The opinion
Filed 1/26/23
CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION*
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
THE PEOPLE,
F082970
Plaintiff and Respondent,
(Super. Ct. No. MCR063072)
v.
CARLOS ALFONSO BOLANOS, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Madera County. Mitchell C.
Rigby, Judge.
Jean M. Marinovich, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant
and Appellant.
Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant Attorney General, Eric L. Christoffersen and
Ross K. Naughton, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
-ooOoo-
Carlos Alfonso Bolanos was 22 years old when he committed various sex crimes
for which he was sentenced to serve, inter alia, multiple life in prison without parole and
multiple life in prison with parole terms. These sentences were based on the One Strike
*Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rules 8.1105(b) and 8.1110, this opinion is
certified for publication with the exception of sections IV, V, VI, and VII.
law (Pen. Code,1 § 667.61). On an unrelated occasion, he stole a car and was convicted
for its theft.
On appeal, Bolanos makes several claims, mostly related to sentencing. Primarily,
he suggests the youthful offender parole scheme—which excludes people sentenced
under the One Strike law, and people sentenced to life without parole for crimes
committed as adults—violates equal protection. (See § 3051, subd. (h).) The People
dispute any equal protection violation.
Second, Bolanos complains the court erred in pronouncing one of the life in prison
with parole terms. The People concede, but the parties diverge on the appropriate
remedy. Their disagreement centers on due process and notice.
Third, Bolanos contends the trial court should have stayed some of the One Strike
sentences pursuant to section 654, which generally prohibits multiple punishment for a
single act. The People disagree.
In the published portion of this opinion, we find against Bolanos on these three
issues. In the unpublished portion, we address his remaining contentions—which we
further detail below. Ultimately, we will reverse the car theft conviction for insufficient
evidence, direct the court to stay certain other sentences, and remand for resentencing.
The judgment, including the life without parole terms, is otherwise affirmed.
BACKGROUND
Charges
The Madera County District Attorney charged Bolanos with numerous crimes and
special allegations. The following crimes were charged: forcible rape (§ 261,
subd. (a)(2); Counts 1 & 2), forcible oral copulation of a minor (§ 287, subd. (c)(2)(C);
Count 3), aggravated kidnapping (§ 209, subd. (b)(1); count 4), forcible oral copulation
(§ 287, subd. (c)(2)(A); Count 5), criminal threats (§ 422, subd. (a); Count 6), false
1 Undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.
2.
imprisonment (§ 236; Count 7), vehicle theft (Veh. Code, § 10851, subd. (a); Count 8),
and grand theft automobile (§ 484/487, subd. (d)(1); Count 9).
The District Attorney alleged the following special allegations: aggravated
kidnapping in Counts 1, 2, and 3 (§ 667.61, subds. (l) & (d)(2)), aggravated kidnapping in
Counts 1, 2, and 3 (§ 667.61, subds. (a) & (d)(2)), kidnapping in Counts 1, 2, and 3
(§ 667.61, subds. (a) & (e)(1)), kidnapping in Count 5 (§ 667.61, subds. (b) & (e)(1)),2
and multiple victims (§ 667.61, subds. (a) & (e)(4)).
Trial Evidence
There are three victims in this case. We will summarize the evidence relative to
each victim in the order presented at trial. In each incident, Bolanos used his “girlfriend”
or a fake Facebook3 profile to contact the victim. The fake profile was named “Maritza
Martinez” and depicted a “Mexican” “teenage girl ….”4
Victim One: Counts 1 through 4 (forcible rape, forcible oral copulation, kidnapping)
Victim one agreed to meet Maritza Martinez for a job. At the last minute, victim
one was told Bolanos would meet her instead and he indeed showed up in a van. Victim
one entered, believing she would help sell fruit. Bolanos drove her down the street and
then forced her to perform oral sex. He then drove her to a second location, raped her,
took her back to the first location, and then raped her again. To accomplish the acts,
Bolanos verbally threatened the victim with a weapon.5
Victim Two: Counts 5 through 7 (forcible oral copulation, criminal threats, false
imprisonment)
2 The basis for this special allegation is subject to some debate and discussed
further below.
3Facebook is a “social media service provider[] ….” (Facebook, Inc. v. Superior
Court (2018) 4 Cal.5th 1245, 1248.)
4 Victim one provided the Maritza Martinez description at the trial.
5 Bolanos did not display a weapon during the threats.
3.
Victim two agreed to meet her friend at the friend’s home, a trailer.6 Her friend
was in a relationship with Bolanos. When victim two arrived at the trailer, she hesitated
to enter and remained outside until Bolanos approached and “told [her] go in” because
her friend “was in there.” After she complied by entering, Bolanos told her her friend
was not home. Victim two tried to leave but Bolanos blocked the door, held a knife to
her “stomach,” threatened to “stab her,” and forced her to perform oral sex.
Victim Three: Counts 8 and 9 (vehicle theft, grand theft automobile)
Victim three agreed to sell her car to Maritza Martinez. At the last minute, victim
three was told Bolanos would meet her instead. Bolanos showed up, test drove the car,
and then victim three signed over the “pink slip ….” After signing over the “pink slip,”
Bolanos handed victim three fake money concealed in an envelope. Victim three exited
the car, ultimately realized the money was fake, and Bolanos drove off the with car.
Verdict and Sentence
The jury found Bolanos guilty on each charged crime. The jury found the
aggravated kidnapping special allegations to Count 1 not true (§ 667.61, subds. (l) &
(d)(2) and (a) & (d)(2)). It also found the kidnapping special allegation to Count 5 not
true (§ 667.61, subd. (b) & (e)(1)). The remaining special allegations were found true.
The court sentenced Bolanos to serve life without parole on Counts 2 and 3,
25 years to life on Counts 1 and 5, seven years to life on Count 4,7 and four years, four
months on Counts 6 through 9. Only the Count 9 term was stayed.
DISCUSSION
6 Victim two and her friend—Bolanos’s girlfriend—communicated through
Facebook. Bolanos “kicked” his girlfriend “out” after she invited victim two to visit.
The girlfriend testified she invited her friend over at Bolanos’s request and complied
“[b]ecause he was going to hit [her] if [she] didn’t [do] it.” She also helped him use the
Maritza Martinez profile to arrange the meeting with victim three.
7 See section 3046, subdivision (a)(1).
4.
This appeal presents numerous issues. We address the issues in the following
order.
First, is Bolanos eligible for youthful offender parole (§ 3051)? Two, did the court
properly impose a 25-year-to-life sentence on Count 5? Three, should the court have
stayed two of the terms imposed on Counts 1, 2, and 3? Four, did the court fail to stay
the seven-year-to-life sentence on Count 4? Five, did the evidence insufficiently prove
vehicle theft (Count 8)? Six, did the court err in its grand-theft-automobile jury
instructions (Count 9)? Seven, should the court have stayed two of the terms imposed for
Counts 5, 6, and 7?
The People concede several issues. The People agree the court wrongly imposed a
25-year-to-life sentence on Count 5 but dispute the remedy, agree the court failed to stay
the sentence on Count 4, agree the evidence failed to prove vehicle theft (Count 8), agree
the court’s grand-theft-automobile instructions were erroneous but disclaim prejudice,
and assert the court should have stayed the sentence on Counts 6 and 7.
The People disagree the youthful offender parole scheme violates equal protection.
They also believe the court appropriately sentenced Bolanos on Counts 1, 2, and 3.
We find the youthful offender parole scheme does not, on its face, violate equal
protection. We agree with the parties the court erred in pronouncing a 25-year-to-life
sentence on Count 5 but hold the remedy is to impose a 15-year-to-life sentence. Finally,
we also agree the court failed to stay the sentence on Counts 4, 6, and 7, the evidence was
insufficient to prove vehicle theft, and the court’s grand-theft-automobile jury
instructions were erroneous but harmless. We will remand the case with directions to
enter an acquittal on Count 8 and otherwise resentence Bolanos consistent with this
opinion.
I. The Youthful Offender Parole Scheme Does Not Violate Equal Protection
As pertinent, “[a] youth offender parole hearing is a hearing by the Board of
Parole Hearings for the purpose of reviewing the parole suitability of any prisoner who
5.
was 25 years of age or younger … at the time of the controlling offense.” (§ 3051,
subd. (a)(1).) Youthful offender parole does not apply, however, “to cases in which
sentencing occurs pursuant to … [s]ection 667.61, or to cases in which an individual is
sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole for a controlling offense that
was committed after the person had attained 18 years of age.” (§ 3051, subd. (h).) Both
exclusions apply in this case.
Bolanos claims “[e]qual protection principals [sic] require the provisions of
section 3051 be extended to him.” “[T]he requirement of equal protection ensures that
the government does not treat a group of people unequally without some justification.”
(People v. Chatman (2018) 4 Cal.5th 277, 288 (Chatman).)
“Where, as here, a statute involves neither a suspect class nor a fundamental right,
it need only meet minimum equal protection standards, and survive ‘rational basis
review.’ ” (People v. Turnage (2012) 55 Cal.4th 62, 74.) Bolanos suggests “[n]o rational
basis supports exclusion of first-time youthful offenders convicted of LWOP under the
One Strike law when youthful offenders convicted of murder are eligible.” He does not
otherwise address the LWOP-as-an-adult exclusion.
The People do not agree Bolanos’s exclusion from youthful offender parole
violates equal protection. They instead contend “there could be a rational basis for the
disparate treatment.” The People focus on the One Strike exclusion and do not address
the LWOP exclusion.
We conclude neither exclusion denies equal protection.8 “[A] denial of equal
protection” is found “only if there is no rational relationship between a disparity in
8 We note, to qualify to youthful offender parole, Bolanos must overcome both
exclusions. Even if we agreed the One Strike exclusion was improper, Bolanos is still
ineligible for youthful offender parole because he was “sentenced to life in prison without
the possibility of parole for a controlling offense that was committed after the person had
attained 18 years of age.” (§ 3051, subd. (h).)
6.
treatment and some legitimate government purpose. [Citation.] This core feature of
equal protection sets a high bar before a law is deemed to lack even the minimal
rationality necessary for it to survive constitutional scrutiny. Coupled with a rebuttable
presumption that legislation is constitutional, this high bar helps ensure that
democratically enacted laws are not invalidated merely based on a court’s cursory
conclusion that a statute’s tradeoffs seem unwise or unfair.” (Chatman, supra, 4 Cal.5th
at pp. 288-289.)
“[T]o decide whether a statutory distinction is so devoid of even minimal
rationality that it is unconstitutional as a matter of equal protection, we typically ask two
questions. We first ask whether the state adopted a classification affecting two or more
groups that are similarly situated in an unequal manner. [Citation.] If we deem the
groups at issue similarly situated in all material respects, we consider whether the
challenged classification ultimately bears a rational relationship to a legitimate state
purpose. [Citation.] A classification in a statute is presumed rational until the challenger
shows that no rational basis for the unequal treatment is reasonably conceivable.
[Citations.] The underlying rationale for a statutory classification need not have been
‘ever actually articulated’ by lawmakers, and it does not need to ‘be empirically
substantiated.’ [Citation.] Nor does the logic behind a potential justification need to be
persuasive or sensible—rather than simply rational.” (Chatman, supra, 4 Cal.5th at
p. 289.)
These principles are satisfied with respect to both section 3051 exclusions at issue
in this case. We address each in turn.
First, relative to the One Strike exclusion, we are willing to assume people
sentenced under the One Strike law are similarly situated to all offenders eligible for
youthful offender parole. But the disparate treatment wrought by the One Strike
exclusion is supported by a concern for recidivism. “[T]he Legislature appears to have
excluded from early parole eligibility those whom it saw as exceptionally likely to
7.
reoffend. The One Strike law … reaches only serious sex crimes, and the electorate, in
passing an initiative amending the One Strike law, has found that sex offenders ‘have
very high recidivism rates,’ ‘are the least likely to be cured[,] and [are] the most likely to
reoffend.’ (Voter Information Guide, Gen. Elec. (Nov. 7, 2006) text of Prop. 83, § 2(b),
p. 127.)” (People v. Miranda (2021) 62 Cal.App.5th 162, 186 (Miranda), review granted
June 16, 2021, S268384; accord People v. Moseley (2021) 59 Cal.App.5th 1160, 1170
(Moseley), review granted April 14, 2021, S267309; People v. Williams (2020)
47 Cal.App.5th 475, 493, review granted July 22, 2020, S262229.) Drawing “a line at
recidivism” is neither “arbitrary [n]or irrational.” (Miranda, supra, at p. 186.)
To be sure, the court in People v. Edwards (2019) 34 Cal.App.5th 183 (Edwards)
held otherwise. There, the court rejected the People’s proffered recidivism rationale,
noting the People “cite[d] no evidence that violent rapists recidivate more than other
felons.” (Id. at pp. 198-199.) That may have been true. But the Miranda court
persuasively points to tangible evidence sex offenders do recidivate at a rate higher than
other offenders: the voter guide accompanying Proposition 83 at the 2006 election.
(Miranda, supra, 62 Cal.App.5th at p. 186; cf. McKune v. Lile (2002) 536 U.S. 24, 33
[“When convicted sex offenders reenter society, they are much more likely than any other
type of offender to be rearrested for a new rape or sexual assault.”].) We agree with
Miranda.
Turning to the LWOP-as-an-adult exclusion, every court has rejected an equal
protection challenge aimed at this exclusion. (E.g., People v. Sands (2021)
70 Cal.App.5th 193, 204 [“The Legislature had a rational basis to distinguish between
offenders with the same sentence (life without parole) based on their age.”]; In re Murray
(2021) 68 Cal.App.5th 456, 463-464; People v. Morales (2021) 67 Cal.App.5th 326, 349;
People v. Jackson (2021) 61 Cal.App.5th 189, 196-198; People v. Acosta (2021)
60 Cal.App.5th 769, 779-780.) Most recently, the Second District Court of Appeal
recognized “the Legislature acted rationally in deciding that individuals sentenced to life
8.
without parole for a special-circumstance murder committed while still a minor (16 or 17
years old) were entitled to a youth offender parole hearing but young adults who
committed the same offense after turning 18 were not.” (People v. Hardin (2022)
84 Cal.App.5th 273, 278, review granted Jan. 11, 2023, S277487 (Hardin).)
Nonetheless, Hardin went on to hold there is no “rational basis for the [LWOP]
distinction in eligibility for a youth offender parole hearing made by section 3051.”
(Hardin, supra, 84 Cal.App.5th at p. 290.) In other words, Hardin also held “[i]t is
not irrational … for the Legislature to single out special-circumstance murder and to deny
any possibility of parole to nonjuvenile offenders who commit it.” (Id. at pp. 288-289.)
While we might agree an LWOP sentence for an accidental or unintended death
occurring during a felony might feel unfair when assessing relative culpability (Hardin,
supra, 84 Cal.App.5th at pp. 288-290), this case does not involve murder.9 Even if we
assume a similar situation, the One Strike law in no way punishes accidental or
unintentional conduct, and rational basis review does not demand perfect legislation.10
((Johnson v. Department of Justice (2015) 60 Cal.4th 871, 887 (Johnson).)
In any event, Bolanos does not raise an as-applied challenge11 to the youthful
offender parole exclusion. In this regard, Hardin, supra, 84 Cal.App.5th 273 is
9 To the extent one might argue murder convicts deserve the harshest punishment
(see Edwards, supra, 34 Cal.App.5th at pp. 196-197), that distinction endures. Only a
first degree murder conviction is eligible for a literal death sentence. (See § 190.2,
subd. (a).)
10At least one court has found One Strike offenders are not similarly situated to
murder convicts. (See Moseley, supra, 59 Cal.App.5th at p. 1169 [“offenders who
commit different crimes are not similarly situated.”].) We need not answer this question
because it is unnecessary to resolve the issue.
11 “An as applied challenge … seek[s] relief from a specific application of a
facially valid statute ….” (Tobe v. City of Santa Ana (1995) 9 Cal.4th 1069, 1084
(Tobe).) “When a criminal defendant claims that a facially valid statute … has been
applied in a constitutionally impermissible manner to the defendant, the court evaluates
9.
distinguishable. There, “[t]he trial court … rul[ed] section 3051 … was ‘not
unconstitutional as applied to persons sentenced to life without the possibility of
parole.’ ” (Id. at p. 280.)
In contrast, Bolanos here did not raise equal protection in the trial court, nor did he
attempt to raise an as-applied argument in this court.12 Accordingly, he “ ‘cannot prevail
by suggesting that in some future hypothetical situation constitutional problems may
possibly arise as to the particular application of the statute.’ ” (Zuckerman v. State Board
of Chiropractic Examiners (2002) 29 Cal.4th 32, 39.) Indeed, he has not even suggested
such an outcome and we have no occasion to weigh Bolanos’s relative culpability against
a hypothetical felony-murderer sentenced to LWOP.13
On the whole, the Legislature could rationally conclude crimes for which LWOP
is a possible sentence, even when committed by young adults, are especially indicative of
incorrigibility so as to not warrant a parole hearing.14 It is true, on the other hand, the
Legislature has explicitly recognized “neuroscience research that the human brain—
especially those portions responsible for judgment and decisionmaking—continues to
develop into a person’s mid-20s.” (Edwards, supra, 34 Cal.App.5th at p. 198.) But it
the propriety of the application on a case-by-case basis to determine whether to relieve
the defendant of the sanction.” (Ibid.)
“A facial challenge to the constitutional validity of a statute … considers only the
text of the measure itself, not its application to the particular circumstances of an
individual.” (Tobe, supra, 9 Cal.4th at p. 1084.) Bolanos has not claimed any case-by-
case disparity and we will not consider any disparity on our motion.
12
Indeed, we might ponder whether the equal protection question is ripe for
review. Bolanos has not yet been denied any statutory or constitutional right.
13A “ ‘facial challenge’ ” to a statute “does not require scrutiny of individual facts
and circumstances but instead requires the review of abstract and generalized legal
concepts ….” (In re Sheena K. (2007) 40 Cal.5th 875, 885.)
14Juvenile offenders sentenced to life without parole are of course eligible for
parole under section 3051, subdivision (b)(4).
10.
takes no special insight to understand, as a general matter, biological development and
maturity is a continuum and a young adult, even if not fully mature, is more mature than
a juvenile.
On this point, “ ‘[w]hen conducting rational basis review, we must accept any
gross generalizations and rough accommodations that the Legislature seems to
have made.’ [Citation.] ‘A classification is not arbitrary or irrational simply because
there is an “imperfect fit between means and ends” ’ [citations], or ‘because it may be “to
some extent both underinclusive and overinclusive ….” ’ ” (Johnson, supra, 60 Cal.4th
at p. 887.) Accordingly, for all these reasons we conclude a rational basis supports the
Legislature’s LWOP-as-an-adult exclusion from youth offender parole eligibility.
In sum, there is a rational basis underlaying both section 3051 exclusions in this case—
the One Strike exclusion and the LWOP-as-an-adult exclusion. Bolanos’s
counterarguments fail.15 (See Heller v. Doe by Doe (1993) 509 U.S. 312, 320 [“ ‘[t]he
burden is on the one attacking the legislative arrangement to negat[e] every conceivable
basis which might support it”].)
II. A One Strike Sentence On Count 5 Authorized
Depending on the circumstances pled and proven, the One Strike law mandates
imprisonment for 15 years to life, 25 years to life, or LWOP. (§ 667.61, subds. (a), (b),
(j), (l), and (m).) At issue in this case are section 667.61, subdivisions (a) and (b).
Section 667.61, subdivision (a) states: “Except as provided in subdivision (j), (l),
or (m), a person who is convicted of an offense specified in subdivision (c) under one or
more of the circumstances specified in subdivision (d) or under two or more of the
circumstances specified in subdivision (e) shall be punished by imprisonment in the state
prison for 25 years to life.” Section 667.61, subdivision (b) states: “Except as provided in
subdivision (a), (j), (l), or (m), a person who is convicted of an offense specified in
15 We express no opinion on any as-applied challenge to the law.
11.
subdivision (c) under one of the circumstances specified in subdivision (e) shall be
punished by imprisonment in the state prison for 15 years to life.” The difference
between the two subdivisions are the quantity and quality of circumstances proven.
Here, relative to Count 5, the People charged two special allegations. The first
special allegation, reproduced in full below, charged a kidnapping circumstance pursuant
to section 667.61, subdivision (e)(1) and referenced both subdivisions (a) and (b). The
second special allegation, reproduced in full below, charged a multiple victim
circumstance pursuant to section 667.61, subdivision (e)(4) and referenced only
subdivision (a).
Because the jury found true only the multiple victim circumstance, a 25-year-to-
life sentence under section 667.61, subdivision (a) is unauthorized because that
subdivision requires two proven subdivision (e) circumstances.16 The trial court plainly
erred in pronouncing a 25-year-to-life sentence. The question is what is the remedy?
The People claim the trial court should pronounce sentence pursuant to
section 667.61, subdivision (b). Bolanos asserts no One Strike sentence is permitted
because the only circumstance found true referenced subdivision (a), which requires two
proven circumstances. Based on the record in this case, we agree with The People.
A. Additional Background
The Count 5 special allegations—as charged by the People and reproduced in
full—follow:
“SPECIAL ALLEGATION 1
PC667.61(b)/(c)/(e)(1): Aggravating Circumstances
IT IS FURTHER ALLEGED As to Count 5 within the
meaning of State of California Penal Code Sections
667.61(a), (c)(7) and (e)(1), as to CARLOS ALFONSO
16 For clarity, only one section 667.61, subdivision (d) circumstance is necessary
to prove to invoke the One Strike law. But that subdivision is not at issue here.
12.
BOLANOS, that the following circumstances apply: the
defendant kidnapped the victim of the present offense in
violation of Section 207, 209, or 209.5
SPECIAL ALLEGATION 2
PENAL CODE SECTION 667.61(a)/(c)/(e)(4): Aggravating
Circumstances
IT IS FURTHER ALLEGED, as to Counts 1 through 3
and Count 5, within the meaning of State of California Penal
Code Sections 667.61(a), (c)(1), (c)(7) and (e)(4), as to
CARLOS ALFONSO BOLANOS, that the following
circumstances apply: the defendant has been convicted in the
present case or cases of committing an offense specified in
subdivision (c) against more than one victim.”
As noted, the jury found Special Allegation 2 true, and Special Allegation 1 not true.
B. Analysis
“ ‘ “No principle of procedural due process is more clearly established than that
notice of the specific charge, and a chance to be heard in a trial of the issues raised by
that charge, if desired, are among the constitutional rights of every accused in a criminal
proceeding in all courts, state or federal.” [Citations.] “A criminal defendant must be
given fair notice of the charges against him in order that he may have a reasonable
opportunity properly to prepare a defense and avoid unfair surprise at trial.” ’ [Citation.]
This goes for sentence enhancements as well as substantive offenses: A defendant has the
‘right to fair notice of the specific sentence enhancement allegations that will be invoked
to increase punishment for his crimes.’ ” (People v. Anderson (2020) 9 Cal.5th 946, 953
(Anderson).)
“[W]here the information puts the defendant on notice that a sentence
enhancement will be sought, and further notifies him of the facts supporting the alleged
enhancement, modification of the judgment for a misstatement of the underlying
enhancement statute is required only where the defendant has been misled to his
prejudice.” (People v. Neal (1984) 159 Cal.App.3d 69, 73 (Neal); In re Vaquera (2019)
13.
39 Cal.App.5th 233, 239, review granted Nov. 26, 2019, S258376 [“even if the People
allege the wrong numbered statute, the pleading is still valid if it alleges facts sufficient to
give the defendant fair notice of the alleged crime and/or sentence enhancement and the
defendant was not prejudicially misled”].)
Here, we believe the information adequately notified Bolanos the People were
seeking a sentence under the One Strike law based on the multiple victim circumstance in
section 667.61, subdivision (e)(4). There is no doubt the information actually invoked
the One Strike law and properly pled the multiple victim circumstance.
The only question is whether it is proper for the court to pronounce judgment on
Count 5 pursuant to section 667.61, subdivision (b). Bolanos takes issue with the fact
Special Allegation 2, alleging the multiple victim circumstance, did not further reference
section 667.61, subdivision (b). We believe, the People having specifically pled the
multiple victim circumstance, it was unnecessary to further reference section 667.61,
subdivision (b).
In Neal, supra, “the information alleged [the] appellant used a deadly weapon
within the meaning of section 12022, subdivision (b). The jury found the use allegations
to be true. The court enhanced the terms imposed … pursuant to section 12022.3.”
(Neal, supra, 159 Cal.App.3d at p. 72, fn. omitted.) Section 12022.3 provided a three
year enhancement, while section 12022, subdivision (b)—the enhancement actually
charged—provided only a one year enhancement. The appellant claimed the three year
enhancement violated due process. The appellate court rejected the argument, holding
“modification of the judgment for a misstatement of the underlying enhancement statute
is required only where the defendant has been misled to his prejudice.” (Neal, supra, at
p. 73.)
The California Supreme Court explicitly sanctioned Neal, supra, in People v.
Thomas (1987) 43 Cal.3d 818 (Thomas). There, the Court stated Neal, supra, “engaged
in the proper analysis” and “correctly identified the issue as ‘whether the misstatement of
14.
the code section … requires modification of the judgment ….’ ” (Thomas, supra, at pp.
830-831.) These cases have never been overruled and we find them dispositive.
It is true, as Bolanos points out, the California Supreme Court, in People v.
Mancebo (2002) 27 Cal.4th 735 (Mancebo), described strict pleading and proof
requirements under the One Strike law. But those requirements relate to circumstances,
not punishment. (See id., at p. 751 [“provisions of the One Strike law … require that
subdivision (e) qualifying circumstances be ‘pled and proved’ …, ‘be alleged in the
accusatory pleading and either admitted by the defendant in open court or found true by
the trier of fact,’ ” and to apply the proven circumstances to a One Strike sentence before
using additional circumstances to impose a lesser enhancement]; Anderson, supra,
9 Cal.5th at p. 954 [“Mancebo’s holding was limited to the pleading requirements of
section 667.61, subdivisions (f) and (i).”].) The charges in this case complied with the
One Strike law’s strict pleading requirements.
Neither party disputes the multiple victim circumstance was pled and proved. The
only dispute is whether the pleading violated due process by not affording Bolanos notice
a One Strike sentence was mandatory under section 667.61, subdivision (b).
But Bolanos makes no attempt to demonstrate prejudice. Accordingly, there is no
due process violation in this case.17 (Neal, supra, 59 Cal.App.3d at p. 73; Thomas,
supra, 43 Cal.3d at pp. 830-831.) On remand, the trial court may—and shall—properly
sentence Bolanos on Count 5 pursuant to section 667.61, subdivision (b).
III. The Sentences On Counts 1 Through 3 Are Proper
The court pronounced consecutive One-Strike-law sentences for each sex-crime
conviction committed against victim one, as charged in Counts 1, 2, and 3. Bolanos
contends, because each sentence was “based on the same act of kidnapping” and
17We independently discern no prejudice. On a related note, in Mancebo, supra,
the Court recognized due process does not require “specific[ally]” pleading “numerical
subdivision[s] ….” (Mancebo, supra, 27 Cal.4th at p. 753.)
15.
“[s]ection 654 prohibits multiple punishment for the same act,” the court could apply “the
One Strike law only to one count.”
The People argue, because “section 654 does not preclude multiple punishment for
the substantive crimes,” it “does not preclude punishment for attached enhancements ….”
We hold the sentences at issue here do not violate section 654.
As relevant, section 654 states “[a]n act or omission that is punishable in different
ways by different provisions of law may be punished under either of such provisions, but
in no case shall the act or omission be punished under more than one provision.”
Section 654 “ensure[s] that a defendant’s punishment will be commensurate with his
culpability.” (People v. Correa (2012) 54 Cal.4th 331, 341 (Correa).) It “does not bar
multiple punishment simply because numerous sex offenses are rapidly committed
against a victim with the ‘sole’ aim of achieving sexual gratification.” (People v.
Harrison (1989) 48 Cal.3d 321, 325.) “ ‘A person who commits separate, factually
distinct, crimes, even with only one ultimate intent and objective, is more culpable than
the person who commits only one crime in pursuit of the same intent and objective.’ ”
(Correa, supra, at p. 341.) These principles are controlling.
“ ‘[T]he One Strike law is an alternative sentencing scheme ….’ ” (People v.
Carbajal (2013) 56 Cal.4th 521, 534.) “ ‘[I]t applies only to certain felony sex
offenses.’ ” (Ibid.)
In this case, Bolanos committed three discrete One Strike crimes while
substantially moving the victim between each crime,18 impliedly ignoring multiple
18For this reason, it does not matter—as Bolanos argues—kidnapping is a
continuous crime. (See People v. Burney (2009) 47 Cal.4th 203, 233.) Here, Bolanos
committed three distinct One Strike crimes against victim one.
To suggest an exception for One Strike crimes based on a kidnapping
circumstance would permit a single prison term for a person who succeeds in kidnapping
and secreting a victim for a lengthy time period, while otherwise committing innumerable
sex crimes. Such an interpretation would reward the most culpable individuals and we
reject it because the One Strike law’s purpose is “to increase the penalties imposed on
16.
opportunities to abandon his criminal endeavor.19 There is no reason to believe
section 654 should apply in this circumstance, and we find it does not.
In any event, section 667.61, subdivision (h) states “[n]otwithstanding any other
law, probation shall not be granted to, nor shall the execution or imposition of sentence
be suspended for, a person who is subject to punishment under” the One Strike law. The
First District Court of Appeal recently held this subdivision means section 654 does not
apply to the One Strike law. (People v. Caparaz (2022) 80 Cal.App.5th 669, 688-690
(Caparaz).) We agree. The Count 1, 2, and 3 sentences will remain.
IV. The Trial Court Must Stay the Sentence On Count 4
The jury found Bolanos guilty of kidnapping (§ 209, subd. (b)) as charged in
Count 4. The jury used the same act—kidnapping—to find true the One Strike
allegations charged in Counts 1, 2, and 3.
The court imposed a consecutive sentence for Count 4. Bolanos contends the
sentence is prohibited by law. The People agree. The parties are correct.
As relevant, section 667.61 states:
“If only the minimum number of circumstances specified in
subdivision (d) or (e) that are required for the punishment
provided in subdivision (a), (b), (j), (l), or (m) to apply have
been pled and proved, that circumstance or those
circumstances shall be used as the basis for imposing the term
defendants who commit certain sexual offenses under specified circumstances.”
(People v. Betts (2020) 55 Cal.App.5th 294, 299; cf. People v. Jackson (2016) 1 Cal.5th
269, 354-355 [prior law permitted “ ‘a single … sentence … for a sequence of sexual
assaults by [a] defendant against one victim that occurred during an uninterrupted time
frame and in a single occasion.’ ”].)
19 Section 667.61, subdivision (i) mandates consecutive sentences for “crimes
involv[ing] … the same victim on separate occasions ….” A separate occasion is defined
by reference to section 667.6, subdivision (d), which in part requires “consider[ation of]
whether, between the commission of one sex crime and another, the defendant had a
reasonable opportunity to reflect upon the defendant’s actions and nevertheless resumed
sexually assaultive behavior.” Bolanos certainly had opportunities to reflect.
17.
provided in subdivision (a), (b), (j), (l), or (m) whichever is
greater, rather than being used to impose the punishment
authorized under any other law ….” (§ 667.61, subd. (f).)
Likewise, section 209, subdivision (d) states “a person may not be punished under
[section 209,] subdivision (b) and [s]ection 667.61 for the same act that constitutes a
violation of both subdivision (b) and [s]ection 667.61.”
There is neither dispute nor doubt the trial court violated these sections. On
remand, when the court again pronounces judgment, it must stay the sentence on Count 4.
V. The Evidence Failed To Prove Vehicle Theft (Count 8)
The jury convicted Bolanos for violating Vehicle Code section 10851,
subdivision (a). As pertinent, to prove the violation, the People had to prove Bolanos
took the car “without the consent of the owner ….” (Veh. Code, § 10851, subd. (a);
People v. Bullard (2020) 9 Cal.5th 94, 102.) Bolanos now claims he took the vehicle at
issue with the owner’s consent.
The People concede. We accept the concession.
Here, Bolanos took the vehicle with the owner’s consent, albeit in a fraudulent
manner. But, “ ‘ “unless there is statutory language to the contrary, whenever lack of
consent is a necessary element of a crime, the fact that consent is obtained through
misrepresentation will not supply the essential element of nonconsent.” ’ ” (People v.
Stuedemann (2007) 156 Cal.App.4th 1, 7; People v. Donell (1973) 32 Cal.App.3d 613,
617 [taking a vehicle with “ ‘fraudulently induced consent is consent nonetheless’ ”].)
Because Bolanos had the owner’s consent, the conviction for taking a vehicle
without the owner’s consent is insufficiently proven and cannot stand. He is entitled to
an acquittal on Count 8. (See People v. Rodriguez (2018) 4 Cal.5th 1123, 1129-1130
[double jeopardy clauses bar retrial if reversal is based on insufficient evidence].)
VI. The Grand Theft Automobile Conviction Is Affirmed
In Count 9, the jury found Bolanos guilty of “grand theft auto,” a violation of
section 484/487(d)(1) ….” Bolanos claims “the conviction must be reversed” because it
18.
was “based on the theory of larceny, which requires a showing that the property was
taken without the owner’s consent.” He adds that, “[a]lthough the evidence might have
supported a finding of theft by false pretenses, the jury was not instructed on that theory”
and a “conviction cannot be upheld based on a theory on which the jury was not
instructed.”
The People acknowledge “the jury was indeed instructed on the wrong theory of
theft.” They “disagree that any remedy is called for.”
We find the court erred in its jury instructions. For the following reasons, the
error is not prejudicial.
A. Additional Background
Relative to Count 9, the court instructed the jury as follows:
“The defendant is charged in Count 9 with grand theft.
To prove that the defendant is guilty of this crime, the People
must prove that:
1. The defendant took possession of property owned by
someone else;
2. The defendant took the property without the owner’s
consent;
3. When the defendant took the property he intended to
deprive the owner of it permanently or to remove it from the
owner’s possession for so extended a period of time that the
owner would be deprived of a major portion of the value or
enjoyment of the property;
AND
4. The defendant moved the property, even a small distance,
and kept it for any period of time, however brief.” (See
CALCRIM No. 1800.)
19.
The court did not instruct the jury with any other theft theory, including theft by false
pretenses. (See CALCRIM No. 1804.)
B. Analysis
“The trial court has a sua sponte duty to instruct the jury on the essential elements
of the charged offense.” (People v. Merritt (2017) 2 Cal.5th 819, 824 (Merritt).) Failure
to do so is “very serious constitutional error because it threatens the right to a jury trial
that both the United States and California Constitutions guarantee.” (Ibid.)
“ ‘Where the effect of the omission can be “quantitatively assessed” in the context
of the entire record (and does not otherwise qualify as structural error), the failure to
instruct on one or more elements is mere “ ‘trial error’ ” and thus amenable to harmless
error review.” (Merritt, supra, 2 Cal.5th at p. 828.) “Certainly, the more elements that
are omitted, the less likely it is that the error is harmless, but so long as the error does not
vitiate all of the jury’s findings, it is amenable to harmless error analysis.” (Id. at p. 829.)
“An instructional error involving multiple elements, like an error involving a single
element, will be deemed harmless only in unusual circumstances, such as where each
element was undisputed, the defense was not prevented from contesting any of the
omitted elements, and overwhelming evidence supports the omitted element.” (People v.
Mil (2012) 53 Cal.4th 400, 414.)
Not all of the jury’s findings are vitiated in this case.20 There was little doubt
Bolanos committed the theft—he conceded the crime and testified to its commission.21
20 For example, the jury did find Bolanos took another person’s property. Such a
finding is the baseline for all theft.
21 Bolanos testified he purchased the car with “fake money.” After his testimony
but before closing arguments, defense counsel informed the court, “I have had a chance
to talk to Mr. Bolanos about this, and we believe it to be strategically in our best interest
… to concede” Counts 8 and 9.
In closing argument, defense counsel stated, “Regarding … charges number 8 and
9, those are regarding the vehicle theft. My client admitted that, yes, he took the car. …
[T]he evidence is abundantly clear that it’s beyond a reasonable doubt that he did that.
20.
“ ‘One situation in which instructional error removing an element of the crime from the
jury’s consideration has been deemed harmless is where the defendant concedes or
admits that element.’ ” (Merritt, supra, 2 Cal.5th at p. 831.) Such is the case here—
Bolanos did not contest the crime and instead confessed to it in open court.
The remaining, omitted22 theft-by-false-pretense elements were “ ‘uncontested and
supported by overwhelming evidence, such that the jury verdict would have been the
same absent the error[. T]he erroneous instruction is properly found to be harmless.’ ”
(Merritt, supra, 2 Cal.5th at p. 832.) We will affirm the Count 9 grand theft auto
conviction but in doing so acknowledge “appellate factfinding is permitted to cure a
failure to instruct on one or two elements, [but] at some point the severity of the error
must tip the balance the other way.” (Id. at p. 835 (conc. opn. of Liu, J.).) Based on the
record in this case, we do not believe the balance has tipped.
VII. The Trial Court Should Stay the Sentences On Counts 6 and 7
In Counts 5, 6, and 7, the jury convicted Bolanos of forcible oral copulation, false
imprisonment, and criminal threats for the crimes committed against victim two. The
court sentenced Bolanos to serve an indeterminate term on Count 5,23 and an additional
three years, eight months on Counts 6 and 7.
Bolanos contends “section 654 requires stay of two of the three sentences in
counts 5, 6[,] and 7.” The People suggest “the sentences on Counts 6 and 7 must be
stayed.”
And that’s the one for number 8 and 9, regarding the car theft, that’s an easy one to go
back – as a jury, the first thing you should probably, after you elect a foreperson is circle
guilty on those two charges.”
22 See CALCRIM No. 1804.
23 See II., ante.
21.
We agree with the People. On remand, the court must stay the sentence on
Counts 6 and 7.24
DISPOSITION25
The judgment on Count 8 is reversed. The terms imposed on Counts 4, 5, 6, and 7
are vacated. The trial court is directed to enter judgment of acquittal on Count 8, and
24Bolanos correctly notes section 654 now allows the court to stay the sentence on
any count, including the count carrying the longest sentence. But he also correctly notes
section 667.61, subdivision (h) contains an exception to this rule. Because we have
found the court must also impose a One Strike sentence on Count 5 (see II., ante), the
court must impose that sentence and stay sentence on Counts 6 and 7. (See Caparaz,
supra, 80 Cal.App.5th at pp. 689-690.) For this reason, we note the recent amendment to
section 654 has no application to this case. (See, generally, People v. Mani (2022)
74 Cal.App.5th 343, 351.)
25We note the trial court’s oral pronouncement of judgment included a stay on
count 9. The abstract of judgment does not reflect the stay. On remand, the court must
ensure the abstract of judgment reflects the court’s oral pronouncement.
22.
pronounce judgment on Counts 4, 5, 6, and 7 consistent with this opinion. The judgment
is otherwise affirmed.
SNAUFFER, J.
WE CONCUR:
POOCHIGIAN, Acting P. J.
DETJEN, J.
23.