The opinion
Filed 6/14/13 Leo v. Golfsmith CA4/1
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
ED LEO et al., D062262
Plaintiffs,
v. (Super. Ct. No. 37-2010-00095326-
CU-CR-CTL)
GOLFSMITH GP, LLC, et al.,
Defendants and Respondents;
JANET E. SOBEL,
Objector and Appellant.
APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of San Diego County, William S.
Dato, Judge. Affirmed.
Janet E. Sobel, in pro. per., for Objector and Appellant.
Littler Mendelson, James E. Hart, Alaya B. Meyers, Heather M. Peck and Muizz
Rafique for Defendants and Respondents.
The former plaintiffs' attorney in this action, Janet E. Sobel, appeals from an order
imposing $6,150 in sanctions against her for opposing a motion to compel arising from
her instructions to her clients not to answer deposition questions. As we will explain, we
conclude that Sobel's contentions lack merit, and accordingly we affirm the order.
I
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
This action was filed by Ed Leo, Steve Surrey, Elton Campbell and Steve Frye
(plaintiffs) — who allege they are members of the National Coalition for Men. Plaintiffs
allege that they suffered gender discrimination when the Golfsmith retail stores, including
those in California, held a "Women's Night" event on March 25, 2010. According to the
complaint, Golfsmith excluded plaintiffs and other men from the stores on Women's
Night, and women were given special discounts and benefits. Leo and Surrey allege that
they were discriminated against when they attempted to shop and attend the Women's
Night event at the Mission Valley store in San Diego. Campbell and Frye contend they
were discriminated against at the Santa Ana store. The complaint named several
Golfsmith entities as defendants,1 as well as numerous equipment vendors who
sponsored the Women's Night event. The complaint alleged violations of the Unruh Civil
Rights Act (Civ. Code, §§ 51, 51.5); violations of the Gender Tax Repeal Act of 1995
1 The Golfsmith entities are Golfsmith GP, LLC; Golfsmith USA, LLC; and
Golfsmith International, Inc. (collectively, Golfsmith).
2
(id., § 51.6); unfair and unlawful conduct under Business and Professions Code section
17200 et seq.; and negligence.2
Golfsmith noticed the depositions of Surrey and Leo. Prior to the depositions,
Sobel and counsel for Golfsmith engaged in extensive written dialogue about the
upcoming depositions, which was primarily focused on the length of the depositions and
whether plaintiffs would provide information about their prior litigation history.
During Surrey's deposition, Sobel objected to numerous questions and instructed
Surrey not to answer. Sobel objected to questions about other litigation in which Surrey
was a plaintiff;3 whether he had spoken to anyone about his deposition; basic background
information such as his date of birth and where he lives and works; basic information
about his membership in the National Coalition of Men; whether he had discussions with
anyone before attending Golfsmith's Women's Night, why he attended, and how he
learned of the event;4 his activities immediately before and after traveling to the
Golfsmith store; his coordination with his co-plaintiff, Leo, including their conversations
2 The causes of action for violation of Business and Professions Code section 17200
et seq. and negligence were dismissed by plaintiffs without prejudice while the relevant
motions to compel and to impose sanctions were pending.
3 These questions included inquiries such as "Do you remember the names of any
cases in which you've had your deposition taken?"
4 When asked why Surrey chose a particular Golfsmith location, Sobel objected on
the basis that the question "invades his constitutional right of association, privacy, free
speech, petition and redress." With respect to the questions about Surrey's interest in and
knowledge of Women's Night, Sobel stated, "My instruction to him is to answer only
based on things he saw at the Golfsmith location on the day of the event. I'm instructing
him not to answer regarding anything he learned beforehand or outside of that time."
3
while at Women's Night; his interest in golf, prior purchases at Golfsmith, and intention
to buy something at Golfsmith during Women's Night; whether there was a particular part
of the Golfsmith store or a product he wanted to access during Women's Night; and
whether he had ever discussed his recollection of the Women's Night event with
anybody. In a typical objection, Sobel invoked "the constitutional right of privacy,
association, free speech, and redress and petition" and stated, "we're just going to limit
this deposition only to those things that you can establish are directly relevant to the
case."5
During Leo's deposition, Sobel asserted the same constitutional objections as she
made at Surrey's deposition and instructed Leo not to answer several questions. Sobel
objected to questions about Leo's litigation history; Leo's conversations with Surrey prior
to entering the store; and whether Leo had previously shopped at Golfsmith. According
to Sobel, the objections were based on "privacy" and "all the same constitutional
reasons."
After the depositions, counsel for Golfsmith wrote to Sobel to meet and confer
about her objections and instructions to her clients not to answer. Counsel for Golfsmith
explained, among other things, that the information sought during the depositions was not
privileged and thus Sobel had improperly instructed her clients not to answer. In Sobel's
response, she continued to assert that her clients had certain constitutional objections
5 For example, Sobel stated with respect to a question about where Surrey works,
"Unless you can explain to me why it is centrally relevant to Golfsmith's defense of this
case to know where he works, I am going to instruct him not to answer."
4
which justified their refusal to answer the questions unless Golfsmith could establish that
the information it sought was directly relevant to its defense of the litigation. The tone of
Sobel's letter was unprofessional and argumentative.6
After another round of correspondence between Sobel and Golfsmith's counsel
that failed to resolve the discovery dispute,7 Golfsmith filed a motion to compel further
deposition responses and sought the imposition of $8,479.40 in monetary sanctions
against Sobel.
Sobel argued in opposition to the motion that because her clients had asserted
constitutional objections to all of the questions at issue, they were not required to provide
responses unless Golfsmith established the direct relevancy of the information it sought.
As Sobel explained, "Given plaintiffs [sic] clearly stated constitutional objections,
Defendants were obligated before filing this motion to explain how asking questions . . .
6 Among other things, Sobel stated, "Frankly, I do not have time to engage in a
dialogue about important constitutional principles of law with opposing counsel who are
either not up to the analytical task or who, worse, seek to misrepresent the law"; and
"When you submit your legal arguments to me, keep in mind that I am not an overworked
and hurried court research attorney who may not take the time to check the holdings of
the cases you cite . . . ."
7 Sobel continued her unprofessional comments in the next round of
correspondence, stating among other things, "You have been licensed since December
2007, and seemingly have have [sic] working on this year-old plus case since last week,
and you may think you know all there is to know, but you would have another think [sic]
coming"; and "I cannot imagine your legal basis for your insisting on further testimony. I
don't practice law with a crystal ball or a Ouija Board." Specifically referring to one of
the deposition questions, she said, "Your 'Where did Mr. Surrey go after he left the store?'
topic could lead you to ask him a host of other intrusive and irrelevant questions such as
'Did you have sex with anyone after you left the store and if so, how soon, was it with a
woman or a man, and did that person ever play tennis or watch golf on TV'?"
5
could be directly relevant to this lawsuit . . . ." Despite Sobel's claim that her instructions
not to answer were justified because the questions intruded on Surrey's and Leo's
constitutional rights, she did not clearly explain which constitutional rights were at issue
in specific questions, instead referring broadly to the constitutional rights of association,
petition and privacy.
At the hearing on the motion to compel and request for sanctions, Sobel took the
position that regardless of whether the trial court ultimately ruled that a deposition
question implicated a constitutional privilege, her mere assertion of a constitutional
objection during the deposition —whether or not it was well-founded — justified her
clients in refusing to answer unless Golfsmith could establish that the information it
sought was directly relevant to the issues in the litigation.
The trial court granted the motion to compel and imposed sanctions against Sobel
in the amount of $6,150. The trial court rejected Sobel's contention, as characterized by
the trial court, "that the mere assertion of a privacy or associational interest is sufficient
to invoke the 'directly relevant' standard." The trial court explained that the directly
relevant standard "applies only when the court determines that the challenged discovery
actually seeks the disclosure of constitutionally protected information." Rejecting Sobel's
claim that constitutional rights were implicated by the deposition questions, the court
explained that "[i]t is difficult to see what privacy or associational interests are threatened
by questions such as 'Did you come straight from work?' and 'So is it fair, then, to say
you parked the car around 6:30?" As the court explained, "Much of the information
6
sought here may ultimately prove irrelevant, but absent constitutional protection plaintiffs
are not at liberty to refuse to answer."
Immediately after the trial court's ruling, plaintiffs substituted new counsel in
place of Sobel, and Sobel appealed from the order imposing sanctions. (Code Civ. Proc.,
§ 904.1, subd. (a)(12) [allowing immediate appeal of discovery sanctions exceeding
$5,000].)
II
DISCUSSION
A. Applicable Legal Principles
The applicable authority for the imposition of sanctions in this case is Code of
Civil Procedure section 2025.480, subdivision (j). Under that provision, "[t]he court
shall impose a monetary sanction . . . against any party, person, or attorney who
unsuccessfully makes or opposes a motion to compel an answer or production, unless it
finds that the one subject to the sanction acted with substantial justification or that other
circumstances make the imposition of the sanction unjust." (Ibid., italics added.) "[T]he
phrase 'substantial justification' has been understood to mean that a justification is clearly
reasonable because it is well grounded in both law and fact." (Doe v. United States
Swimming, Inc. (2011) 200 Cal.App.4th 1424, 1434.) Here, because Sobel
unsuccessfully opposed Golfsmith's motion to compel, the imposition of sanctions was
required unless Sobel established that she acted with substantial justification or that
sanctions are otherwise unjust. (Id. at p. 1435 [the burden of proving substantial
justification is on the party opposing the imposition of sanctions]; Kohan v. Cohan (1991)
7
229 Cal.App.3d 967, 971 [discovery statute requiring imposition of sanctions in the
absence of substantial justification "allows one against whom sanctions are sought to
show substantial justification to avoid the imposition of sanctions"].)8
We apply an abuse of discretion standard of review to the trial court's order
imposing discovery sanctions. (Sinaiko Healthcare Consulting, Inc. v. Pacific
Healthcare Consultants (2007) 148 Cal.App.4th 390, 401.) Further, in the absence of an
express finding by the trial court, we imply a finding that Sobel did not establish
substantial justification. (Parker v. Wolters Kluwer United States, Inc. (2007) 149
Cal.App.4th 285, 294 [a finding that the sanctioned party lacked substantial justification
"is implied in the order awarding sanctions"].)
8 Sobel relies on Diepenbrock v. Brown (2012) 208 Cal.App.4th 743 to argue that
rather than placing the burden on her to show substantial justification for her opposition
to the motion to compel, Golfsmith had the burden to prove that she lacked substantial
justification. We reject Sobel's argument. Diepenbrock did not apply the rule that Sobel
advocates. Instead, in a parenthetical string cite, Diepenbrock quotes from Union Mut.
Life Ins. Co. v. Superior Court (1978) 80 Cal.App.3d 1, 15, which is a 1978 case
interpreting a former discovery statute. (Diepenbrock, at p. 747.) Sobel relies on that
quotation — which is not current law — to support her argument. However,
Diepenbrock also quotes from a treatise setting forth the current rule under the operative
discovery statute, which places the burden on the party opposing the sanctions to
establish it acted with substantial justification. (Diepenbrock, at p. 747, quoting Weil &
Brown, Cal. Practice Guide: Civil Procedure Before Trial (The Rutter Group 2012)
¶ 8:846, p. 8E-152 (rev. # 1, 2012).) As that treatise states, "If the motion to compel is
granted, to avoid sanctions the deponent must show 'substantial justification' for his or
her refusal to answer the deposition question; e.g., reasonable grounds to believe the
objection was valid when made and that opposition to the motion to compel therefore was
justified." (Weil & Brown, supra, [¶] 8:846, p. 8E-152.)
8
B. Sanctions Were Warranted Because Sobel Did Not Establish That She Acted with
Substantial Justification in Opposing the Motion to Compel
Sobel's central appellate argument is that the trial court improperly focused on
whether Sobel made any valid constitutional objections to the questions asked at Surrey's
and Leo's depositions. Sobel contends that as long as she asserted a constitutional
objection at deposition, the normal broad scope of discovery was supplanted by a much
more demanding requirement that opposing counsel establish the direct relevancy of the
information sought. Sobel argues that the trial court accordingly erred by stating that a
higher standard of relevancy applies only if "the challenged discovery actually seeks the
disclosure of constitutionally protected information." (Italics added.) According to
Sobel, "no case dealing with the process for compelling litigants to answer questions they
believe are protected by the right of privacy has discussed requiring the litigant to
demonstrate as a pre-condition of protection that the 'discovery actually seeks the
disclosure of constitutionally protected information' as this trial court concluded." She
claims that "even a [sic] undefined and vague claim for constitutional protection" is
sufficient to require opposing counsel to satisfy the standard of direct relevance. As we
will explain, Sobel's position lacks merit. The trial court properly examined and rejected
the validity of Sobel's constitutional objections.
We begin our analysis by observing that, in the absence of a privilege or intrusion
on constitutional rights, a party is entitled to pursue a broad scope of discovery, under
which the lack of relevance of the information sought is not a valid basis for instructing a
client not to answer a deposition question. Pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section
9
2017.010, "[u]nless otherwise limited by order of the court . . . , any party may obtain
discovery regarding any matter, not privileged, that is relevant to the subject matter
involved in the pending action . . . if the matter either is itself admissible in evidence or
appears reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence." (Ibid.)
"For discovery purposes, information is relevant if it 'might reasonably assist a party in
evaluating the case, preparing for trial, or facilitating settlement. . . .' [Citation.]
Admissibility is not the test and information, unless privileged, is discoverable if it might
reasonably lead to admissible evidence. [Citation.] These rules are applied liberally in
favor of discovery [citation] . . . ." (Gonzalez v. Superior Court (1995) 33 Cal.App.4th
1539, 1546, italics deleted.) "[D]eponent's counsel should not even raise an objection to
a question counsel believes will elicit irrelevant testimony at the deposition. Relevance
objections should be held in abeyance until an attempt is made to use the testimony at
trial." (Stewart v. Colonial Western Agency, Inc. (2001) 87 Cal.App.4th 1006, 1014.)
Sobel supports her argument for a more restrictive scope of discovery in this case
by relying primarily on Britt v. Superior Court (1978) 20 Cal.3d 844 (Britt). The Britt
court explained that an exception to the normally broad scope of discovery arises when
the deponent's constitutional right of associational privacy would be infringed were he
forced to supply information about the groups to which he belongs. This is because
" 'compelled disclosure of affiliation with groups engaged in advocacy may constitute
(an) effective . . . restraint on freedom of association.' " (Id. at pp. 852-853.) In such a
case, only "[w]hen such associational activities are directly relevant to the plaintiff's
claim, and disclosure of the plaintiff's affiliations is essential to the fair resolution of the
10
lawsuit" may "a trial court . . . properly compel such disclosure." (Id. at p. 859.) Here,
Sobel contends that many of Golfsmith's deposition questions invaded her clients' right to
associational privacy. We disagree. Golfsmith asked Surrey a few basic questions about
his membership in the National Coalition for Men, but those questions did not intrude on
Surrey's associational privacy because his membership was not a private matter within
the context of this lawsuit. Surrey's own complaint in this action alleges that he is a
member of the National Coalition of Men and describes the activities and goals of that
organization. (Gill v. Hearst Publishing Co. (1953) 40 Cal.2d 224, 230 (Gill) [public
information is not protected by the right to privacy].)
Sobel contends that her clients' constitutional right to redress of grievances and
their right to privacy are also implicated by some of the questions posed by Golfsmith.
Relying on the principle set forth in Britt, Sobel argues that the same "directly relevant"
standard applies to questions implicating her client's right to petition for a redress of
grievances or the right to privacy. (See Tylo v. Superior Court (1997) 55 Cal.App.4th
1379, 1387 (Tylo) [stating generally that "[t]he party seeking the constitutionally
protected information has the burden of establishing that the information sought is
directly relevant to the claims"].) As we will explain, we reject Sobel's argument because
none of Golfsmith's questions implicated those constitutional rights.9
9 According to Sobel, she should not have been sanctioned because "sanctions
cannot be imposed against an attorney for a legal position that was not raised by the
adverse party either during the parties' meeting and conferring, through an offer of proof
at the time of the deposition objections, or supported by case authority in defendants'
motion to compel." Regardless of its legal merit, which we do not address, Sobel's
11
According to Sobel, the right to petition for a redress of grievances is implicated
by Golfsmith's questions about other litigation in which Surrey and Leo were involved
because it restricts their right of access to the courts. (Church of Scientology v.
Wollersheim (1996) 42 Cal.App.4th 628, 647-648 ["The right of access to the courts is an
aspect of the First Amendment right to petition the government for redress of
grievances."].) However, asking about prior involvement in litigation does not restrict
Surrey's or Leo's access to the courts, and Sobel cannot identify any way in which her
clients' right of access to the courts would be restricted were they to answer Golfsmith's
questions.10 Further, asking about prior litigation does not implicate the right to privacy
because the litigation is part of the public record. (Gill, supra, 40 Cal.2d at p. 230.)
Although Sobel takes the position that Golfsmith's questions also infringed on her
clients' right to privacy, our review of the deposition transcripts reveals no question that
argument fails because it is not supported by the record. Golfsmith extensively met and
conferred about its position that the information it sought was not constitutionally
protected, and it set forth the same argument in its motion to compel. Sobel's rejection of
that argument and her insistence on holding to her legal position, despite controlling
authority, led to the imposition of sanctions.
10 In support of her argument that her clients' right to petition for redress is
implicated by Golfsmith's deposition questions, Sobel refers to the Noerr-Pennington
doctrine (Eastern R. Conf. v. Noerr Motors (1961) 365 U.S. 127; Mine Workers v.
Pennington (1965) 381 U.S. 657), which is "a broad rule of statutory construction, under
which laws are construed so as to avoid burdening the constitutional right to petition."
(Tichinin v. City of Morgan Hill (2009) 177 Cal.App.4th 1049, 1064.) "Under the Noerr-
Pennington doctrine, those who petition any department of the government for redress
are generally immune from statutory liability for their petitioning conduct." (Sosa v.
DIRECTV, Inc. (9th Cir. 2006) 437 F.3d 923, 929.) That doctrine has no application here
because Sobel has not identified a law whose application would burden Surrey's and
Leo's constitutional right to petition by imposing liability on them.
12
threatens to intrude into private matters protected by a constitutional right to privacy.
Cases recognizing a right to privacy in a discovery context have involved sensitive
private subjects such as marital difficulties (Tylo, supra, 55 Cal.App.4th 1379), medical
procedures (Lantz v. Superior Court (1994) 28 Cal.App.4th 1839), personal finances
(Harris v. Superior Court (1992) 3 Cal.App.4th 661, 664), sexual relationships (Morales
v. Superior Court (1979) 99 Cal.App.3d 283, 289-290) and the contents of a party's
workplace personnel file (El Dorado Savings & Loan Assn. v. Superior Court (1987) 190
Cal.App.3d 342, 345). No such matters were inquired about in this case. Instead, Sobel
invoked the right of privacy to object to questions on such basic and unobtrusive subject
matter as Surrey or Leo's interest in golf and golf equipment; what their activities were
immediately before and after traveling to the Golfsmith store; whether they discussed the
events at the Golfsmith store with anyone else; their date of birth; place of employment;
and the neighborhood in which they live. Sobel had no reasonable basis for believing
that those questions — or others like them — called for information protected by the
constitutional right to privacy.
Because the trial court properly concluded Sobel had not asserted a valid
constitutional objection, it correctly rejected Sobel's contention that Golfsmith was
required to establish that the information sought was directly relevant to the litigation.
We find no support in the case law for Sobel's contention that a mere claimed
infringement of an associational right to privacy is sufficient to require the opposing
party to establish that the information it seeks is directly relevant. Any such rule is
nonsensical because it would restrict the normally broad scope of discovery, even when
13
such a restriction is not warranted to protect intrusion on constitutional rights. Such a
rule is also contrary to the basic analytical approach applied in Britt and all of the other
cases that consider whether certain private information was required to be disclosed in
discovery. In Britt, for example, the court analyzed as an initial matter, whether the
associational right to privacy was implicated by the discovery requests at issue, and then
it proceeded to determine whether that information was directly relevant to the litigation.
(Britt, supra, 20 Cal.3d at p. 852.)
Sobel claims that Planned Parenthood Golden Gate v. Superior Court (2000) 83
Cal.App.4th 347 establishes that "the mere claim of a constitutional right can rise to
protection." Planned Parenthood does not support Sobel's argument. On the contrary,
that case extensively analyzes the preliminary issue of whether the challenged discovery
implicated the constitutional right to privacy, rejecting the suggestion that "no
constitutional issue is presented by this case." (Id. at p. 358.) Only after establishing the
existence of a valid constitutionally-based objection to the discovery does Planned
Parenthood proceed to determine whether a response to the discovery is nevertheless
warranted because of the issues presented in the litigation. (Id. at p. 360.) Thus, under
the existing case law, Sobel was not justified in believing that a mere assertion of a
constitutional objection — even if legally unfounded — could require Golfsmith to
establish the direct relevancy of the information it sought.11
11 Sobel argues that Golfsmith could not establish the direct relevancy of the
information it sought merely because the subject matter was raised in the complaint or
because it related to the complaint's prayer for relief. This argument, however,
14
In sum, the trial court properly analyzed whether the information sought by
Golfsmith implicated Surrey and Leo's constitutional rights. Having determined that no
valid constitutional objections applied in this case, the trial court was well within its
discretion to conclude that sanctions were warranted because Sobel was not substantially
justified in instructing her clients not to answer the deposition questions on the basis of
her legally unfounded objections.
DISPOSITION
The order imposing sanctions on Sobel is affirmed.
IRION, J.
WE CONCUR:
NARES, Acting P. J.
MCINTYRE, J.
presupposes Golfsmith was required to show direct relevancy. As we have described,
because no constitutionally protected information was implicated by Golfsmith's
questions, Golfsmith was entitled to discovery even if the information sought was not
directly relevant.
15