role and dangerous weapons enhancements in calculat-

ing his sentencing range.

We affirm the district court’s application of a four-level

§ 3B1.1(a) role enhancement because the record supports the dis-

trict court’s conclusion that Walker led or organized a criminal

activity that involved at least five participants or was otherwise

extensive. We also affirm the application of a § 2D1.1(b)(1) dan-

gerous weapons enhancement because a co-conspirator possessed

a firearm in connection with the conspiracy, and the possession

was reasonably foreseeable in light of the volume and value of the

drugs involved in the offense.

A.

The Sentencing Guidelines mandate a four-level increase to

a defendant’s offense level if (1) he “was an organizer or leader of

a criminal activity” (2) “that involved five or more participants or

was otherwise extensive.” U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a). These are two sep-

arate and distinct requirements for a sentence enhancement un-

der § 3B1.1(a). United States v. Martinez, 584 F.3d 1022, 1026

(11th Cir. 2009).

On appeal, Walker challenges the district court’s evalua-

tion of the second prong—that the criminal activity involved ei-

ther five or more participants or was otherwise extensive. Walker

argues that the district court failed to articulate its findings as to

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21-14136 Opinion of the Court 11

this prong with sufficient specificity. He points out that the dis-

trict court did not explicitly name the five people it considered

participants in the criminal activity, nor did it specify whether the

application of § 3B1.1(a) was based on there being at least five par-

ticipants in the criminal activity or on the criminal activity being

otherwise extensive. Instead, at the sentencing hearing, the dis-

trict court simply stated that it “f[ound] the Government ha[d]

met its burden of proof by a preponderance of the evidence that

Mr. Walker was an organizer, manager, or leader of the organiza-

tion such as to warrant the four-level enhancement under

3B1.1(a).” Doc. 134 at 186. 5

This was all the district court needed to say. Walker’s ar-

gument that the district court’s failure to make specific findings

warrants reversal has no basis in our precedent. As this Court has

previously held,

[i]n making the ultimate determination of the de-

fendant’s role in the offense, the sentencing judge

has no duty to make any specific subsidiary factual

findings. So long as the district court’s decision is

supported by the record and the court clearly re-

solves any disputed factual issues, a simple statement

of the district court’s conclusion is sufficient.

5 “Doc.” numbers refer to the district court’s docket entries in this case.

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United States v. Rodriguez De Varon, 175 F.3d 930, 939 (11th Cir.

1999) (en banc) (emphasis in original) (internal citation omitted)

(regarding mitigating-role reduction under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2).

There is no question here that the district court resolved all

disputed factual issues. And whether the § 3B1.1(a) leadership-role

enhancement was based on the number of participants or the ex-

tent of the criminal activity, the record supports the district

court’s conclusion.

First, as to the number of participants, the record shows by

a preponderance of the evidence that at least five people partici-

pated in the conspiracy to possess controlled substances with the

intent to distribute. “A ‘participant’ is a person who is criminally

responsible for the commission of the offense, but need not have

been convicted.” U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1 cmt. 1. Walker and his two co-

defendants, Kanisha Savage and Tymane Hamilton, are partici-

pants under § 3B1.1(a). Evidence of more than two additional par-

ticipants exists in the record, including but not limited to:

(1) Chauncy Stackhouse, a co-conspirator who began distributing

drugs with Walker as early May 2018, traveled with Walker to Ar-

izona to arrange drug shipments back to Florida on numerous oc-

casions, and helped Walker orchestrate cocaine shipments from

Puerto Rico to Florida; (2) Tyler Reed, also known as “Kyle,” who

traveled to Arizona with Walker and Stackhouse on more than

one occasion and helped recruit Savage into the conspiracy;

(3) Kathy Stivale, who, like Savage, worked for Walker and

shipped packages across the country on his behalf; (4) Chad, who

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arranged a new supplier for Walker in Arizona; and (5) the two

men who delivered boxes of drugs to Savage for her to label and

ship to Florida.

Second, even though, in light of the number of partici-

pants, establishing that the criminal activity was otherwise exten-

sive was unnecessary, the record supports such a finding. We

consider several factors when examining a criminal activity’s ex-

tensiveness, including the length and scope of the criminal activity

and the number of persons or entities involved. United States v.

Holland, 22 F.3d 1040, 1046 (11th Cir. 1994); see, e.g., United

States v. Rodriguez, 981 F.2d 1199 (11th Cir. 1993) (finding a drug

transaction that extended through three states and another coun-

try and involved the distribution of 100 kilograms of cocaine to be

otherwise extensive); United States v. Gupta, 463 F.3d 1182, 1198

(11th Cir. 2006) (finding a seven-year fraud scheme that involved

“seven corporations, numerous straw owners, [and] Medicare re-

imbursements of over $15 million” to be otherwise extensive).

Furthermore, “[i]n assessing whether an organization is ‘other-

wise extensive,’ all persons involved during the course of the en-

tire offense are to be considered. Thus, a fraud that involved only

three participants but used the unknowing services of many out-

siders could be considered extensive.” U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1 cmt. 3.

The scope of the criminal activity here was extensive. The

conspiracy involved large quantities of drugs. Walker pled guilty

to possessing with intent to distribute five kilograms or more of

cocaine, 500 grams or more of methamphetamine, one kilogram

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14 Opinion of the Court 21-14136

or more of heroin, 40 grams or more of fentanyl, and 50 kilo-

grams or more of marijuana. The PSI specifically attributed to

Walker the distribution of 32,460 grams of near-pure metham-

phetamine, 51,631 grams of marijuana, 79 grams of fentanyl, and

125 grams of heroin. And these large quantities of drugs were

shipped across state lines, with more than 50 parcels of cocaine,

heroin, methamphetamine, fentanyl, and marijuana traveling be-

tween Arizona and Florida between July 2018 and October 2019.

At one point during the conspiracy, cocaine was also coming in

from Puerto Rico. In addition, the scheme hinged on the unknow-

ing services of many outsiders—the USPS employees who unwit-

tingly transported and delivered over 50 parcels of controlled sub-

stances. We thus conclude that Walker’s criminal activity could

be considered “otherwise extensive” given its scope and number

of participants involved, including both knowing and unknowing

participants.

For all the above reasons, the district court did not err—

clearly or otherwise—in determining that Walker was an organ-

izer or leader of a criminal activity that involved five or more par-

ticipants or was otherwise extensive under § 3B1.1(a).

B.

The Sentencing Guidelines mandate a two-level sentencing

increase “[i]f a dangerous weapon (including a firearm) was pos-

sessed” in connection with a drug offense. U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1).

To justify a § 2D1.1(b)(1) dangerous-weapons enhancement, the

government must establish by a preponderance of the evidence

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that either (1) “the firearm was present at the site of the charged

conduct” or (2) “the defendant possessed a firearm during con-

duct associated with the offense of conviction.” United States v.

Stallings, 463 F.3d 1218, 1220 (11th Cir. 2006). Once the govern-

ment meets its initial evidentiary burden, the burden shifts to the

defendant to “demonstrate that a connection between the weap-

on and the offense was clearly improbable.” Id. (internal quota-

tions omitted).

A § 2D1.1(b)(1) dangerous-weapons enhancement may be

applied when a firearm is possessed by a co-conspirator rather

than the defendant himself. United States v. Fields, 408 F.3d 1356,

1359 (11th Cir. 2005). To apply the enhancement to a defendant

based on co-conspirator possession, the government must prove

by a preponderance of the evidence that “(1) the possessor of the

firearm was a co-conspirator, (2) the possession was in further-

ance of the conspiracy, (3) the defendant was a member of the

conspiracy at the time of possession, and (4) the co-conspirator

possession was reasonably foreseeable by the defendant.” United

States v. Gallo, 195 F.3d 1278, 1284 (11th Cir. 1999) (emphasis in

original).

Here, the government offered three firearms to justify a

dangerous-weapons enhancement: (1) a rifle seized during the

search of the Arizona stash house maintained by co-defendant

Hamilton; (2) a loaded handgun found behind the front passenger

seat of the vehicle Walker drove immediately before his arrest;

and (3) a firearm co-defendant Savage arranged for Walker to buy

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16 Opinion of the Court 21-14136

in Arizona. The district court found that two firearms—the fire-

arm recovered from Hamilton’s Arizona residence and the fire-

arm found inside the vehicle at Walker’s arrest—satisfied the gov-

ernment’s initial evidentiary burden under § 2D1.1(b)(1). The

court also found that Walker failed to demonstrate that a connec-

tion between the weapons and the offense was clearly improba-

ble.

We turn first to the rifle connected to co-defendant Hamil-

ton. Walker does not dispute that: (1) Hamilton was a co-

conspirator who possessed a firearm, (2) the possession was in

furtherance of the conspiracy, or (3) Walker was a member of the

conspiracy at the time Hamilton possessed the firearm. Instead,

Walker argues that there is no evidence to show that he knew

about Hamilton’s firearm or that he should have reasonably fore-

seen his co-conspirator’s firearm possession. Thus, only the fourth

prong of Gallo is at issue.

We therefore focus on whether it was reasonably foreseea-

ble to Walker that Hamilton would possess a firearm. In this in-

quiry, it is not required that Walker knew about Hamilton’s fire-

arm possession; the question is whether the possession was rea-

sonably foreseeable. United States v. Martinez, 924 F.2d 209, 210

(11th Cir. 1991).

Our precedent recognizes that “guns are a tool of the drug

trade. There is a frequent and overpowering connection between

the use of firearms and narcotics traffic.” United States v. Cruz,

805 F.2d 1464, 1474 (11th Cir. 1986). Because of this connection,

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we have found it reasonably foreseeable that a co-conspirator

would possess a firearm when the conspiracy involves trafficking

large quantities of valuable illegal drugs. United States v. Pham,

463 F.3d 1239, 1246 (11th Cir. 2006).

Here, the rifle was seized at an Arizona stash house used by

multiple co-conspirators to facilitate drug-trafficking activities.

There were approximately 49.4 kilograms of marijuana and 2.7

kilograms of methamphetamine in the house at the time agents

seized the rifle. Those drugs were destined for Florida; agents

found them in parcels already addressed with handwritten labels

to various locations in the Middle District of Florida. In addition

to the specific drugs found at Hamilton’s residence the day agents

executed their search warrant, we reiterate, Walker pled guilty to

conspiring to possess with the intent to distribute five kilograms

or more of cocaine, 500 grams or more of methamphetamine,

one kilogram or more of heroin, 40 grams or more of fentanyl,

and 50 kilograms or more of marijuana. And, again, the PSI specif-

ically attributed to Walker 32,460 grams of “ice,” 51,631 grams of

marijuana, 79 grams of fentanyl, and 125 grams of heroin.

We have no trouble concluding that Walker could have

reasonably foreseen a co-conspirator’s possession of a firearm in

light of the sheer quantity and value of drugs he and his co-

conspirators possessed and trafficked. The district court did not

clearly err in applying a two-level dangerous weapons enhance-

ment to Walker based on his co-conspirator’s possession.

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Because the co-conspirator firearm is sufficient to justify

the § 2D1.1(b)(1) sentencing enhancement, we need not address

the firearm found in the vehicle Walker drove the day of his ar-

rest.

IV.

For the above reasons, we conclude that the district court

did not err in applying the four-level leadership-role enhancement

pursuant to § 3B1.1(a) or the two-level dangerous-weapon en-

hancement pursuant to § 2D1.1(b)(1). 6 The district court’s judg-

ment is affirmed.

AFFIRMED.

6 After the parties completed briefing in this appeal, Walker, proceeding pro

se, submitted a letter to the court arguing that the district court erred in find-

ing that he qualified as a career offender. He relied on our recent decision in

Dupree v. United States, in which we held that the crime of conspiring to

possess with intent to distribute a controlled substance offense did not quali-

fy as a “controlled substance offense” for purposes of the career-offender en-

hancement. 57 F.4th 1269, 1271 (11th Cir. 2023) (en banc).

But even assuming the district court erred in finding that Walker qualified as

a career offender, any error was harmless. Without the career-offender en-

hancement, Walker’s guidelines range would be the same because his total

offense level and criminal history category would not change.