noting that “[i]t is a ‘fundamental canon of statutory construction that the words of a statute must be read in their context and with a view to their place in the overall statutory scheme’” (citation omitted)
How later courts described this case
- noting that “[i]t is a ‘fundamental canon of statutory construction that the words of a statute must be read in their context and with a view to their place in the overall statutory scheme’” (citation omitted)
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
#25955-r-LSW
2012 S.D. 9
IN THE SUPREME COURT
OF THE
STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA
****
IN THE MATTER OF THE EXPUNGEMENT
OF RECORDS RELATED TO
MISTY JO OLIVER, Petitioner.
****
APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF
THE FIFTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT
ROBERTS COUNTY, SOUTH DAKOTA
****
HONORABLE JON S. FLEMMER
Judge
****
MARTY J. JACKLEY
Attorney General
PAUL S. SWEDLUND
Assistant Attorney General
Pierre, South Dakota Attorneys for respondent and
appellant State of South
Dakota.
RONALD A. PARSONS, JR.
Johnson, Heidepriem, &
Abdallah, LLP
Sioux Falls, South Dakota
and
THOMAS L. SANNES of
Delaney, Vander Linden,
Delaney, Nielsen & Sannes, PC
Webster, South Dakota Attorneys for petitioner
and appellee Oliver.
****
ARGUED NOVEMBER 16, 2011
OPINION FILED 02/08/12
#25955
WILBUR, Justice
[¶1.] Misty Jo Oliver’s record contains two misdemeanor convictions. She
asked the trial court to expunge her record of convictions pursuant to SDCL 23A-3-
26 through SDCL 23A-3-33 (collectively, “the expungement statutes”). The trial
court granted her request. The State appealed on the grounds that under both the
expungement statutes and the South Dakota Constitution the trial court was
without jurisdiction to expunge records of Oliver’s convictions. Because we hold
that the trial court did not have statutory authority to grant the expungement, we
reverse.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
[¶2.] Oliver was convicted of misdemeanors in 2000 and 2004. In 2011,
Oliver filed a motion for expungement in Roberts County, South Dakota. The State
appeared at the hearing on the motion but presented no opposition. The trial court
granted Oliver’s motion and filed an order of expungement.
[¶3.] After the expungement order was filed, the state’s attorney’s office filed
a motion to set aside the order arguing that granting it exceeded the trial court’s
statutory and constitutional authority. However, because the motion was never
served on Oliver’s counsel, the trial court could not decide the merits of the motion.
The Office of the Attorney General filed a notice of appeal with this Court.
[¶4.] Despite the State’s acquiescence to the motion for expungement, we
may consider this issue for the first time on appeal because we are asked to
determine whether the trial court acted beyond its constitutional and statutory
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jurisdiction. See State v. Neitge, 2000 S.D. 37, ¶ 9, 607 N.W.2d 258, 260 (citing
State v. Haase, 446 N.W.2d 62, 64 (S.D. 1989)).
STANDARD OF REVIEW
[¶5.] Issues of statutory and constitutional interpretation are questions of
law. Gray v. Gienapp, 2007 S.D. 12, ¶ 15, 727 N.W.2d 808, 812. We review the
interpretation and application of each de novo. See State v. Goulding, 2011 S.D. 25,
¶ 5, 799 N.W.2d 412, 414 (“Statutory interpretation and application are questions of
law that we review do novo.”); Kraft v. Meade Cnty. ex rel. Bd. of Cnty. Comm’rs,
2006 S.D. 113, ¶ 2, 726 N.W.2d 237, 239 (“Constitutional interpretation is a
question of law reviewable de novo.”).
ANALYSIS
Statutory Analysis
[¶6.] In conducting statutory interpretation, “[w]e give words their plain
meaning and effect, and read statutes as a whole . . . .” State v. Miranda, 2009 S.D.
105, ¶ 14, 776 N.W.2d 77, 81. “[R]esorting to legislative history is justified only
when legislation is ambiguous, or its literal meaning is absurd or unreasonable.” In
re Famous Brands, Inc., 347 N.W.2d 882, 885 (S.D. 1984).
[¶7.] The parties dispute the meaning of SDCL 23A-3-27. The statute, titled
“Motion for expungement of arrest record” provides:
An arrested person may apply to the court that would have
jurisdiction over the crime for which the person was arrested, for
entry of an order expunging the record of the arrest after one
year from the date of any arrest, if no accusatory instrument was
filed, or at any time after an acquittal.
(Emphasis added.)
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[¶8.] The State and Oliver set forth divergent readings of the statute. The
State argues that the plain language of SDCL 23A-3-27 limits a court’s authority to
grant an expungement to: (1) individuals who have been arrested but have never
been charged with a crime; and (2) individuals who have been acquitted. In
contrast, Oliver argues that SDCL 23A-3-27 does not limit a court’s authority to
grant an expungement, but rather establishes when certain individuals may seek
expungement. Specifically, under Oliver’s reading of the statute, an arrested
person, “if no accusatory instrument was filed,” may apply to have records expunged
“one year from the date of arrest” and an acquitted person may apply for
expungement “at anytime after acquittal.” According to Oliver, other individuals,
for example, individuals like Oliver who have been convicted, are not subject to
SDCL 23A-3-27 but are still eligible to have a conviction expunged.
[¶9.] The United States Supreme Court has repeatedly stated that “[i]t is a
‘fundamental canon of statutory construction that the words of a statute must be
read in their context and with a view to their place in the overall statutory
scheme.’” Food & Drug Admin. v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 529 U.S.
120, 133, 120 S. Ct. 1291, 1301, 146 L. Ed. 2d 121 (2000) (quoting Davis v. Mich.
Dep’t of Treasury, 489 U.S. 803, 809, 109 S. Ct. 1500, 1504, 103 L. Ed. 2d 891
(1989)). Similarly, this Court has stated that “[i]t is inappropriate to select one
statute on a topic and disregard another statute which may modify or limit the
effective scope of the former statute.” Appeal of AT & T Info. Sys., 405 N.W.2d 24,
28 (S.D. 1987). Oliver’s reading of the statute violates both these rules of statutory
construction.
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[¶10.] Oliver begins her statutory analysis by correctly noting that SDCL
23A-3-26 broadly defines expungement. Specifically, the statute defines
expungement as:
[T]he sealing of all records on file within any court, detention or
correctional facility, law enforcement agency, criminal justice
agency, or Department of Public Safety concerning a person’s
detection, apprehension, arrest, detention, trial or disposition of
an offense within the criminal justice system. Expungement
does not imply the physical destruction of records.
Id. However, Oliver fails to read the definition of expungement in relation to its
“place in the overall statutory scheme,” by temporarily ignoring the subsequent
statute, SDCL 23A-3-27.
[¶11.] After noting that expungement is broadly defined by SDCL 23A-3-26,
Oliver directs this Court to SDCL 23A-3-30. This statute provides that a “court
may enter an order of expungement if satisfied that the ends of justice and the best
interest of the public as well as the defendant or the arrested person will be served
by the entry of the order.” Oliver then appends that broad definition of
expungement onto SDCL 23A-3-30 and reasons that, because Oliver’s “conviction”
can be categorized as a “disposition of an offense within the criminal justice
system,” a court can grant an expungement of conviction so long as it makes the
necessary findings under SDCL 23A-3-30. Oliver uses this reading as the backdrop
for her argument that the plain language of SDCL 23A-3-27 “simply establishes a
time frame under which an arrested person who has never been indicted or charged
may apply to have those records expunged.”
[¶12.] Oliver’s reading misses the overall scheme of the expungement
statutes, and therefore, as a matter of statutory interpretation, cannot be accepted.
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First, although the Legislature defined “expungement” broadly, the statutory
scheme cannot be read to give courts broad jurisdiction to grant expungement.
Moreover, contrary to Oliver’s assertions, SDCL 23A-3-30 does not grant
jurisdiction, rather it provides the standard to be applied by the court (i.e. “if
satisfied that the ends of justice and the best interest of the public as well as the
defendant or the arrested person will be served by the entry of the order”) in
determining if expungement is appropriate. This is a standard a court would reach
only if it has authority to act under SDCL 23A-3-27.
[¶13.] When read in context of the entire statutory scheme, it is clear that the
Legislature intended that the provisions of SDCL 23A-3-27 “limit the effective scope
of the former statute,” SDCL 23A-3-26. First, as the State correctly asserts, the
plain language of SDCL 23A-3-27 provides that a court’s ability to enter an order of
expungement is limited to: (1) individuals who have been arrested but have never
been charged with a crime; and (2) individuals who have been acquitted.
Specifically, a reading of the plain language indicates that the Legislature intended
the phrase “if no accusatory instrument was filed, or at any time after an acquittal”
to limit the court’s authority. Second, the Legislature chose language which limits
the expungement to the “record of the arrest.” If the Legislature had intended to
allow expungement of a conviction it would have included that language in the
statute.
[¶14.] In the alternative, Oliver argues that the State’s interpretation of the
expungement statutes would lead to an “absurd” result, and therefore, should be
avoided. According to Oliver, it is “absurd” that both “an individual who was
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arrested but never charged” and “an individual who was arrested, charged, tried,
and acquitted could obtain such an order, but records related to an individual who
was wrongfully arrested and charged, but had those charges dropped or dismissed,
could never be expunged.” We disagree. As the State points out, it is quite possible
that the Legislature felt there was a qualitative difference in conduct resulting in
charges (unless acquitted) and conduct that does not result in charges being filed.
This distinction is not facially absurd. Moreover, even if we found the statutory
language absurd or ambiguous, and looked beyond the language of the statute to
determine legislative intent, we would still arrive at the same result.
[¶15.] “When called upon to construe ambiguous statutes, courts may look to
‘the legislative history, title, and the total content of the legislation.’” Zoss v.
Schaefers, 1999 S.D. 105, ¶ 6, 598 N.W.2d 550, 552 (quoting LaBore v. Muth, 473
N.W.2d 485, 488 (S.D. 1991)). A review of the legislative history reveals that when
SDCL 23A-3-27 was initially introduced, the bill afforded courts the discretion to
expunge conviction records. Specifically, the bill provided: “Any defendant . . . may
apply, by motion to the court where the conviction was entered, for entry of an order
expunging the conviction after two years from the date of a judgment of conviction.”
H.B. 1105, 85th Leg. Sess., (S.D. 2010) (emphasis added). The initial inclusion and
subsequent removal of “conviction,” supports our reading of the legislative
language. If it had been the will of the Legislature to include conviction records,
they would have left the language in the statute.
[¶16.] Oliver counters by pointing to the Legislature’s rejection of a 2011
amendment to the expungement statutes. The amendment would have explicitly
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provided that a “court may not expunge any records of a guilty plea, conviction, or
suspended imposition of sentence.” S.B. 31, 86th Leg. Sess. (2011). According to
Oliver, the rejection of the amendment “should send a strong message that [the
Legislature] did not intend expungement to be jurisdictionally limited to cases
where no information or indictment was filed or that ended in an acquittal.”
However, “‘subsequent legislative history will rarely override a reasonable
interpretation of a statute that can be gleaned from its language and legislative
history prior to its enactment.’” Doe v. Chao, 540 U.S. 614, 626-27, 124 S. Ct. 1204,
1212, 157 L. Ed. 2d 1122 (2004) (quoting Solid Waste Agency of N. Cook Cnty. v.
United States Army Corps of Eng’rs, 531 U.S 159, 170 n.5, 121 S. Ct. 675, 682, 148
L. Ed. 2d 576 (2001)).
Constitutional Analysis
[¶17.] Adopting the reading of the statute which Oliver urges would also force
this Court to address a constitutional problem: whether granting courts jurisdiction
to expunge convictions is an unconstitutional infringement on Article IV, § 3 of the
South Dakota Constitution. This provision vests in the governor the power to
“grant pardons, commutations, and reprieves . . . .” Id. We have previously stated
that “[i]f an alternate construction of a statute would involve serious constitutional
difficulties, then that interpretation should be rejected in favor of one which avoids
such constitutional infirmities.” State v. Heisinger, 252 N.W.2d 899, 903 (S.D. 1977)
(citing First Am. Bank & Trust Co. v. Ellwein, 198 N.W.2d 84, 95 (N.D. 1972)).
[¶18.] Notably, the effect of a pardon and an expungement are the same.
Both restore “the status the person occupied before the person’s arrest, indictment,
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or information.” Compare SDCL 23A-3-32 (effect of order of expungement), with
SDCL 24-14-11 (effects of pardon). Therefore, because the effect of an
expungement, like that of a pardon goes beyond mere regulation of records, Oliver’s
contention that the expungement statutes can be differentiated from the governor’s
pardoning power is erroneous. Nonetheless, because we reject Oliver’s reading and
hold that the expungement statutes do not apply to convictions, the conviction
pardoning power remains solely reserved to the governor, and we “avoid[] such
constitutional infirmities.”
CONCLUSION
[¶19.] The trial court’s decision expunging Oliver’s convictions is reversed.
[¶20.] GILBERTSON, Chief Justice, and KONENKAMP, ZINTER, and
SEVERSON, Justices, concur.
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