The opinion
Filed 12/6/22 P. v. Sapienza CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E077714
v. (Super.Ct.No. SWF1500341)
JEFFREY EDWARD SAPIENZA, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. F. Paul Dickerson III,
Judge. Affirmed.
Susan S. Bauguess, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Charles C. Ragland, Arlene A. Sevidal and Andrew
Mestman, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
1
On remand from this court, the court below found defendant and appellant, Jeffrey
Edward Sapienza, ineligible for a mental health pretrial diversion program pursuant to
Penal Code section 1001.36.1 On appeal, defendant contends the court abused its
discretion. We affirm.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 2
In January 2015, the victim drove into his mobilehome park, where defendant
waved him down. The victim rolled down his window and asked if he could help
defendant. Defendant said the victim was not a man of his word; defendant said
something about the victim owing defendant $20. The victim assumed defendant was
talking about $20 that defendant’s mother had lent the victim. (Sapienza, supra,
E070547.)
The victim exited his car. Defendant yelled: “‘Give me your money or I’m gonna
get it from you.’” Defendant quickly approached the victim and touched his nose to the
victim’s nose and his chest to the victim’s chest. Defendant told the victim to give him
the money or he was going to hurt and kill the victim. The victim was afraid of
defendant. (Sapienza, supra, E070547.)
1 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise indicated.
2 On February 4, 2022, we granted defendant’s request for judicial notice of the
record in defendant’s appeal from the original judgment. (People v. Sapienza (Feb. 18,
2021, E070547) [nonpub. opn.] (Sapienza); Evid. Code, §§ 452, subd. (d), 459; Cal.
Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(b)(1).) Defendant attached the opinion in case No. E070547
to his motion for Penal Code section 1001.36 relief and both parties on appeal rely on the
opinion for their recitation of the facts. We derive much of our factual and procedural
background from that opinion.
2
The victim told defendant he had already paid the money back to defendant’s
mother. Defendant pointed out a car nearby and said: “‘You see the [B]lack guy there
inside the car? All I have to do is call him, and he’ll do it for me.’” The victim “really
got very scared.” He interpreted defendant’s words as a threat to have the man kill him.
(Sapienza, supra, E070547.)
The victim told defendant he was going to call the mobilehome manager and the
police. Defendant told him: “‘Go ahead.’” The victim got into his car and drove off. He
did not return home because he was afraid of alerting the man with whom defendant had
threatened him as to the location of his residence. Instead, the victim parked, went to the
manager’s office, and told her what had occurred. The manager then called the police.
(Sapienza, supra, E070547.)
The victim testified that two nights prior to the incident, he found defendant
parked in front of his home at 2:00 a.m. The victim was worried because he had been
burglarized on several occasions. In May 2016, the victim called the police because
defendant contacted him; the victim had a restraining order against defendant.3
(Sapienza, supra, E070547.)
The People charged defendant by second amended felony complaint with
attempted robbery (§§ 664, 211, count 1), two counts of criminal threats (§ 422, counts 2
& 4), misdemeanor elder abuse (§ 368, subd. (c), count 3), and failure to appear
(§ 1320.5, count 5). The People additionally alleged defendant had committed the
3 At this point, the court recessed the preliminary hearing, which formed the
factual basis for defendant’s subsequent plea. (Sapienza, supra, E070547.)
3
charged offenses while defendant had been released from custody. (§ 12022.1.)
(Sapienza, supra, E070547.)
The People and defendant apparently came to a resolution that involved the instant
case, four misdemeanor cases, and an admission to a violation of probation. On August
31, 2015, in the instant case, defendant pled guilty to criminal threats (§ 422, count 2).
(Sapienza, supra, E070547.)
The People agreed that defendant “could be accepted into an appropriate dual
diagnosis residential treatment program . . . .” Defendant would be required to provide
proof that the program had accepted him; if admitted to a rehabilitation program, the
court would modify the sentence, release defendant to the program, and allow him to
spend the balance of his jail time in the program. On August 31, 2015, the court imposed
the upper term of three years, execution of which the court suspended on the condition
that defendant successfully complete the terms and conditions of three years of formal,
felony probation. (Sapienza, supra, E070547.)
At a hearing on September 24, 2015, the parties confirmed that defendant had
been admitted to a rehabilitation program. Upon defendant’s agreement, the court
ordered defendant released from jail the next day to complete the balance of his custody
time in the residential treatment program. The court noted, “I’m going to give you the
opportunity to get clean and sober.” (Sapienza, supra, E070547.)
On April 5, 2016, the People filed a misdemeanor complaint and petition for
revocation of defendant’s probation alleging he had resisted arrest. (§ 148, subd. (a)(1).)
At a hearing on May 24, the court observed: “I . . . have this document he’s in inpatient
4
care at Pacific Grove Hospital.” Defendant’s attorney stated defendant was “on a
psychiatric hold.”4 The court noted that the letter indicated defendant would not be
released from the hospital until June 3; defense counsel confirmed this. The court issued
a bench warrant, but held it until the second week of June, ordering defendant to appear
on June 9. (Sapienza, supra, E070547.)
On June 9, 2016, the People informed the court that they had obtained a letter
reflecting defendant had been admitted to a hospital the day before, with an undetermined
release date. Defense counsel stated the reason for the hospitalization “seems to be
possibly schizophrenia, for all I know.”5 The court continued the matter and held the
warrant until June 21. (Sapienza, supra, E070547.)
On January 5, 2018, the court held a hearing on the petition to revoke defendant’s
probation. A police officer testified that on March 31, 2016, he responded to a call
regarding “a male acting strangely and being aggressive and loud at the bank.” When he
arrived, he encountered defendant, who was pacing back and forth in front of the bank
yelling. Defendant did not appear to have mental issues but appeared to be agitated.
(Sapienza, supra, E070547.)
The officer obtained defendant’s name and date of birth; he conducted a records
check of defendant. The officer discovered defendant was on formal, felony probation
4 The letter to which the court referred did not reflect that the hospital was a
psychiatric hospital and did not indicate why defendant had been admitted, only that he
had been admitted to the hospital.
5 Again, the letter from the hospital did not reflect that it was a psychiatric
hospital or that defendant was admitted for any psychiatric condition.
5
with search terms and that his driver’s license had expired on October 22, 2012. The
officer found a vehicle associated with defendant and conducted a record check on it.
The vehicle had no license plates and was registered to defendant’s mother. (Sapienza,
supra, E070547.)
The officer told defendant he could not drive any vehicle because his license was
expired; defendant acknowledged that he could not drive until he had his license
reinstated. The officer contacted defendant’s mother, who agreed to come drive the
vehicle home. He advised defendant to wait for his mother, which defendant agreed to
do. The officer left. (Sapienza, supra, E070547.)
Five minutes later, the officer received a call advising him that defendant had
driven the vehicle away. The officer drove to defendant’s mother’s home. A few
minutes later, defendant pulled into the mobilehome park in his mother’s vehicle.
(Sapienza, supra, E070547.)
The officer ordered defendant to stop and get out of the car. Defendant yelled:
“‘Not this time, Cop.’” Defendant backed away and drove off. The officer quickly found
the vehicle parked at the south end of the mobilehome park, adjacent to a golf course;
defendant was not in the car. The officer saw defendant running down an embankment
onto the golf course. He gave chase and ordered defendant to get on the ground.
Defendant eventually complied. Defendant physically resisted while the officer
attempted to handcuff him. The officer and his partner had to drive their patrol car onto
the golf course because defendant refused to walk. (Sapienza, supra, E070547.)
6
Defendant’s counsel argued defendant was suffering from mental health issues
and, therefore, should be returned to probation. The People noted, “there has been no
evidence of any kind of mental health issues that he suffers from.” The court also
observed that there “really was no evidence during the violation hearing” of mental
health issues. The court found defendant had violated the terms of his probation.6 The
court then indicated a tentative decision to impose the suspended sentence but observed
“there is some history of some type of either mental or substance abuse disorder[s].” The
court continued the matter for sentencing. (Sapienza, supra, E070547.)
On March 23, 2018, defense counsel filed a mitigation letter alleging defendant
suffered physical disabilities, including a frontal lobe injury, and posttraumatic stress
disorder. Defense counsel attached to the mitigation letter an unsigned letter alleging
defendant had been admitted to a hospital on June 18, 2016, “on an involuntary basis for
treatment of profound levels of depression with [an] active suicidal plan and intent [sic]
with the patient also reporting onset of auditory hallucinations.” At the hearing on the
same date, the court imposed the suspended sentence of three years of imprisonment and
awarded defendant 903 days of total custody credits. (Sapienza, supra, E070547.)
Defendant appealed, contending the matter should be conditionally reversed and
remanded to the trial court to determine, retroactively, whether defendant qualified for a
pretrial diversion program for individuals diagnosed with qualifying mental disorders
pursuant to then-recently enacted section 1001.36 (Stats. 2018, ch 34, § 24). By
6 On the same day, defendant entered a plea to the court in another misdemeanor
case and admitted a violation of probation in yet another case.
7
published opinion filed August 23, 2019, we affirmed, holding that because the court had
imposed sentence on August 31, 2015, defendant’s judgment was long since final,
rendering him ineligible for retroactive application of section 1001.36. (Sapienza, supra,
E070547.)
The California Supreme Court subsequently directed us to vacate our opinion and
reconsider the cause in light of People v. McKenzie (2020) 9 Cal.5th 40. By opinion filed
February 18, 2021, we conditionally reversed and remanded the matter for a
section 1001.36 hearing. (Sapienza, supra, E070547.)
On April 28, 2021, defendant filed a request to be admitted to mental health
diversion pursuant to section 1001.36. Defendant alleged he had begun receiving mental
health treatment from Samer Kamal, M.D., in late 2019, with “major depression and
psychotic disorder, which has been characterized by grandiose delusional thinking.”
Defendant argued that the report of defendant’s crimes “clearly describes a person who
suffers from the symptoms of the mental disorders with which [defendant] has been
diagnosed.” “Dr. Kamal expressly states in his opinion letter that [defendant] has made
tremendous progress with his treatment, and that [defendant] does not have a history of
physically assaultive or violent behaviors. This implies that [defendant’s] mental
disorders are the culprit to blame for his involvement in the commission of the charged
offense.” “On the date of the second offense, March 1, 2020, [defendant] had only been
in treatment for a short time.”
Defense counsel also contended that defendant did not pose an unreasonable risk
of danger to public safety because his criminal history lacked any physically assaultive or
8
violent behavior. Defendant attached a letter from Dr. Kamal reflecting he did not
believe defendant was a threat to society.
On June 21, 2021, the People filed an opposition to defendant’s request, arguing
defendant had failed to establish eligibility: “Dr. Kamal . . . began treating . . . defendant
about [four] years after . . . defendant committed the offenses charged . . . in 2015.”
“There is no evidence that any mental health disorders were a significant factor in the
commission of the charged crimes or substantially contributed to the defendant’s
involvement in the commission of the offenses.” “Dr. Kamal’s letter does not address the
defendant’s mental health disorders or symptoms at the time of the charged crimes or
how they may be treated. Nevertheless, when the defendant was placed on probation in
this case, he was ordered to serve 196 days through Recovery Network Resources at
Tibis House, and he enrolled in Tibis House from September 25, 2015 to February 18,
2016. The program provided residential drug and alcohol treatment, counseling, medical
and psychiatric services, and medication management. Even after participating in this
structured treatment program for several months, . . . defendant re-offended multiple
times in 2018, 2019, and 2020. Thus, community resources have not adequately
addressed . . . defendant’s condition in the past and cannot sufficiently do so now either.”
“[D]efendant’s criminal history as well as his conduct in the current case show
that he poses an unreasonable risk of danger to public safety if treated in the community.
Contrary to the defense’s argument and Dr. Kamal’s opinion, the defendant does have a
history of physically assaultive behavior as well as a history of threatening to physically
harm others, including with a weapon.” The People relayed defendant’s criminal history,
9
which included convictions for misdemeanor spousal battery (Pen. Code, § 243, subd.
(e)(1)), four misdemeanor convictions for violations of protective orders (Pen. Code,
§ 273.6, subd. (a)), a conviction for misdemeanor driving with a suspended license (Veh.
Code, § 14601.1, subd. (a)), one conviction for misdemeanor criminal threats (Pen. Code,
§ 422), one for misdemeanor resisting arrest (Pen. Code, § 148, subd. (a)(1)), another for
misdemeanor exhibition of a deadly weapon (Pen. Code, § 417, subd. (a)(1)), one for
felony criminal threats (Pen. Code, § 422), and a then pending charge of criminal threats
(Pen. Code, § 422).
At the hearing on August 10, 2021, the court indicated it had “read and considered
[defendant’s] request for mental health diversion and [the] opposition thereto.” The court
found that “defendant committed the offense while being treated by Dr. Kamal for mental
health problems and he was on probation at the time.[7 ] The court “finds he would not
respond to mental health diversion treatment.” The court further found that “given the
nature of the charges and his extensive criminal history, the Court believes [defendant]
does pose an unreasonable risk of danger to the public if treated in the community.” The
court denied defendant’s request for mental health diversion.
7 As both parties observe, it would appear the court was conflating the instant
case with defendant’s two then pending cases in which defense counsel was also
requesting section 1001.36 diversion. This is because the offense for which defendant
stands convicted in this case derives from 2015, well before Dr. Kamal started treating
defendant in “late 2019.”
10
II. DISCUSSION
Defendant contends the court abused its discretion in finding him ineligible for a
section 1001.36 diversion program. We disagree.
“Section 1001.36 authorizes a pretrial diversion program for defendants with
qualifying mental disorders. The statute defines ‘“pretrial diversion”’ as ‘the
postponement of prosecution, either temporarily or permanently, at any point in the
judicial process from the point at which the accused is charged until adjudication, to
allow the defendant to undergo mental health treatment . . . .’” (People v. Frahs (2020)
9 Cal.5th 618, 626 (Frahs).)
“[A] trial court may grant pretrial diversion if it finds all of the following: (1) the
defendant suffers from a qualifying mental disorder; (2) the disorder played a significant
role in the commission of the charged offense; (3) the defendant’s symptoms will respond
to mental health treatment; (4) the defendant consents to diversion and waives his or her
speedy trial right; (5) the defendant agrees to comply with treatment; and (6) the
defendant will not pose an unreasonable risk of danger to public safety if treated in the
community.” (Frahs, supra, 9 Cal.5th at pp. 626-627.)
“As to the sixth criterion, ‘[s]ection 1170.18 . . . defines “unreasonable risk of
danger to public safety” as “an unreasonable risk that the petitioner will commit a new
violent felony within the meaning of clause (iv) of subparagraph (C) of paragraph (2) of
subdivision (e) of Section 667.” [Citation.] The violent felonies encompassed in this
definition “are known as ‘super strikes’ and include murder . . . .”’” (People v. Pacheco
(2022) 75 Cal.App.5th 207, 213.)
11
“If the defendant makes a prima facie showing that he or she meets all of the
threshold eligibility requirements and the defendant and the offense are suitable for
diversion, and the trial court is satisfied that the recommended program of mental health
treatment will meet the specialized mental health treatment needs of the defendant, then
the court may grant pretrial diversion.” (Frahs, supra, 9 Cal.5th at p. 627.)
“‘If the defendant has performed satisfactorily in diversion, at the end of the
period of diversion, the court shall dismiss the defendant’s criminal charges that were the
subject of the criminal proceedings at the time of the initial diversion’ and ‘the arrest
upon which the diversion was based shall be deemed never to have occurred.’” (Frahs,
supra, 9 Cal.5th at p. 627.) “[S]ection 1001.36 applies retroactively to all cases not yet
final on appeal.” (Frahs, at p. 632.)
“Ultimately, however, diversion under section 1001.36 is discretionary, not
mandatory, even if all the requirements are met. [Citations.] We therefore review for
abuse of discretion the trial court’s decision whether to grant a request for mental health
diversion. [Citation.] ‘A court abuses its discretion when it makes an arbitrary or
capricious decision by applying the wrong legal standard [citations], or bases its decision
on express or implied factual findings that are not supported by substantial evidence.’”
(People v. Gerson (2022) 80 Cal.App.5th 1067, 1080.) “‘It is [defendant’s] burden on
appeal to establish an abuse of discretion and prejudice.’” (People v. Pacheco, supra,
75 Cal.App.5th at p. 213.)
The court below acted within its discretion in finding defendant ineligible for
mental health diversion. First, defendant failed to provide any evidence that he suffered
12
from qualifying mental health issues when he committed the instant offense in 2015.
Dr. Kamal reported that he had been treating defendant only “since late 2019.” He noted
defendant’s mental health issues “have led to [defendant] making apparently threatening
statements.” However, the threatening statements Dr. Kamal associated with defendant’s
mental health issues were those that were the subject of the then-pending 2020 charged
offense, not the offense defendant committed in 2015.
Second, even if defendant did suffer from qualifying mental health issues in 2015,
he failed to provide any evidence those issues played a significant role in the commission
of the offense in the instant case. Dr. Kamal opined only about the offense committed in
2020. Third, defendant failed to provide a recommended program of mental health
treatment that would meet his specialized mental health treatment needs. (Frahs, supra,
9 Cal.5th at p. 627 [trial court must be “satisfied that the recommended program of
mental health treatment will meet the specialized mental health treatment needs of the
defendant”].)
Fourth, there was ample evidence to support the court’s conclusion that defendant
“would not respond to mental health diversion treatment.” As the People note,
defendant’s criminal record belies Dr. Kamal’s statement that defendant had “no history
of any physically assaultive behavior.” Defendant had a previous conviction for spousal
battery.
Defendant’s criminal history also included multiple convictions for offenses that
he committed during or after he was under some form of supervision or court order.
Defendant had incurred four misdemeanor convictions for violations of protective orders.
13
The instant case concerns, in part, defendant’s violation of his probation. Defendant
underwent mental health treatment, yet continued to reoffend. In August 2019, defendant
violated his parole by committing another offense of criminal threats. The most recently
charged offense occurred while defendant was undergoing treatment with Dr. Kamal; he
was also on both probation and parole. The court had before it substantial evidence to
conclude that defendant would neither comply with nor benefit from any mental health
treatment plan.
Finally, even if the court erred in determining that defendant was likely to commit
a super strike offense, any one of the reasons listed, ante, would more than support the
court’s exercise of its discretion to deny defendant mental health diversion. (People v.
Gerson, supra, 80 Cal.App.5th at p. 1080 [“[D]iversion under section 1001.36 is
discretionary, not mandatory, even if all the requirements are met.”].) Thus, the court
acted within its broad discretion in denying defendant’s request for mental health
diversion.
Defendant maintains that the court’s reliance on Dr. Kamal’s letter, rather than the
mitigation letter filed in June 2016, alone warrants reversal. However, defendant did not
attach the June 2016, mitigation letter to his request for diversion or reference it in his
argument below;8 instead, he attached Dr. Kamal’s letter to the request and referenced it
in his argument. The court cannot be faulted for relying on what defendant submitted and
argued in support of his request instead of something he did not.
Defendant did attach, to his request, this court’s opinion in Sapienza, supra,
8
E070547, which references the mitigation letter.
14
Moreover, the mitigation letter was unsigned, did not reflect on defendant’s
mental state when he committed the offense in 2015, did not connect defendant’s mental
health issues with his commission of the offense in 2015, did contain an opinion
defendant’s symptoms would respond to mental health treatment, did not include a
mental health treatment plan, did not indicate defendant would comply with treatment,
and did not reflect defendant would not pose an unreasonable risk of danger to public
safety if treated in the community. (Sapienza, supra, E070547.) Furthermore, the
mitigation letter was five years old when the court considered defendant’s request for
diversion. Finally, defendant did receive mental health treatment after the mitigation
letter but continued to reoffend.
Defendant also argues that since the same court which denied defendant’s request
for diversion in this case on August 10, 2021, granted defendant’s request for mental
health diversion in another case approximately six months later, there would be no reason
to believe defendant would not be appropriate for diversion in this case.9 However, we
have none of the documents that supported the court’s ruling in that case. We would
assume that, at minimum, in that case defendant submitted documentation from a
licensed mental health practitioner that defendant was suffering from a qualifying mental
health disorder, which contributed to the commission of the offense in that case, which
outlined a mental health treatment plan, that the mental health practitioner opined would
9 This court granted defendant’s request for judicial notice of a Superior Court of
Riverside County minute order in case No. SWF2077182, which reflects that the same
court in this case granted defendant’s request for mental health diversion on February 15,
2022.
15
meet defendant’s specialized mental health treatment needs, and to which defendant
agreed to participate. This is precisely what is lacking in this case.
III. DISPOSITION
The order denying defendant’s request for mental health diversion is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
McKINSTER
Acting P. J.
We concur:
FIELDS
J.
RAPHAEL
J.
16