Stanley ex rel. M.C. v. M.S.D. of Southwest Allen County Schools

OPINION AND ORDER

PAUL R. CHERRY, United States Magistrate Judge.

This matter is before the Court on (1) Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Judgment [DE 114], filed on May 15, 2008, by Plaintiffs Stanley and Connie C., Individually and as Next Friends of M.C., a minor (collectively “the Parents”); and (2) Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment [DE 117], filed on May 15, 2008, by Defendants MSD of Southwest Allen County Schools and Smith-Green West Allen Special Education Cooperative (collectively “SACS” or “the School”). The Parents have brought this action under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (“IDEA”), appealing the outcome of the'administrative due process hearing that addressed the provision of special education to their daughter M.C. during the 2004-05 and 2005-06 school years, which was largely favorable to SACS. As set forth in this Order, the Court denies the Parents’ Motion for Summary Judgment, denies in part as moot SACS’ Motion for Summary Judgment as to attorney fees, and grants the remainder of SACS’ Motion for Summary Judgment.

FACTUAL BACKGROUND

The Court summarizes the factual underpinnings of this dispute, incorporating additional details as relevant in the course of the opinion. 1

A. The Student — M.C.

M.C. is the fifteen-year-old, adopted daughter of Stanley and Connie C. Her mother describes her as a beautiful girl with a good sense of humor. She has typical adolescent interests such as popular music and fashion, and she loves to dance. Despite her challenges, M.C. has learned how to manipulate a music iPod and cellular telephone adeptly.

M.C. has multiple disabilities resulting from a stroke she suffered at the age of three months. She has speech disorders *906 of dysarthria (weakness of the muscles) and apraxia (difficulty in motor planning). These disorders make oral movements and swallowing difficult and result in drooling and reduced speech intelligibility. M.C. is also diagnosed with cerebral palsy that affects her left-side movement and visual field and that impairs the use of her left arm. In addition, M.C. has visual motor and visual information processing delays that impact her academic performance. These vision problems result in a short visual attention span, visual confusion, visual fatigue, and interference with reading comprehension.

M.C. reads books at a third to fifth grade level, counts money to purchase items, and uses a calculator. She tells time to the half hour and can compose a paragraph. She uses compensatory strategies, such as using her auditory skills to rehearse and keep in memory information she is recording on paper.

M.C. is eligible for special education as a student with a communication disorder, a visual impairment, and a mental impairment. According to Jennifer Barnes, the school psychologist (“School Psychologist”) in July 2005, M.C.’s academic profile was commensurate with her cognitive profile in that her reading and writing were better developed and consistent with borderline disability while her math concepts and written computation were reflective of a moderate disability. The School Psychologist also noted that M.C. showed strength in her ability to process and reason with words; in contrast, visual, nonverbal reasoning skills ranged from below the average to the moderate disability range. In testing completed in summer 2006 by Dr. Fisher, a neuropsychologist hired by the Parents, M.C. scored in the average range on a variety of tests, including, but not limited to, auditory processing, phonemic awareness, listening comprehension, and reading vocabulary. SACS’ expert, Dr. Couvillion, testified that these tests were scored accurately.

M.C.’s father testified at the administrative hearing that M.C. is sociable and wants friendships but does not have friends due to her drooling and language issues. M.C. reports that a bad thing in her life is that “[n]o boy likes me.” AR 2442. Although M.C. is interested in social activities, she is never invited to a peer’s house, a sleep over, movies, or parties. M.C.’s mother said that people are repelled when M.C. hugs them and gets them wet with her drool. M.C.’s drooling falls on her papers, homework, and reading materials, and her drooling makes other students avoid her. Prior to the years at issue, when M.C. was in fifth grade, the elementary school would not allow M.C. to eat in the school cafeteria because of her drooling.

The Parents’ experts opined that M.C. requires intensive academic programming to learn and that when M.C. does not receive intensive therapy and direct instruction, she is at risk for regression in previously learned skills and functions. Frequent drill and practice of new skills and previously mastered concepts allows M.C. to build her repertoire of academic skills. In the summer of 2005, one of her teachers at SACS indicated that M.C. needs concepts broken into small pieces to understand academic material, and teachers described her use of and need for one-on-one help to complete assignments, communicate, and relay her knowledge. Dr. Fisher testified at the hearing that, when teaching M.C., concepts need to be broken into small components and each small component must be repeated Until mastered. Dr. Fisher testified that small group learning is not effective for M.C. and that M.C. can only learn with one-on-one instruction.

*907 B. The Experts

The Parents hired two expert witnesses — Dr. Fisher and Dr. Savage, and relied on a letter submitted by Michael Smith, M.D., who has been M.C.’s neurologist since 1996.

Barbara Fisher, Ph.D., a pediatric neuropsychologist, did a neuropsychological evaluation of M.C. in May and July 2006 at the Parents’ expense and spent six days with M.C., testing and observing her. Ronald Savage, Ed.D, is a certified brain injury specialist through the Brain Injury Association of America, is the editor of the Brain Injury Professional Journal, has consulted with institutions specializing in brain injury, such as Bancroft Neurohealth in New Jersey, has chaired the National Task Force on Children and Adolescents with Brain Injury, and consults with George Washington University’s brain injury program. He has worked with thousands of brain injured students for over thirty years and published a study of 36,-000 brain injured children on which he based his recommendations for M.C. Dr. Savage not only reviewed all of M.C.’s medical and educational records, but he also spent a full day with M.C. and met with the director of the Fort Wayne Center for Learning (“FWCL”), the director of rehabilitation services at Lutheran Hospital, and Dr. Fisher.

SACS also hired two expert witnesses— Dr. Stauffer and Dr. Couvillion. Amy Stauffer, M.D., a pediatric neurologist, submitted a one-page report in the form of a letter dated November 17, 2006, but was not called to testify. Steven Couvillion, Ph.D., a pediatric neuropsychologist, was hired to review documents, write a report, and testify on behalf of SACS. As for Dr. Couvillion’s expertise in brain injury, his curriculum vitae lists a presentation on head injury in 1999 for the Brain Injury Association of Indiana and indicates that he was a board member of that same organization beginning in 2004 for an unidentified period of time. He testified that in his current group practice, he conducts evaluations, works with families of children with a variety of conditions, including brain injury, and consults with the acute brain injury rehab unit at Methodist Hospital. He is certified by the American Board of Pediatric Neuropsychology. Dr. Couvillion never saw M.C., and he did not talk with M.C.’s parents, private providers, or anyone at FWCL. He reviewed records and talked to the School Psychologist and to an unidentified teacher for one hour. 2

C. Fort Wayne Center for Learning

During the relevant time period, the 2004-05 and 2005-06 school years, M.C. was educated, in part, at FWCL, a not-for-profit center located in Fort Wayne, Indiana, that provides specialized remedial instruction and developmental and remedial intensive therapy for children with disabilities as well as general education and gifted students who are struggling at school. The instructional methodology at FWCL is multi-sensory, explicit, and adapted for each student, and instructors present concepts and information in an organized, structured, and systematic manner. The overall approach to teaching takes into account a student’s sensory processing, language processing, and cognitive processing.

Olive Swenson, the Director of FWCL, previously worked for Lindamood-Bell for over ten years, has traveled around the country and to Australia training others in the Lindamood-Bell programs, and has operated two facilities for teaching students with academic difficulties. Prior to *908 coming to FWCL, she was the director of Integrated Learning Systems (“ILS”), a private center in Indianapolis. Linda-mood-Bell is a research-based developmental and remedial reading instruction program that focuses on phonemic awareness, decoding, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension. A visualizing-verbalizing technique is used in teaching comprehension. LiPS, another Lindamood-Bell program, focuses on phonemic awareness. M.C.’s mother testified that LiPS was recognized by the National Institute of Health and Child Development in 2000 as a crucial component of reading instruction.

For M.C., FWCL instruction was intensive, remedial, one-on-one, individualized, explicit, progressive, and systematic and used sensory-cognitive processing based methods. With M.C., FWCL used Linda-mood-Bell programs, including the Linda-mood-Bell Phoneme Sequencing Program, Visualizing and Verbalizing for reading and math, Drawing with Language for visual-motor and spatial processing, the Academic Performance Management Program for teaching organization, the Seeing Stars Symbol Imagery Program for reading, and the LiPS program to facilitate M.C.’s reading, comprehension, and vocabulary development. FWCL begins each task with an informal assessment to determine M.C.’s present level of performance and teaches M.C. at the level she demonstrates. FWCL provides M.C. instruction not only in academic skills, but also on perseverance, work product, timeliness, and following directions. FWCL uses Indiana State Standards to assess M.C.’s performance and work production. M.C.’s progress is also measured by her consistency, stability, and independence in performing learned skills. At FWCL, everything is broken down and then gradually built back up until M.C. can demonstrate a specific skill. While at FWCL during the years at issue, M.C. made progress in a variety of areas, including writing, decoding, reading, math, and social skills.

The instructors at FWCL are not required to be licensed teachers nor are they required to have degrees in education (or special education), although more than half of the instructors at FWCL are licensed teachers and all have a college education. The only required training at FWCL is presented by Swenson; training is provided for four hours every Friday. The instructors are trained to use the specialized programs and strategies set forth above. Swenson is not a licensed teacher, and although she has a bachelor’s degree, she has no degree in education. FWCL is not licensed or approved by any official body.

D. Relevant Educational & Administrative Procedural Chronology

1. The Early Years

M.C. attended Whispering Meadows, an elementary school in SACS for second grade — the 2000-01 school year. At that time, M.C. was unable to speak and so she vocalizations, sign language, and gestures to communicate, and she had an interpreter. She was unable to write, spell, read, or do mathematics above a kindergarten or first grade level. At that time, M.C. received physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, vision services, and adapted physical education at SACS. She received instruction in the general education second grade classroom.

During M.C.’s third and fourth grade years, her parents paid for her to attend ILS in Indianapolis and paid for speech, vision, occupational, and physical therapies. At the time, ILS was a private center, directed by Swenson, that provided instruction based on various methodologies, including the Lindamood-Bell methodology, to students with difficulties in reading, comprehension, spelling, writing, *909 visuomotor processing, and language. ILS now provides consultation and training to schools. When she left ILS after two years, M.C. had made approximately two years progress in reading, as she could read at a second grade level.

M.C. returned to Whispering Meadows School for fifth grade in August 2003. In fifth grade, SACS attempted to duplicate M.C.’s instruction at ILS, but M.C.’s mother testified that it was unsuccessful and M.C. was distracted by other students. She further testified that SACS did not provide the processing-based instruction that M.C. needs to make progress. M.C.’s parents complained to SACS that M.C.’s individualized education program (“IEP”) lacked measurable goals, academic objectives, and meaningful progress monitoring and complained about the lack of coordination among regular and special education staff. Unhappy with SACS’ program, the Parents returned M.C. to ILS in March 2004 to complete fifth grade at their expense. In Summer 2004, Swenson became executive director of FWCL to develop programs there. The Parents represent that, during the course of briefing the instant motions, Swenson has returned to ILS.

2. The 2004 Settlement Agreement

After the 2003-04 school year, the Parents requested a due process hearing against SACS. On August 4, 2004, the parties entered into a settlement agreement (“Settlement Agreement”) resolving disputes that led to the due process hearing request. See AR 2820. In exchange for M.C.’s parents withdrawing the pending hearing request and releasing SACS from liability for events prior to the 2004-OS school year, SACS promised to pay for up to fifteen hours per week of M.C.’s instruction at FWCL for the 2004-05 and 2005-06 school years. The Settlement Agreement addressed certain other provisions of M.C.’s education for the 2004-05 school year, the summer of 2005, and the 2005-06 school year. SACS was to conduct additional psychological evaluations in the summer of 2005 and 2006, and SACS agreed to use the same assessments that were used in the July 2004 assessments again in 2005 and 2006. The terms of the Settlement Agreement were to be incorporated into the IEP. SACS was to communicate at least weekly with the Parents via email as to materials being used with M.C., any assignments due, homework, upcoming tests, and progress on her goals and objectives. The Settlement Agreement did not address the provision of related services.

3. Academic Year 2004-05

During the 2004-05 school year, M.C. attended FWCL from 8:00 a.m. to noon and attended SACS’ Woodside Middle School in the afternoon for one, ninety-minute class at the end of the regular school day. On alternate Fridays, M.C. went to Indianapolis for therapies. On August 18, 2004, the parties met to develop M.C.’s IEP for the 2004-05 school year. The Settlement Agreement was referenced in the case conference summary. The parties executed an agreed-upon IEP for social studies and science for the 2004-05 school year, which indicated that M.C. should receive an accommodation of one-to-one instruction in her general education classes.

At Woodside, M.C.’s IEP initially placed her in a resource special education classroom, which contained three or four students, a teacher, and an aide. On September 30, 2004, SACS prepared an addendum to M.C.’s IEP, such that M.C. would be included in general education on certain days of the week and, on opposite days, would review in the special education classroom the general education course work. The IEP addendum provides that “[M.C.]’s mother would like her to attend *910 general education social studies class with support of an aide.” AR 2836. 3 M.C.’s father inquired whether M.C. could benefit from a general education classroom. SACS agreed to review the placement at mid term to determine if it was successful. Under this model, M.C. took science one semester and social studies the other semester. Ann Plasterer, an aide who is not a certified teacher, retaught M.C. social studies and science one-on-one in the special education room. M.C. received services at SACS from a teacher specializing in Mild Disabilities during the 2004-05 and 2005-06 school years.

At FWCL, the intensive program consisted of instruction to address various objectives in reading, spelling, writing, and math. FWCL also worked to increase M.C.’s stamina, perseverance, performance tempo and rate, and attention.

On November 15, 2004, a case conference meeting was held with SACS to review M.C.’s progress. A written evaluation in reading, math, and writing completed by FWCL was shared with SACS, as well as information concerning M.C.’s progress in speech and comprehension at FWCL. An IEP addendum was completed and provided, in part, that “[M.C.] will be excused from school every other Friday to go to Indy by parents’ choice to attend physical therapy and vision therapy.” AR 1748. FWCL also reported M.C.’s progress in a January 2005 six-week report and in a May 2005 report covering the period of January to May.

Ip. Summer 2005

During summer 2005, SACS paid for M.C. to attend FWCL for four weeks pursuant to the Settlement Agreement. The Parents provided M.C. with therapies over the summer. SACS did not provide M.C. with any school or private therapies during the summer of 2005.

5. Academic Year 2005-06

a) August 19, 2005 IEP

During the 2005-06 school year, M.C. attended Woodside for a full day and attended FWCL after school for eight to ten hours per week. On August 8, 2005, and prior to the case conference at which M.C.’s 2005-06 IEP was to be developed, the SACS staff designed a full-day program for M.C. at Woodside and proposed it to the Parents. M.C.’s mother agreed to the placement and enrolled M.C. for a full day at Woodside, believing that SACS would continue to pay for FWCL instruction for M.C.

A case conference was held on August 19, 2005, the day before school started, to develop M.C.’s 2005-06 IEP, and the parties executed an agreed-upon IEP. Present at the meeting were Kristie White, M.C.’s Teacher of Record (“TOR”); the School Psychologist; a general education teacher; Cheryl Carter, a mild disabilities teacher *911 and M.C.’s Teacher of Service (“TOS”); M.C.’s mother; and Jackie Gruesbeck, the director of special education (“Director of Special Education”). The notes of the August 19, 2005 case conference committee meeting demonstrate that the Parents still wanted M.C. to be at FWCL for some part of the day and that M.C.’s mother wanted M.C. to have both science and social studies all year long. The school team determined that M.C. would attend Woodside for a full day, but M.C.’s mother asked to reconvene to determine which educational services would be provided by Woodside and which would be provided by FWCL. The case conference committee meeting notes written by the Director of Special Education provide that M.C.’s mother “feels that Woodside is the best school that M.C. has attended.” AR 2941. M.C.’s TOR testified that she felt the Parents wanted a less restrictive environment because of the move to the general education classroom and the end of re-teaching on opposite days. SACS held another case conference on August 23, 2005, to discuss M.C.’s goals and plans for the year.

During the 2005-06 school year, M.C.’s TOR spent ninety minutes every other day (one block class period in an eight-block schedule) working with M.C. on her IEP goals. SACS taught M.C. reading and mathematics in a small group setting in the special education classroom, and M.C. continued to participate in social studies and science in the general education classroom. M.C.’s mother requested that she have social studies and science all year; this meant that her study hall period would need to cover both topics. During this school year, M.C. was supported by a one-to-one assistant, Rebecca Niles, who held a bachelor’s degree but was not licensed to teach in Indiana. In addition to M.C.’s core academic classes, SACS addressed numerous other matters, including but not limited to “functional” mathematics, “functional” language arts, general computing skills, various self-help concerns (e.g. traversing the school, riding the bus, opening a locker first using a key and then a combination, dressing for physical education, and resolving social disputes), occupational therapy for keyboarding, and speech and vision programs as recommended by M.C.’s private providers.

b) SACS’ due process hearing request

On August 29, 2005, the Director of Special Education sent an email to M.C.’s mother expressing her pleasure that M.C. would be attending Woodside for a full day and informing the Parents that the funding for FWCL would cease, reasoning that the basis for the original agreement for payment was to “provide a full educational experience which will now be accomplished at Woodside.” AR 1819. The same day, M.C.’s mother wrote that, if M.C. could not handle a full day at Woodside and instruction at FWCL, M.C.’s time at Woodside must be cut back. She also wrote that the Parents continued to expect M.C. to attend FWCL every day and that agreement to a full-day program at Woodside did not abrogate SACS’ obligation to continue to pay for additional services for M.C. at FWCL pursuant to the Settlement Agreement.

Additional communications were exchanged, and, eventually, SACS requested a due process hearing against the Parents, attempting to avoid its obligation to pay for FWCL under the Settlement Agreement. SACS claimed that the Parents had “unilaterally enrolled” M.C. full time at SACS. On December 12, 2005, the IHO found in favor of M.C.’s parents, denying SACS’ request to discontinue paying for up to fifteen hours a week of services through FWCL as originally set forth in the Settlement Agreement. 4 As a result, SACS continued to pay for up to fifteen *912 hours per week of instruction at FWCL for the 2005-06 school year.

c)January 20, 2006 case conference committee meeting

A case conference committee meeting was held on January 20, 2006, to “discuss M.C.’s educational day.” AR 1852. Both Parents attended the meeting. SACS’ meeting summary provided that “[M.C.] is very happy here at Woodside. She enjoys the social part of middle school. Mom mentioned that Woodside is doing a very good job with [M.C.].” Id. M.C.’s mother stated that she originally wanted M.C. to do a half day at Woodside and a half day at FWCL but that she also wanted M.C. to have social studies and science, which was proposed in such a way by SACS that M.C. needed to do a full day at Woodside to have both. She stated that she believed that her original purpose for M.C. for that year was not to send M.C. to Woodside all day and that in an ideal world, she did not like the idea that M.C. would attend school until 5:00 p.m. However, she stated that M.C. “is handling it and seems to be doing fíne.” AR 2986. M.C.’s mother says she signed the 2005-06 IEP in an attempt to avoid further litigation with SACS. Other excerpts of the meeting are set forth in the relevant portions of the Analysis below.

In response to numerous issues raised at the case conference, M.C.’s father wrote a “Written Opinion.” Therein, he noted that M.C.’s mother also noted at the meeting that M.C. is equally happy at FWCL. The Parents complained about the lack of progress in language arts and math at SACS, stating that only ILS and FWCL had proven progress in these areas, that M.C. did not have specific goals and benchmarks at SACS, that SACS was not coordinating efforts with FWCL, and that SACS was not requiring M.C. to write legibly. They noted that M.C.’s therapies were at their sole expense. They also disagreed with SACS’ claim that M.C. had made no progress at FWCL. The Parents wrote that SACS’ “professed concern about [M.C.’s] mental energies seem more driven by the objective to get at some theory by which a hearing officer can be convinced to alleviate the financial obligation of SACS schools to educate this child.” AR 1858.

d) March 15, 2006 case conference committee meeting

On March 15, 2006, SACS called a meeting to respond to the Written Opinion and to “review and discuss options for M.C.’s school day and the remainder of the school year.” AR 1878. Both parents attended the meeting. There was no discussion of the Written Opinion. When questioned by M.C.’s mother about why M.C.’s schedule was being discussed at that time in the year, the Director of Special Education explained that the Settlement Agreement called for a school day, not an extended school day.

On March 24, 2006, the Parents wrote a letter to the Director of Special Education expressing concern about SACS’ desire to change M.C.’s schedule and that M.C. was not making progress at SACS. The Parents felt that the case conference committee was not working effectively for M.C. and was being used to try to accomplish SACS’ goal of reducing the amount of money spent on M.C. The Parents also asked SACS for a case conference to discuss the 2006-07 school year.

e) May 17, 2006 case conference committee meeting

On May 17, 2006, SACS called a case conference committee meeting for the pur *913 pose of determining what testing of M.C. SACS would perform and to discuss extended school year services. Both parents attended. SACS proposed a general IS-TEP remediation class for M.C.’s extended school year services, whereas M.C.’s mother requested that SACS accept FWCL’s extended school year services. In response, SACS wrote a new proposal.

6. First Due Process Hearing Request

On June 5, 2006, the Parents requested a due process hearing regarding M.C.’s educational placement and services during the 2004-05 and 2005-06 school years. This is the administrative proceeding underlying the instant lawsuit.

7. Summer 2006

On June 16, 2006, the Independent Hearing Officer (“IHO”) ordered that SACS pay for fifteen hours at FWCL for four weeks during the summer of 2006.

8. Second Due Process Hearing Request & Unilateral Placement

No case conference committee meeting was held for 2006-2007, and SACS did not develop an IEP and new goals for M.C. for the 2006-2007 school year. On September 14, 2006, the Parents asked the IHO to add the issue of “whether the school failed to devise an appropriate and timely IEP for [M.C.] for the 2006-07 school year.” AR 3894. On September 27, 2006, the IHO denied the request and limited the Article 7 due process hearing to the provision of special education and related services to M.C. during the 2004-05 school year, the summer of 2005, and the 2005-06 school year.

On September 29, 2006, counsel for the Parents sent SACS’ attorney a ten-day unilateral placement notice, and the Parents removed M.C. from the public school and unilaterally placed her at FWCL for instruction and at Lutheran Hospital for therapies.

9. October 18, 2006 Case Conference Committee Meeting — Behavioral Intervention Plan

At the May 17, 2006 case conference committee meeting, SACS offered to perform a functional behavioral assessment (“FBA”) for attention and drooling, and M.C.’s parents gave permission for the FBA. SACS’ Functional Behavior Screening form includes a query as to “how disruptive or dangerous is the problem behavior.” Concerning drooling, the FBA, dated May 30, 2006, indicates that ignoring, redirection, and corrective feedback are interventions that school staff had tried with M.C. to decrease drooling and that all had low effectiveness. On October 5, 2006, SACS informed M.C.’s parents that the school had completed M.C.’s FBA and requested a case conference to review the FBA and develop a Behavioral Intervention Plan (“BIP”). On October 18, 2006, SACS held a case conference committee meeting to review behavior data from May 2006 and to draft a behavior plan for M.C. for drooling and attention based on the observations made in May 2006. However, M.C. had been removed from Woodside, and SACS never implemented the BIP. 5

10. Article 7 Due Process Hearing

Following numerous extensions of the hearing date, on October 21, 2006, the IHO *914 issued a final Order on Prehearing Conference, which affirmed nineteen issues to be considered, as agreed by the parties:

During the 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 School Years, did the School—

1. Fail to use scientifically based, peer reviewed methods of instruction when implementing the goals and objectives contained in the Student IEP(s)?

2. Fail to appropriately and timely conduct a FBA?

3. Fail to devise an appropriate BIP based on the principles of positive behavioral supports?

4. Fail to provide speech therapy as required by the Student?

5. Fail to provide occupational therapy as required by the Student?

6. Fail to provide vision therapy as required by the Student?

7. Fail to provide self-help skills training as required by the Student?

8. Fail to provide for ESY services as required by the Student?

9. Fail to provide measurable goals and objectives in each area of identified need as recorded in the Student’s IEP?

10. Fail to provide ISTEP remediation as required by the Student?

11. Fail to provide counseling services as required by the Student?

12. Fail to provide social skills training as required by the Student?

13. Fail to provide required or necessary educational services for the Student in the LRE?

14. Fail to provide progress reports to the Parents as required by the Student’s IEP(s) or Article 7?

15. Fail to ensure that its’ [sic] staff was appropriately certified, licensed or trained to provide the Student those services as contained in the Student’s IEP?

16. Violate the “stay-put” provisions of Article 7 or IDEIA by withholding payments to the Fort Wayne Center for Learning?

17. Fail to evaluate the Student within the timelines established by Article 7 or a previous settlement agreement?

18. Fail to conduct mandated statewide assessment(s) of the Student; specifically, either ISTEP or IS-TAR as required by Article 7 or the Students IEP(s)?

19. Fail to reimburse the Parents for the costs of transportation as required by previously written agreement or Article 7.

AR 3896-97. Issues 10 and 18 were dismissed on December 2, 2006.

A five-day evidentiary hearing with testimony from numerous witnesses was held on November 27, 28, 29, and December 4, and 5, 2006. On January 31, 2007, the presiding IHO rendered a 79-page decision resolving 18 of the 19 issues raised by the Parents in favor of SACS. With regard to issue number 9, whether “[d]uring the 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 school years, did the school fail to provide measurable goals and objectives in each area of identified need as recorded in [M.C.’s] IEP,” AR 3943, the IHO found a technical violation constituting a procedural error but concluded that it did not impede M.C.’s right to a free appropriate public education (“FAPE”), did not deprive the Parents of an opportunity to participate in the decision making process regarding the provision of a FAPE, and did not cause M.C. a deprivation of educational benefit. AR 3945.

Nevertheless, the IHO ordered SACS to conduct a case conference committee meet *915 ing within fifteen calendar days of the date of the Order to review and revise M.C.’s then-current IEP. The IHO further ordered that M.C. receive special education and related services in the public school, individual speech therapy services by the school’s speech therapist a minimum of twice a week for a minimum of thirty minutes each session, occupational therapy services by or under the supervision of the school’s occupational therapist, and an informal evaluation regarding her social skills strengths and weaknesses to form the basis for interventions developed by the case conference committee.

He ordered the case conference committee to review data to determine whether vision therapy is required as a related service and, if so, by whom. The IHO ordered SACS to consult with Dr. Couvillion for the purpose of designing and implementing a specific strategy to ameliorate, to the degree possible, M.C.’s drooling. He ordered SACS to establish goals and objectives for personal hygiene and self-help skills to be determined by the case conference committee; to ensure that specific, measurable goals and objectives are included in M.C.’s IEP and that they include performance based terms, conditions of performance, and criteria for measurement; to review M.C.’s progress toward meeting the goals twice each grading period by the TOR to be provided to the Parents in writing within five calendar days; to design M.C.’s academic instruction on a functional curriculum to facilitate independent living skills; and to invite the Parents to any meeting that addresses the addition, removal, or modification of goals, objectives, or other changes to the IEP. The IHO ruled that SACS has no further obligation to provide reimbursement for privately provided educational or related services.

11. Appeal to the BSEA

On March 2, 2007, the Parents appealed the IHO’s decision to Indiana’s three-member Board of Special Education Appeals (“BSEA”). The BSEA was comprised of three individuals — one permanent member of the BSEA, one long-time attorney, and one professor of special education from Indiana University. The Parents did not seek to submit any new evidence to the BSEA. In their appeal, the Parents sought a review and finding that SACS

failed to: (1) utilize scientifically based instruction; (2) complete an appropriate functional behavior assessment and develop a behavior intervention plan; (3) provide appropriate related services; (4) develop an IEP with measurable goals and objectives so that M.C. may receive a [FAPE]; (5) provide meaningful progress reports; (6) provide a neuropsychological evaluation in compliance with the August, 2004 settlement agreement and Article 7 of the Indiana Code; (7) appropriately consider the testimony of expert witnesses presented by Petitioners, and; (8) provide an appropriate educational placement for M.C.

AR 4975. After a lengthy oral argument, the BSEA rendered a 48-page written decision on June 14, 2007, largely affirming the IHO’s Order. The resulting evidentiary record is now contained in approximately 20 volumes and spans over 6,000 pages.

The BSEA affirmed the IHO’s decision with specific modifications. The BSEA removed finding of fact No. 11 that M.C.’s father had authored the Settlement Agreement as irrelevant; amended finding of fact No. 33 to describe “drooling behavior” rather than “drooling;” struck from finding of fact No. 40 as irrelevant the phrase “The Student’s parents are well educated. The father is an attorney. The Mother is a college graduate;” amended finding of fact No. 130 to modify the phrase “[the *916 Parents] demanded that the Student be forced to use cursive handwriting instead” to “[the Parents] requested the Student be instructed to use cursive handwriting instead;” disagreed with the IHO’s limitation of a BIP to those behaviors of a student being considered for suspension, expulsion, or placement in an alternative setting, explaining that a BIP is necessary any time an eligible student demonstrates untoward behavior that adversely affects educational performance, which could include safety issues without regard to disciplinary matters; and amended conclusion of law No. 4 to reflect that speech therapy is a special education 'service rather than a related service. AR 6328-32. Regarding the IHO’s orders, the BSEA reworded Order No. 1(A) and (D) and removed the requirement that social skills instruction be based on “commercially published” curricula; modified Order No. 3 to require SACS to consult with a pediatric neuropsychologist, rather than specifically Dr. Couvillion; and struck the last sentence of Order No. 3 that ordered a program “for the duration of the Student’s public school experiences” as too expansive. AR 6332-33. The remaining challenged findings of fact and conclusions of law were sustained.

E. Annual Testing

The School Psychologist administered the same tests to M.C. pursuant to the Settlement Agreement in the summers of 2004, 2005, and 2006, and each year, she issued a psychoeducational report. She testified that many of M.C.’s scores were constant, which indicates constancy in her performance. At the January 20, 2006 case conference, she explained that if a standard score is stabilized, then learning had to have taken place. During the 2005 testing, M.C. rocked, did not attend, complained of being tired, yawned, stretched, bounced in her seat, drooled, looked around the room, constantly watched the clock, pointed to answers without looking, and gave answers quickly to be done with the test.

In the 2004 evaluation, the School Psychologist recommended direct academic instruction for M.C. outside the general education classroom, a distraction-free area, and a systematic math program offering mastery of basic skills, a consistent approach, frequent drill, and practice reinforcement activities. In 2005, the School Psychologist recommended a program to teach specific reading comprehension skills, and she recommended an assistive technology evaluation for M.C. In 2006, she recommended that material be presented at M.C.’s instructional level but that this could be accomplished in the classroom. She recommended that M.C. continue to receive educational strategies that develop her vocabulary skills when reading. In her hearing testimony, the School Psychologist agreed that M.C.’s unique set of thinking and reasoning abilities makes her overall intellectual functioning difficult to summarize by a single score.

F. Private Therapies and Related Services

1. Occupational Therapy

M.C. received occupational therapy services from SACS during the 2000-01 school year, and the School’s February 2001 evaluation indicated the need for “intensive intervention in the areas of visual-perceptual and fine-motor skills” as well as classroom accommodations. AR 1526. During the 2003-04 school year, the year prior to the two years at issue, M.C. received consultative occupational therapy and consultative speech therapy from SACS. During the 2004-05 school year, SACS did not provide occupational therapy services for M.C., but during the 2005-06 school year, M.C. received consultative, school-based occupational therapy. During the 2004-05 and 2005-06 school years, *917 neither SACS’ special education director nor any of her employees authored a document to provide related services to M.C.

The July 2004 school psychoeducational evaluation documented in a summary of “educational data” in the “record review” that “[rjelated areas of recommended service include occupational therapy on a weekly basis at a direet/consult level and consultation services from the visually impaired specialist on a weekly basis.” AR 2803. M.C.’s 2004-05 IEP does not contain any provision regarding related services.

In her July 2004 report, SACS’ occupational therapist, Diane Jones (“Occupational Therapist”), recommended consultative occupational therapy services for M.C. The Occupational Therapist did not attend M.C.’s case conference, and M.C.’s IEP for the 2004-05 school year did not include the recommended consultative occupational therapy services. The IEP for that year did not contain goals for M.C. in any of the areas recommended by the occupational therapist in her July 2004 evaluation. In June 2005, the Occupational Therapist evaluated M.C. and again recommended only consultative occupational therapy services. The June 27, 2005 occupational therapy evaluation provides: “[M.C.]’s performance with cogntivite/behavioral tasks continues to be within the range of performance of same grade peers for functional communication; following social conventions; compliance with adult directives and school rules; positive interaction; behavior regulation; and safety.” AR 2870. An occupational therapist did not attend M.C.’s case conference, and M.C.’s 2005-06 IEP includes only occupational therapy consultation regarding typing skills for thirty minutes per week for the first ten weeks of school.

The June 2006 occupational therapy evaluation indicated that M.C. needs independence in the cafeteria, to maintain attention to task, to work on personal care and hygiene, social awareness regarding her drooling, and to write neater and learn keyboarding skills. These same needs were recognized in the 2004 and 2005 evaluations. This is the first time that keyboarding was recommended in an occupational therapy evaluation.

2. Speech Therapy

Anita Tom, M.C.’s private speech pathologist, provided M.C. with private speech therapy from as early as 1998.

SACS knew that M.C. had deficits in her speech, including difficulty with speech production and enunciation. M.C. received speech therapy from SACS during the 2000-01 school year, and the school speech therapist recommended that M.C. continue to receive speech services to address receptive and expressive language delays. M.C. received consultative speech therapy services from SACS in 2003, and M.C.’s mother requested that the school and private speech pathologists work together on M.C.’s speech and drooling. During the years at issue, M.C.’s general education teachers at SACS indicated that M.C. wanted to relate to her classmates, but was unable to make herself understood. They also reported that M.C. had difficulty communicating during small group discussions although she enjoyed working in small groups. No school speech therapist attended either of M.C.’s case conferences for the 2004-05 and 2005-06 school years, and no IEP goals for speech were written for either school year. SACS did not recommend a speech therapy evaluation, conducted no speech evaluations, and provided no speech therapy to M.C. during those two school years.

S. Services for Social Skills

No school social worker attended either of M.C.’s case conference committee meet *918 ings for the 2004-05 and 2005-06 school years and no IEP goals for social skills were written in either year.

i. Vision Therapy

Vision therapy was provided to M.C. at the Parents’ expense by Dr. Van Hoy. Dr. Fisher and Dr. Savage both testified that vision therapy is necessary to address the visual difficulties that interfere with M.C.’s ability to learn.

M.C.’s visual disorders affect her ability to keep her place when reading text and affect her note-taking during lecture and from a blackboard. According to the School Psychologist, M.C.’s weakness in spatial-perceptual reasoning may cause her to confuse visual symbols on a page and fail to attend to visual details. In 2002, in a letter to the Director of Special Education, M.C.’s mother requested that SACS integrate what their privately paid optometrist recommended. She also indicated in the same letter that “we have not and do not anticipate requesting the school district ... provide funding for vision therapy.” AR 1588. 6 Since that time, SACS has not evaluated M.C. for specific visual impairments. No teacher of the visually impaired attended M.C.’s case conferences for the 2004-05 or 2005-06 school years, no goals for M.C.’s visual difficulties were written in either IEP, and SACS did not provide M.C. with vision services during either the 2004-05 or 2005-06 school years.

5. Unilateral Placement

Beginning in October 2006, when M.C. was removed from the public school by the Parents, M.C. receives physical, occupational, and speech language therapy at Lutheran Hospital, Division of Outpatient Rehabilitation. M.C. receives physical therapy five days per week for 30 to 60 minutes per day, occupational therapy five days per week for 45 to 60 minutes per day, and speech language therapy five days per week for 45 to 60 minutes each day. 7 The goals of the private speech and language services are to control drooling and increase conversational articulation skills. The goals of M.C.’s private occupational therapy are to improve M.C.’s fine motor skills such as cutting, writing, and *919 manipulating clothes fasteners and her activities of daily living, such as grooming, navigating the community, and sensory integration. Goals of physical therapy include improving ambulation, strength, and gross motor skills. The private therapies also assist M.C. with educational and life skills. Lutheran Hospital therapists follow a standard behavior plan for M.C. in the outpatient setting.

PROCEDURAL HISTORY

The Parents filed a Complaint in this case on July 12, 2007, appealing both the IHO’s and BSEA’s decisions. On August 2, 2007, SACS filed an Answer and Affirmative Defenses. On August 29, 2007, the Parents placed the administrative record with the Clerk’s office.

The Parents filed a Motion to Supplement the Administrative Record on September 5, 2007, which SACS opposed. On December 14, 2007, 2007 WL 4438624 , the Court granted the Parents leave only to supplement the administrative record with M.C.’s 2006 eighth-grade ISTEP and the United States Department of Education’s publication: “Identifying and Implementing Educational Practices Supported by Rigorous Evidence: A User Friendly Guide,” dated December 2003. 8 However, the Court ordered additional briefing on the Parents’ request to supplement the record with the transcripts of the January 20, 2006 and May 17, 2006 case conference committee meetings. On January 28, 2008, the Court granted the Parents leave to supplement the administrative record with the audiotapes and full transcripts, limiting the Parents in their use of the transcripts and audiotapes to the specific inconsistencies and omissions they had identified and to demonstrating the absence of specific alleged quotations from SACS’ summary notes of the January conference.

On December 10, 2007, the Parents filed an Amended Complaint with leave of Court, alleging that the IHO applied the incorrect standard of a FAPE, misapplied the procedural requirements of a FAPE, applied the incorrect standard for functional behavior assessments and behavior planning pursuant to the IDEA, and incorrectly blamed the Parents for SACS’ failure to provide related services. They also allege that the IHO’s interpretation of Indiana regulations violates federal law; the record does not support the IHO’s determination that SACS used peer reviewed, scientifically based methodologies to educate M.C.; the record does not support the IHO’s credibility determinations; and the IHO ignored SACS’ violations of the IDEA and a FAPE. The Parents further allege that the BSEA’s ruling wrongly upheld the IHO’s order. SACS filed a Motion to Strike portions of the Amended Complaint on December 20, 2007, which the Court denied.

A Motion to Enforce Stay-Put Placement was filed by the Parents on December 4, 2007, which SACS opposed and the Court denied.

On December 20, 2007, SACS filed an Answer to the Amended Complaint and Affirmative Defenses. On January 3, 2008, the Parents filed a Motion to Strike Affirmative Defenses Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(f), which the Court denied.

On January 9, 2008, SACS filed a Motion to Supplement Administrative Record, *920 which the Parents opposed and the Court denied. On March 3, 2008, the Parents filed a Second Motion to Supplement the Administrative Record, opposed by SACS, which the Court denied.

On May 15, 2008, the parties filed the instant cross motions for summary judgment The parties filed their respective response briefs on June 16, 2008. 9 The Parents filed a Reply in support of their motion for summary judgment on July 1, 2008, and SACS filed a Reply in support of their motion for summary judgment on July 7, 2008. 10 For most of the briefs, the parties were granted leave to file oversize briefs.

At all relevant times throughout the administrative and court proceedings, both the Parents and SACS have been represented by counsel. The parties filed forms of consent to have this case assigned to a United States Magistrate Judge to conduct all further proceedings and to order the entry of a final judgment in this case. Therefore, this Court has jurisdiction to decide this case pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636 (c).

THE STANDARD OF JUDICIAL REVIEW

In a case brought under the IDEA, the burden of proof is on the party challenging the outcome of the state administrative proceedings. See Alex R. v. Forrestville Valley Cmty. Unit Sch. Dist. No. 221, 375 F.3d 603, 611 (7th Cir.2004) (citing Heather S. v. Wisconsin, 125 F.3d 1045, 1052 (7th Cir.1997)); Patricia P. v. Bd. of Educ., 203 F.3d 462 , 466-67 (7th Cir. 2000). 11 In determining whether the burden has been met, a reviewing court “(i) shall receive the records of the administrative proceedings; (ii) shall hear additional evidence at the request of a party; and (iii) basing its decision on the preponderance of the evidence, shall grant such relief as the court determines appropriate.” 20 U.S.C. § 1415 (i)(2)(C) (2008).

When reviewing a motion for summary judgment under the IDEA, which is the procedural vehicle for asking a court to decide the case based on the administrative record, the Court does not apply the traditional summary judgment standard, yet the statutory directive to rule based on the “preponderance of the evidence” also removes the Court from the usual familiar territory of judicial review of administrative decisions. See Todd v. Duneland Sch. Corp., 299 F.3d 899, 904 (7th Cir.2002); Evanston Cmty. Consol. Sch. Dist. No. 65 v. Michael M., 356 F.3d 798, 802 (7th Cir.2004). Nevertheless, the Court is not to hear the evidence de novo. In Board of Education v. Rowley, 458 U.S. 176, 206 , 102 S.Ct. 3034 , 73 L.Ed.2d 690 (1982), the Supreme Court established that, under the statute, courts must give “due weight” to the administrative decision. See Bd. of Educ. v. Ross, 486 F.3d 267, 270 (7th Cir. 2007). However, the Supreme Court held that the statute is not “an invitation to the courts to substitute their own notions of sound educational policy for those of the *921 school authorities which they review.” Rowley, 458 U.S. at 206 , 102 S.Ct. 3034 ; see also Butler v. Evans, 225 F.3d 887 , 892 (7th Cir.2000); Patricia P., 203 F.3d at 466.

Under the “due weight” standard, if the district court has taken additional evidence not presented to the hearing officer, the degree of deference varies according to the significance of the evidence taken, such that the more the court relies on additional evidence, the less it is required to defer to the hearing officer. Alex R., 375 F.3d at 612 (“At one end of the continuum, where the district court does not take new evidence and relies solely on the administrative record, it owes considerable deference to the hearing officer, and may set aside the administrative record only if it is ‘strongly convinced that the order is erroneous.’ ”) (quoting Sch. Dist. of Wis. Dells v. Z.S., 295 F.3d 671 , 675 (7th Cir. 2002)). In this case, although the Court has allowed the Parents to supplement the record with three new additional documents, their use and import are not extensive, and the Court will note that evidence as it arises and adjust the level of review accordingly. Overall, the Court gives considerable deference to the administrative decision. On purely legal issues, the Court owes no deference to the hearing officer. See Dale M. ex rel. Alice M. v. Bd. of Educ., 237 F.3d 813, 817 (7th Cir. 2001).

Under the IDEA, the BSEA’s decision is the final reviewable decision of the administrative proceedings. If the decisions of the BSEA and the IHO conflict, the Court must defer to the final decision of the state authorities, which is the BSEA. Todd, 299 F.3d at 904 (citing Bd. of Educ. of LaGrange Sch. Dist. v. ILL. State Bd. of Educ., 184 F.3d 912 , 914-15 (7th Cir. 1999)).

THE IDEA

In 2004, Congress amended the IDEA with the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 (“ID-EIA”), 20 U.S.C. § 1400 el seq., which took effect on July 1, 2005, and may be referred to as the IDEA. See 20 U.S.C. § 1400 (a). Accordingly, the provisions of the IDEA prior to the amendments apply to M.C.’s education for the 2004-05 school year, and the amended IDEA applies to the 2005-06 school year. 12

The IDEA guarantees a free and appropriate public education (“FAPE”) to every disabled child who attends a public school that receives public funds. 20 U.S.C. §§ 1400 (d)(1)(A), 1412(a)(1). To assure that children with disabilities receive a FAPE, the IDEA requires that school districts cooperate with a student’s parents to create an individualized education program (“IEP”), which is a written statement for that disabled child comprised of specific, statutorily designated components. See 20 U.S.C. §§ 1401 (11), 1414(d) (2004) (current version at 20 U.S.C. §§ 1401 (14), 1414(d) (2008)).

For an education to be “appropriate” under the IDEA, the program set forth in the IEP (1) must be developed in compliance with the procedural safeguards set forth in the IDEA and (2) in its substance must be “reasonably calculated to enable the child to receive educational benefits.” Rowley, 458 U.S. at 206-07 , 102 S.Ct. 3034 .

Regarding the procedural prong, the IDEA sets forth a number of specific procedural safeguards for children with dis *922 abilities and their parents with respect to the provision of a FAPE. See 20 U.S.C. § 1415 (b). Although the Supreme Court in Rowley emphasized the importance Congress attached to the IDEA’S procedural safeguards, “[procedural flaws do not automatically require a finding of a denial of a FAPE.” Ross, 486 F.3d at 276 . 13 The Seventh Circuit has held that only those procedural flaws that result in loss of educational opportunity can be held to deny a student a FAPE. See Hjortness ex rel. Hjortness v. Neenah Joint Sch. Dist., 507 F.3d 1060, 1065 (7th Cir.2007) (citing Ross, 486 F.3d at 276 ); Heather S., 125 F.3d at 1059 . The reenacted IDEA clarifies that, for procedural violations, an IHO may find that a child did not receive a FAPE only if the procedural inadequacies “(I) impeded the child’s right to a free appropriate public education; (II) significantly impeded the parents’ opportunity to participate in the decisionmaking process regarding the provision of a free appropriate public education to the parents’ child; or (III) caused a deprivation of educational benefits.” 20 U.S.C. § 1415 (f)(3)(E)(ii) (effective July 1, 2005). 14

Under the substantive prong, the requirement that the IEP be reasonably calculated to confer educational benefit is met when the IEP is “likely to produce progress, not regression or trivial educational advancement,” and the “requisite degree of reasonable, likely progress varies, depending on the student’s abilities.” Alex R., 375 F.3d at 615 (citations omitted); see also Ross, 486 F.3d at 270 (citing Rowley, 458 U.S. at 207 , 102 S.Ct. 3034 ); A.S. v. Madison Metro. Sch. Dist., 477 F.Supp.2d 969, 979 (W.D.Wis.2007) (“The standard in this Circuit is whether the IEP is reasonably calculated to provide educational benefits to the student.”); Z.F. v. South Harrison Cmty. Sch. Corp., No. 404CV0073DFHWGH, 2005 WL 2373729 , at *10 (S.D.Ind. Sept. 1, 2005) (stating that the IEP must be likely to produce progress, not regression or trivial educational advancement). The Supreme Court in Rowley stated that the public education must at least be “meaningful.” 458 U.S. at 192 , 102 S.Ct. 3034 ; see also Polk v. Cent. Susquehanna Intermediate Unit 16, 853 F.2d 171 , 182 (3rd Cir.1988) (analyzing the legislative history and holding that “benefit” is more than a de minimis standard); 15 Nein v. Greater Clark Sch. Corp., 95 F.Supp.2d 961, 975 (S.D.Ind.2000) (finding that the IDEA requires “meaningful education benefit”). However, the IDEA does not require that the child be educated “to her highest potential.” Bd. of Educ. of Murphyshoro v. Ill. State Bd. of Educ., 41 F.3d 1162 , 1166 (7th Cir.1994). In reauthorizing the IDEA in 2004, Congress found that the education of children with disabilities can be made more effective by having high expectations for them and by “ensuring their access to the general edu *923 cation curriculum in the regular classroom” in order for them to meet developmental goals and to be prepared to lead productive and independent adult lives to the maximum extent possible. See 20 U.S.C. § 1400 (c)(5)(A).

ANALYSIS

In their motion, the Parents argue that summary judgment should be granted in their favor because the IHO and the BSEA failed to find that M.C. was denied a FAPE and failed to order the Parents’ desired private educational placement for M.C. The alleged deficiencies in the administrative decision relate to the standard for a FAPE, measurable goals, apportioning the responsibility for providing a FAPE, the provision of related services, a functional behavior assessment and a behavior intervention plan, scientifically based methodologies, the interpretation of Indiana and federal law, credibility determinations, meaningful parental participation, whether the 2006-07 school year is at issue, and unilateral placement. The Parents seek a Court order implementing their unilateral placement of M.C. at FWCL for academics and Lutheran Hospital for intensive therapies and granting reimbursement for this private placement beginning in October 2006.

In contrast, SACS argues for summary judgment in its favor, contending that the Parents cannot meet their burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that the educational program they helped to develop and that M.C. received during the 2004-05 and 2005-06 school years denied M.C. a FAPE and that the Parents’ long-standing choice to obtain related services from private providers rather than SACS resulted in a violation of the IDEA. SACS addresses each count of the Parents’ Amended Complaint, argues the propriety of the IHO’s order as modified by the BSEA, and attempts to prove that a FAPE was consistently provided to M.C.

As both parties have fully briefed all issues set forth in the Amended Complaint, the Court addresses the cross motions for summary judgment jointly, considering each argument in turn. 16

A. Credibility Determinations

As a preliminary matter, the Parents contend that the IHO made a variety of credibility findings unsupported by the evidence of record. See Am. Compl., Count VII. Although the BSEA’s decision is the final renewable decision of the administrative proceedings, a reviewing court “must give considerable weight to any credibility determinations made by the first hearing officer.” Dale M., 237 F.3d at 816 (citing Heather S., 125 F.3d at 1053-54 ) (discussing a case in which the reviewing agency reversed the hearing officer). An IHO’s credibility findings do not deserve due weight if non-testimonial, extrinsic evidence in the record justifies a contrary conclusion or if the record read in its entirety compels a contrary conclusion. See Carlisle Area Sch. v. Scott P., 62 F.3d 520, 529 (3d Cir.1995), cert. denied 517 U.S. 1135 , 116 S.Ct. 1419 , 134 L.Ed.2d 544 (1996), cited in Heather S., 125 F.3d at 1054 .

1. The Parents’ Education

In his decision, the IHO noted that M.C.’s father is an attorney at law and made a finding that “[M.C.’s] parents are well educated.” AR 3909. The BSEA struck the finding as irrelevant, reasoning that “[n]either IDEA nor Article 7 places greater responsibilities upon parents based upon their educational or professional *924 background.” AR 6329. Recognizing this holding, the Parents nevertheless contend that the BSEA failed to provide any relief for the IHO’s error, arguing that the IHO’s view of them as educated colored his entire decision. The Court finds that no additional relief from the BSEA was necessary as the BSEA found that the Parents “were actively involved in the [case conference committee] process, were supported by private practitioners in the process, and there were agreed-upon IEPs in place for the school years in question.” AR 6329. Similarly, throughout his decision, the IHO espoused this general principle of the Parents’ informed participation in the IEP process. As set out in Part E.4 below, the record supports the administrative determination that, without considering their level of education, the Parents were active participants in M.C.’s IEP process, often guiding the direction of her educational programs.

2. The Expert Witnesses

Perhaps them most relied-on credibility challenge, the Parents argue that the IHO erred by discounting the testimony of the Parents’ experts who met with M.C. and crediting the testimony of those of SACS who did not. SACS responds that, given the questionable substance of and circumstances surrounding their testimony at the hearing, the IHO properly discounted the weight of the Parents’ experts. There is no question in this case that all four experts — Dr. Savage, Dr. Fisher, Dr. Couvillion, and Dr. Stauffer — hold the proper degrees and licensure in their respective fields.

a) Dr. Savage

The Parents argue that the Court should credit the expertise of Dr. Savage, their expert, because he has a Ph.D. in education and is an expert in brain injury. He has conducted major studies in brain injury, one of which found that brain-injured children with intensive occupational, physical, or speech therapy improved functioning, and he opined that intense therapy could also work for vision. He testified that if her overall functioning can be improved, M.C. will have a better opportunity to improve her learning. The Parents emphasize that Dr. Savage met and spent time with M.C. and met with her private providers.

However, the weight given by the IHO to Dr. Savage’s testimony was affected by a violation of the separation of witnesses order at the hearing. Early in the administrative process, the Parents requested a separation of witnesses order, which the IHO granted. Dr. Fisher, the Parents’ expert, testified for the entire first day of the administrative hearing. Before Dr. Fisher began testifying, but out of her presence, the IHO reminded the parties on two separate occasions that there was a “separation of witnesses” at the hearing. He did not repeat the admonition to Dr. Fisher personally. On the second day of the hearing, the IHO made this same admonition four more times related to other witnesses. On the third day of the hearing, the Parents called Dr. Savage to the stand, and the following exchange occurred during questioning by counsel for SACS:

Q: How is it you became aware of what [Dr. Fisher’s] testimony was on Monday?

A: I talked with her.

Q: You talked with Dr. Fisher after she testified?

A: Yeah.

Q: After she testified?

A: Yeah.

AR 718. The IHO responded that this was “very highly inappropriate,” cleared the room, and called an hour and a half recess. Id. Upon returning, both sides were permitted to address the issue. *925 SACS asked that both experts’ reports be excluded from the IHO’s consideration. Ultimately, the IHO did not exclude the reports or the testimony, but instead provided the following holding:

What I will state for the record, is that realizing the state of affairs that exist as verified by the witness’s own testimony, that in my reviewing the record of this matter, as well as the documents attributable to both parties, will be reviewed and given the appropriate weight that I think they deserve.

AR 726.

The Parents are correct that the IHO inaccurately stated in his findings that he had personally advised Dr. Fisher of the separation of witnesses order. However, the order was made at the Parents’ request, and they were responsible for advising their expert witnesses of the order. In Indiana, once a separation of witnesses has been ordered, “what to do about a violation of the order is a question which is to be resolved by a study of affected interests and their fair accommodation” by the trial court, whose decision is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Clark v. State, 480 N.E.2d 555, 558 (Ind.1985). Even where a clear violation of the separation order is shown, the trial court may permit the violating witness to testify, particularly where there is no evidence of collusion by the party calling the witness. Baysinger v. State, 436 N.E.2d 96, 100 (Ind.Ct.App. 1982); see also Wireman v. State, 432 N.E.2d 1343, 1349 (Ind.1982), cert. denied 459 U.S. 992 , 103 S.Ct. 350 , 74 L.Ed.2d 389 ; Ray v. State, 838 N.E.2d 480, 486 (Ind.Ct.App.2005). It has been held to be prejudicial error to refuse to permit a witness who violates a separation of witnesses order to testify when the party calling the witness is not at fault for the violation. Brannum v. State, 267 Ind. 51 , 366 N.E.2d 1180, 1184 (1977). Yet, more recently, the Indiana Supreme Court upheld the total exclusion of a witness when “no one ever told [the witness] not to talk about her testimony” but the party acknowledged “that it was his responsibility to advise his witnesses not to talk about the case and to explain the separation order.” Joyner v. State, 736 N.E.2d 232, 244 (Ind.2000). 17 In this case, the IHO was squarely within his discretion when he explicitly declined to exclude the testimony of Dr. Fisher and Dr. Savage but rather gave the testimony proper weight in light of all the circumstances as he rendered his decision. The IHO’s credibility determination will not be disturbed.

In further support of greater weight for Dr. Savage’s opinions, the Parents also reason that Dr. Savage testified consistently with his written report that M.C. needs direct instruction, intensive therapies, social skills instruction, and life skills programming, and, therefore, he should be deemed credible. This argument goes to the substantive merits of certain claims, the analysis of which implicates not only Dr. Savage’s credibility but also the value the IHO afforded the opinions of SACS’ experts and the other evidence of record in relation to those issues. In the context of each such claim, the Court will determine whether the administrative decision is entitled to due weight based on the whole record, including the testimony and written report of Dr. Savage.

Next, the Parents claim that in Finding # 84, the IHO “criticized” Dr. Savage for not speaking with school personnel before making his conclusions. Finding # 84 pro *926 vides: “Dr. Savage’s testimony and written report were based on ... what had been provided to him by the Student and those employed by the Student.” AR 3918. There is no criticism in this finding; it is an accurate and neutral statement of the materials relied on by Dr. Savage.

Finally, the Parents note that Dr. Savage testified that he did not go to Wood-side because he was told he could go to Woodside but could not talk with anyone. SACS has a written policy that prohibits independent consultants from observing classrooms in order to preserve the integrity of the classroom; however, SACS made an exception in this case and agreed to allow the Parents’ expert to observe in the public school classroom but not to speak with school personnel. Dr. Savage’s September 3, 2006 report confirms, “Dates to interview school staff were offered but never realized.” AR 2143.

b) Dr. Fisher’s testimony

SACS contends that the IHO properly discounted the weight given to the testimony of Dr. Fisher and thus to the Parents’ preferred placements recommended by Dr. Fisher because she testified “incompetently.” Def. Resp., p. 42; see also Del Br., p. 20. Dr. Fisher testified that whoever teaches M.C. would “need to have knowledge in brain behavior relationships” and would “need to be a specialist” and that she recommended that M.C. be taught at FWCL because she was “certain the director [of FWCL] has [such] knowledge” and assumed that she had a teaching degree. AR 245-49. The next day, Swenson, the Director of FWCL, took the stand and testified that she has no education in regard to brain injuries and no training in regard to teaching brain-injured children and does not have a teaching degree or an Indiana teacher’s license. Although the Parents note that Dr. Savage was not concerned that Swenson has no teaching degree in light of her training and because the direct instruction at FWCL is consistent with his recommendations, they do not identify any such statement of Dr. Fisher. It was reasonable to discount the credibility of Dr. Fisher’s opinion related to the appropriateness of FWCL.

c) SACS’ experts

To shift the balance in favor of then-experts, the Parents attempt to question the credibility of SACS’ witnesses and experts. First, the Parents suggest that the School Psychologist referenced Dr. Fisher’s testimony while testifying at the hearing. Although the School Psychologist used the word “testifies” in relation to a statement by Dr. Fisher, the context reveals that she is referencing Dr. Fisher’s written report, not her hearing testimony. See AR 1239:10-14. Notably, no objection was made at the hearing nor was there any discussion regarding a violation of the separation of witnesses order based on the School Psychologist’s testimony.

The Parents next note that Dr. Stauffer, the pediatric neurologist who wrote a letter for SACS, did not meet with M.C. or talk to anyone at the school and did not testify. The Parents are correct; Dr. Stauffer prepared her report after “reviewing the information on [M.CJ’s case.” AR 3659. Again, this argument goes to the weight of Dr. Stauffer’s written opinion when compared with the other evidence and opinions on each given issue. The Parents also contend that Dr. Stauffer’s “letter indicates that she supports services M.C.’s parents desire and that she was unaware of school services.” PI. Resp., p. 17 (citing AR 3659). This is incorrect. Dr. Stauffer opined that M.C. “should continue to receive the special services that had enabled her to function as well as she does, but [is] not convinced that it [is] necessary to remove her from the school environment.” AR 3659. Dr. *927 Stauffer was referring to the private therapies M.C. had been receiving during the years at issue and earlier. Dr. Stauffer could not have been referencing the Parents’ preferred program as M.C. did not begin receiving intensive therapies at Lutheran Hospital in combination with academics at FWCL until she was removed from SACS in fall 2006.

The Parents make a number of arguments regarding Dr. Couvillion, the neuropsychologist who testified on behalf of SACS. First, the Parents criticize the IHO for failing to fault Dr. Couvillion for not seeing M.C., noting that in contrast with Dr. Savage, Dr. Couvillion never met with M.C. and never talked to her parents or private providers. Therefore, they argue that his opinion deserves less weight because he only reviewed records provided by SACS and only spoke to the School Psychologist (who only worked with M.C. to test her) and an unidentified SACS teacher and because it is not clear whether he wrote his report before or after speaking to anyone other than SACS’ attorney. First, the last argument is not supported by the record; Dr. Savage testified that he believed he talked with school personnel before writing his report, although he was not sure. As with Dr. Savage, the IHO accurately and neutrally identified the sources relied on by Dr. Couvillion, stating that he had obtained his information via “review of the Student’s, records.” AR 3929. The Parents have not identified any specific information their hired experts were able to gather regarding M.C. that Dr. Couvillion was not privy to through his examination of the records and his discussion with SACS personnel. 18

SACS also admits the Parents’ criticism (made in a footnote) that Dr. Couvillion conferred with the School Psychologist pri- or to the hearing, but the Parents have identified no evidence that he spoke with her about her hearing testimony and no objections were made at the hearing. The Parents further criticize Dr. Couvillion for speaking in generalities about persons with brain injuries; although true, he directly tied those generalities to M.C. At the hearing, counsel for the Parents thor *928 oughly questioned Dr. Couvillion and highlighted perceived weaknesses in his testimony, such as that he has never had any experience with someone who learned to speak nine years after a stroke as did M.C.

Finally, the Parents argue that Dr. Couvillion’s testimony is internally inconsistent because he claimed M.C. could only make limited gains yet he opined that she should be with peers to learn complex socialization skills. The Parents have conflated two distinct subjects, and their argument is contradicted by Dr. Couvillion’s actual testimony. Dr. Couvillion concluded that M.C. could only “make a limited amount of gain” following intensive therapies; he was not addressing socialization. AR 1337. He also testified that he acknowledged that M.C. would not pick up social skills at the same rate as her peers, but firmly believed that she could receive significant benefit from interacting with them. He testified: “interaction learning would be very important for her to reach the level which is possible.” AR 1343.

The Parents also assert that the IHO applied a double standard as to the deadlines for expert disclosures because the Parents were required to disclose their experts two months before the hearing (so that SACS could retain an expert based on the Parents’ expert report) but SACS’ expert report was not disclosed to the Parents until five days before the hearing. Under Indiana law, an IHO can permit discovery. See Ind.Code § 4-21.5-3-22. Although the practice varies from ease to case given the circumstances, it is not unusual for the party with the burden of proof to disclose experts first in order for the opposing party’s experts to respond to those opinions. Moreover, it appears that the Parents did not argue to the IHO that they needed additional time to review SACS’ expert reports prior to the hearing, and they have not identified any prejudice they suffered.

Finally, the Parents argue that the IHO’s opinion was colored by Dr. Couvillion’s hearing testimony that he is a pediatric “neurologist” when in fact he is a pediatric “neuropsychologist” because the IHO identified Dr. Couvillion as a neurologist in his written order. The BSEA acknowledged this error and corrected the order. Nevertheless, the Parents argue that the BSEA did not consider the impact of the error on the IHO’s findings, conclusions, and order. Although SACS suggests in its response that the incorrect testimony is likely a transcription error, the Court finds that the error is irrelevant because the record clearly identifies Dr. Couvillion as a neuropsychologist. He repeatedly stated his proper title as a pediatric neuropsychologist throughout the remainder of his testimony. See AR 1317 (two times), 1318, 1351, 1398. His curriculum vitae identifies him as a pediatric neuropsychologist. See AR 3485-94. His testimony following the statement that he is a neurologist briefly addresses M.C.’s neurological condition based on the reports of M.C.’s neurologist and objective medical tests, and he then moved to testimony regarding the results of her neuropsychological testing. The Parents have not offered any examples of Dr. Couvillion’s testimony that would not be consistent with the realm of expertise of a pediatric neuropsychologist.

Although the Parents attempt to discredit SACS’ experts, they have not done so. At most, the Parents have made arguments going to the weight of each expert’s testimony, arguments that were made to the IHO. Overall, it appears that the IHO found the opinions of SACS’ experts more credible that the Parents’ experts. The IHO’s weighing of credibility and expert testimony will not be disturbed.

3. Other Issues

All other credibility arguments such as the alleged blame assigned by the IHO to *929 M.C.’s parents for the agreed-upon IEPs, whether SACS made an offer of related services to the Parents, and whether the IEPs offered through SACS for the two years at issue were appropriate will be addressed in the context of the substantive arguments.

B. Substantive Requirement of a FAPE

In Count I of the Amended Complaint and Section III of their summary judgment brief, the Parents argue that the “IHO applied the incorrect FAPE standard by failing to recognize M.C.’s progress [at FWCL] and by failing to order a program that would provide her meaningful educational benefit.” PI. Br., p. 8. When distilled, the argument is not that the IHO applied the incorrect standard but rather that the Parents disagree with his application of the standard to the facts of this case. However, rather than identifying evidence that M.C. did not receive meaningful benefit from her education under the 2004-05 and 2005-06 IEPs through SACS, the Parents focus on the benefits M.C. gained through FWCL. The Parents contend that the IHO failed to recognize M.C.’s progress at FWCL, that the IHO erroneously credited SACS’ experts over the Parents’, and that the social benefit of education in the public school is not enough to outweigh the benefits of intensive therapy. They conclude that the IHO should have ordered the program of education through FWCL and intensive therapies through Lutheran Hospital proposed by Dr. Savage with the goal of providing M.C. with meaningful benefit toward further education, employment, and independent living.

1. The IHO’s Applied Standard of a FAPE

As an initial matter, the IHO applied the correct standard of a FAPE. First, he acknowledged the Parents’ efforts to demonstrate that their proposed placement at FWCL and Lutheran Hospital is superior to the education provided by SACS but correctly held that the question is not which program (the Parents’ proposed program or SACS’) offers a superior level of service. He then explained that there is a strong preference for educating a student in the least restrictive environment (“LRE”) and that SACS is only required “to provide a level of services that provide the student an education which results in meaningful] benefit, not maximum benefit.” AR 3949. The IHO recognized that the Parents chose to utilize private related services, that the Parents had requested placement in a general education classroom in the 2004-05 school year, and that the goals and objectives for those general education courses were aligned with state standards.

The IHO concluded that the Parents “failed to show that the special education and related services provided [M.C.] in the public school, as reflected on agreed upon IEP’s for the 2004-05 and 2005-06 school years were not appropriate, nor was it demonstrated that these services failed to provide [M.C.] with benefit.” AR 3950. He recognized SACS’ moderate procedural deficiencies (discussed in Part E below) but found that “the School was able to demonstrate that [M.C.] made reasonable gains on the majority of the goals and objectives listed in her IEP for the school years under consideration.” Id. He detailed the extensive parental involvement in the development of M.C.’s IEPs. Finally, he concluded that SACS “demonstrated through testimony and documents submitted to the IHO in this matter, that [M.C.] received educational benefit, gains, and in some instances, considerable educational benefit from her individualized educational program, especially so when considering the limited time the School was allowed to work with [M.C.] during the 2004-2005 school year.” AR 3951.

*930 2. Meaningful Benefit — The Parents’ Burden

The Parents carry the burden of demonstrating that the IHO’s determination regarding a FAPE is not entitled to due weight, or in other words, that M.C. did not make progress in or receive educational benefit from the public school. The Parents have not met this burden. In 2004-05, M.C. attended public school for ninety minutes a day and spent the remainder of her time at FWCL. In contrast, during 2005-06, M.C. spent the entire school day at the public school for all areas of academic instruction. Although the Parents contend that the gains M.C. made during those two academic years “are largely, if not solely, attributable” to the instruction she received at FWCL, PL Br., p. 6., neither the evidence cited by the Parents nor the evidence of record supports the claim. 19

The Parents first cite a variety of evidence regarding general gains M.C. made during the two years at issue. They cite the finding of Dr. Fisher that, although M.C.’s brain injury impaired much of the functioning of her brain, M.C. can function within average ranges, which is significant because it indicates that M.C. has the potential to be taught. They cite facts that during the two years at issue, M.C. made gains in language arts, math, story writing, visual processing, speech, and independence and attempt to attribute the gains to the time she spent at FWCL. Although some of these gains may be attributable to FWCL or M.C.’s private therapies, the evidence cited by the Parents in paragraphs 52-57 of their Statement of Material Facts ascribing the gains to FWCL is either tenuous, relates to the 2005-06 school year when M.C. spent a full academic day at SACS, or does not support the alleged fact. Importantly, no evidence is offered that the gains were not in fact attributable to SACS or that she did not make gains at SACS.

Paragraphs 52 and 53 address progress in math and story construction. The Parents cite evidence from the School Psychologist that M.C. made progress during the 2004-05 year in math conceptualization skills and conversational language skills, which were taught only at FWCL and in private therapies during that year. However, SACS reported on M.C.’s 2005-06 IEP that the July 2005 testing, which was to evaluate progress made in the private educational placement in 2004-05, showed that M.C. had made little to no gain. See AR 2927. The Parents next cite the School Psychologist’s note in the 2006 evaluation following the 2005-06 year that M.C. improved in the area of story construction as M.C. could, with a picture prompt, generate a story that includes a clear beginning, a straightforward plot and conclusion, and a relationship between characters in the story; they cite evidence that FWCL instructed M.C. in writing during both years. M.C. also had language arts at Woodside. The Parents also note that M.C.’s language arts and math ISTEP scores improved from sixth (2004) to seventh grade (2005), when those subjects were only addressed at FWCL. However, M.C. again improved her language arts and math ISTEP scores from seventh (2005) to eighth grade (2006) following the year in which she spent a full day at SACS and attended FWCL for only eight to ten hours a week after school. 20

*931 Paragraph 54 cites the School Psychologist’s 2006 report (drafted in the summer following the year M.C. spent a full day at SACS) in which she notes improvement in M.C.’s behavioral approach to visual material in that M.C. made initial attempts to observe and analyze information before responding. To connect this progress to FWCL, the Parents cite the FWCL September 2004 first semester plan to work on perseverance, work product, and following directions and a January 19, 2006 Comprehension Standards Assessment Record from FWCL explaining that the standard of “identifying answers in a text” is addressed each time she misses a comprehension/vocab answer by requiring her to go back to the text to identify the correct answer, which she could do fifty percent of the time without facilitation.

Paragraph 55 again cites the 2006 report, noting that when performing the Block Design Subtest, M.C. had an improved ability to observe a pattern and to repeat the pattern with manipulative materials that M.C. had not demonstrated in the 2004 and 2005 assessments, even though there was no measurable difference in her scale score. The Parents then cite evidence that M.C. worked with manipulatives at FWCL, such as a numberline for math.

Paragraph 56 cites facts from the 2005 assessment that the School Psychologist observed M.C. to be more flexible and detailed in her conversational language expression in contrast with the previous 2004 assessment, during which M.C. had a tendency to perseverate several statements or ideas, and that the School Psychologist observed that M.C. showed greater depth and volume in her language skills. The Parents then cite the “FWCL Intensive Program for [M.C.] School year 2004-05,” but nothing in the document references conversation skills. See AR 2847-48. The Parents state that M.C. worked on conversation skills in private therapy in 2004-05, but the cited evidence is testimony from Ms. Ailor, the director of outpatient rehabilitation at Lutheran Hospital, discussing the goals of the intensive therapy M.C. began receiving at Lutheran Hospital in October 2006. See AR 309.

Finally, paragraph 57 cites the 2006 report for the School Psychologist’s observation that during the Leiter International Performance Scale-Revised (a test designed to assess cognitive functions in children and adolescents) testing in 2006, M.C. demonstrated some initial willingness to be independent in her testing, another improvement. She observed this independence in relation to M.C.’s behavioral approach to visual material in that M.C. “made initial attempts to observe and analyze the information prior to responding” but that “[a]s the material increased in complexity and detail [M.C.] did require examiner prompting.” AR 3094. To correlate this improvement with FWCL, the Parents cite a January 16, 2006 overview of M.C.’s FWCL instruction drafted by Swenson, which provides that “Instructor’s[sic] measure [M.C.’s] progress by the level of consistency, stability and independence of use of learned skills.” AR 2338-40.

In the last paragraph of Part X of their motion, arguing that their unilateral placement is appropriate, 21 the Parents attempt to show that SACS did not prepare appropriate IEPs for 2004-05 and 2005-06 *932 based on a variety of procedural deficiencies. In Part E below, the Court addresses all of the procedural errors, finding that they did not result in a denial of a FAPE.

In contrast, in addition to noting that the Parents have not met their burden of demonstrating that M.C. did not receive meaningful educational benefit at Wood-side, SACS offers evidence that M.C. made progress while educated primarily by SACS during the 2005-06 school year. As discussed in detail in Part E below, M.C. made noticeable social gains during the 2005-06 school year. M.C. improved her Language Arts ISTEP score from 2005 to 2006 by a greater margin than from 2004 to 2005 and improved her Mathematics ISTEP score from 2005 to 2006 by the same margin as from 2004 to 2005, although she still did not pass any subjects. 22 When comparing M.C.’s Indiana Standards Tool for Alternate Reporting tests (“IS-TAR”) from 2004 and 2006, M.C. progressed in all areas, although again, she progressed very little. See AR 3824^42. M.C. took the NSEA, a standardized achievement test, at the beginning and end of the 2005-06 school year, and the results showed that she experienced significant growth in the area of reading but that she was inconsistent and regressed in language usage and mathematics. See AR 3108. In the 2006 psychoeducational evaluation, M.C.’s Test of Written Language showed growth in story construction. AR 3099. At the hearing, M.C.’s TOR provided an example of when M.C. surprised her with her academic performance because M.C. “knew the answers” and “scored very well on the test,” likely a ‘B’, without any help. AR 986. Regarding M.C.’s progress, the School Psychologist testified:

Q: Did [M.C.] meet with success through her course of study in the '05-'06 school year?

A: The question is, did [M.C.] meet with success?

Q: Did she make progress?

A: I think she did, yes.

AR 1271.

The Parents have not met their burden of demonstrating that M.C. did not receive meaningful benefit from SACS during the 2004-05 and 2005-06 school years or that her IEPs for those years were not appropriate.

3. Expert Credibility■ — Intensive Therapy v. Socialization

The Parents argue that the IHO improperly applied the meaningful benefit standard when he did not order intensive therapy after finding that M.C. would only make minimal progress with intensive therapy and instead focused on the importance of socialization in the public school. They make a credibility argument that he should have adopted the educational plan recommended by Dr. Savage and the recommendations of Dr. Fisher favoring the Parents’ proposed program.

As the Parents observe, the development of an IEP is an individual determination based on the particular needs of the student. While the Parents cite a case in which intensive therapy was found to be required for a FAPE, see Cleveland Heights-University Heights City School District v. Boss, 144 F.3d 391 (6th Cir. 1998), and SACS cites a case in which a highly restrictive environment of four to five hours a day, five days a week with a clinician was found to be inappropriate, see Rafferty v. Cranston Public School Committee, 315 F.3d 21 (1st Cir.2002), the issue before this Court is the individualized requirements of a FAPE for M.C.

*933 Given the testimony of the experts set forth in the following paragraphs, the IHO’s articulation of all of the expert opinions in his decision, the IHO’s additional reliance on the testimony of Ms. Ailor, Ms. Tom, the School Psychologist, and M.C.’s mother, and the deference given to the IHO’s credibility determinations (see Part A above), the Court finds that due weight should be given to the IHO’s reliance on the opinions of SACS’ experts and his determination that the importance of socialization for M.C. in the public school was not outweighed by the limited gains she would make with intensive therapies and education in significantly more isolated settings. 23

a) The Parents’ experts Dr. Savage evaluated M.C. and wrote an educational plan for her on September 3, 2006, recommending that M.C. receive a program consisting of (a) daily speech, occupational, vision, and physical therapy, (b) behavioral consultation for drooling, (c) direct academic instruction in reading, math, writing, academic management skills, prevocational skills, life skills, social skills, and behavior skills using direct instruction methodologies such as Respond-to-intervention, Lindamood-Bell, or Wilson Reading, and (d) a weekly social skills group. He recommended that persons working with M.C. collaborate at least quarterly. Dr. Savage also indicated that M.C. requires a year round program (minimum 11 months) that includes extended school year services. The goal of M.C.’s parents and of Dr. Savage’s educational plan is to make M.C. as independent as possible. Dr. Savage testified that the intensive related services of speech, occupational, and physical therapy that M.C. receives at Lutheran Hospital are consistent with his recommendations. Likewise, Dr. Fisher testified that the math instruction at FWCL and the intensive therapy at Lutheran Hospital incorporate her recommendations and strategies. •

Dr. Savage opined that, for brain injured students, the therapeutic needs of each individual student vary, that the premise that a brain injured student has only a golden window of opportunity in which to make gains is “old thought,” and that the brain develops different pathways and compensatory systems. Dr. Savage stated that SACS did not and does not provide the services M.C. requires and was not and is not an appropriate placement for M.C. in lieu of FWCL. Dr. Savage also opined that SACS has not provided content that matches M.C.’s needs, has not provided the intensive related services that she requires, and has not provided specific and direct instruction to build up her foundation and knowledge base. Dr. Savage opined that valuable time has been lost with M.C. and that she should not be mainstreamed at the expense of forgoing intensive therapy and academic instruction, life instruction, and social skills development.

In her testing of M.C., Dr. Fisher was surprised because M.C.’s scores in some areas were higher than Dr." Fisher would have predicted and commented that, although M.C. has some clear deficits, she also has some clear strengths. In her report, Dr. Fisher noted that, given the pervasive and early impact ■ of M.C.’s stroke, the fact that M.C. has learned to read, write, and speak is a feat in itself and that M.C. has developed far more than is predicted for her injury. Dr. Fisher observed that M.C. had the least difficulty with letters, which she felt was further *934 testimony to M.C.’s learning of sounds that had been painstakingly and intensively taught to her using manipulatives and by building concept upon concept. The main point of Dr. Fisher’s testing results is that M.C. is capable of learning more. Her scores do not “flatline” as in mental retardation; some areas of learning have been positively impacted by recent intensive training. AR 96. In agreement with Dr. Savage, Dr. Fisher recommended that M.C. receive continual, intense instruction throughout the year; social skills instruction; and continuous, intensive daily physical, speech, and occupational therapy. Dr. Fisher opined that M.C. has made significant progress in the past with a consistent, intensive program combining systematic instruction and intensive therapies and that her program at SACS was not sufficiently intensive and consistent. Dr. Fisher does not agree with Dr. Couvillion that intensive programs cannot yield long-term progress. Both Dr. Fisher and Dr. Savage opined that a neuropsychological evaluation of M.C. is important to understand how M.C.’s brain works and allow the evaluator to form a plan for teaching her.

Dr. Smith, M.C.’s neurologist since 1996, recommended as early as September 2002 that M.C. continue to receive the intensive, specialized services that M.C. was receiving at ILS. He recommended intensive specialized therapies again on August 29, 2006. He also noted in relation to her previous regression that, because her seizures were successfully being treated, “I believe that she will again begin to make significant gains if extensive therapies are now introduced.” AR 2141.

b) SACS’ experts

Dr. Stauffer opined that M.C. should continue to receive the special services that have enabled her to function as well as she does but was not convinced that it is necessary to remove her from the school environment. Dr. Stauffer was referring to the related services that M.C. had been receiving during the 2004-05 and 2005-06 school years and earlier; she was not referring to the intensive therapy proposed by the Parents at Lutheran Hospital. She suggested that assistive technology might be helpful for M.C. for academics and language. Dr. Stauffer noted that it appears that M.C. is benefitting from the social interaction in her current school situation in that it is a significant motivator. Dr. Stauffer opined that the benefits of the “opportunity to learn, socially and knowledge-wise, from her peers” “needs to be balanced with those of a more therapeutically intensive but also more socially isolated educational placement.” AR 3659. She suggested that therapy be provided outside of school if the therapies she is receiving at school are felt to be less than she needs.

Dr. Couvillion testified that the best time for remediation. is within 12 to 24 months after the brain injury and that, after this, remediation and learning can occur but become much more limited. He indicated that M.C. would make only limited gain with intense occupational therapy given her injuries and the amount of time since the initial injury. Dr. Couvillion testified that, if M.C.’s brain is stable, regression would be a surprise; but also that she would probably regress some without continued academic instruction, as “[m]ost children do.” AR 1388.

Noting that M.C. is an adolescent — a time when it is important for individuals to learn social responses, he testified that hers are impaired. However, he was struck that other students in the classroom setting were willing to interact with her. He testified that socialization is important at that age and that to take that away “during the adolescent period in a child who already has impairments, you have a big risk of losing the ability to make what *935 ever gains she could have made.” AR, 1341. He also testified that M.C. can learn social skills from her peers by being around them and modeling their behavior but that she will not pick up social skills at the rate that they pick them up since social skills can become very complex. Dr. Couvillion agreed with Dr. Stauffer that M.C. may still improve with the kind of intensive support that is being proposed, but “[a]t this late date, the improvement is not likely to be of the degree that would outweigh the problems that may be created by removing her from her peer relationships, peer environment, and motivating factors.” AR 1352 (Dr. Couvillion’s testimony) (quoting AR 3659 (Dr. Stauffer’s report)). He felt that “she would benefit from social interactions.” AR 1349. Dr. Couvillion opined in his report that “removing [M.C.] from social and emotional interaction with her peers would be a detriment to her.” AR 3676. M.C.’s TOR noted the positive impact of other students on M.C.’s academic performance when doing group work related to writing.

In his report, Dr. Couvillion indicated that M.C.’s parents have sought appropriate medical and rehabilitation services for M.C. from the date of her adoption to present. Dr. Couvillion testified that he disagreed with the private occupational therapy M.C. was receiving based on the attempt to have her brain-based difficulties remediated through intensive therapy. However, he admitted that M.C.’s occupational therapist had established good, specific, and appropriate low-level goals. He testified regarding the three hours of therapy a day that M.C. is receiving at Lutheran Hospital: “I am not aware of anyone in the State of Indiana who would say 14 years after this type of debilitating injury, that very intensive types of therapies of this sort for multiple hours a week, um, would be beneficial beyond perhaps some, um, minor gains.” AR 1339. He also wrote in his report: “To deprive [M.C.] of her social interactions for unproven and un-researched ‘intensive therapies’ 14 years following her destructive stroke does not comply with good research or clinical rehabilitation techniques.” AR 3685. Dr. Couvillion testified that the therapy was not only “extreme” but “experimental.” AR 1339. Dr. Couvillion’s comments were based upon his experience and generalities; M.C. began to speak at age nine, and Dr. Couvillion did not have experience with anyone with brain injury beginning to speak this late after the injury.

c) Other evidence

In testifying about the therapies at Lutheran Hospital, Lori Ailor, the Director of Outpatient Rehabilitation Services at Lutheran Hospital, testified that the proposal was “extreme” and “not the norm in this community” and that “[ijt’s something that is not well utilized in this community.” AR 308. Ailor believes that the level of therapies M.C. receives are appropriate because she believes that M.C. requires intensive, regular therapies to improve and maintain skills; she testified that M.C. will continue to make gains from occupational, physical, and speech language therapies if received on a daily basis.

Anita Tom, M.C.’s private speech therapist, testified that M.C. made “tremendous progress” in intensive therapy with Tom in June 2004, for six hours a day, six days a week, for three weeks. AR 511. From June 2004 through April 2006, M.C. received speech therapy once a week for two hours from Tom, which Tom described as “infrequent therapy.” In April 2006, M.C. completed another intensive speech therapy program for six hours a day for six days. Following that intense therapy, a decision was made to stop providing services once a week because Tom felt that M.C. was not benefitting from the infrequent therapy. However, Tom also testi *936 fied that she felt there was value in the infrequent meetings leading up to April 2006.

According to SACS’ summary notes of the January 20, 2006 case conference committee meeting, the school counselor said, “I hardly saw [M.C.] last year because she was only here for one block. Of course I see her this year all day and I see a different person; she seems more like a seventh grader. She’s interacting with kids at lunch, coming in my office complaining about somebody from choir like 75% of the other students in class. We talk about how she can handle this or other problems; I really see a different [M.C.] this year. She was more mopey last year. I think she loves it here.” AR 2987. The notes also reflect that the School Psychologist said that “one of the things that was important that I saw she can be a part of her peer group, be accepted within that peer group.... This is a talent she can take beyond this building and HHS and into the working world.” AR 2987. The School Psychologist testified that if you remove M.C. from her peer group, later “trying to reintegrate back into these [social] groups ... would be very difficult” and M.C. would “inherently lose some interaction, peer relationships that she had established.” AR 1253.

Carter, M.C.’s special education teacher, used Project Read in a group setting; M.C. is easily distracted in the classroom and needs constant reminders to stay on task and Dr. Fisher opined that small group learning is not effective for M.C. The Parents note that M.C. did not master many of her IEP goals.

Regarding mathematics, M.C.’s October 2006 ISTAR assessment indicates that she had not mastered addition facts for totals up to ten and had not mastered using zero in addition or subtraction problems. Although the Parents compare this assessment with the levels of math SACS was teaching M.C., the very math that FWCL was teaching M.C. was covered by the unsuccessful assessment. 24 In January 2006, M.C.’s SACS math instructor stated that M.C. had made no progress in math at Woodside. In M.C.’s math progress report for March 2006, her teacher states that she “moved” to three and four digit numbers with carrying and regrouping and that she is successful with constant one-on-one instruction but when on her own, she does not consistently use touch points. At FWCL, during the first half of the 2005-06 school year, M.C. focused on strengthening her addition facts up to 20, and she also worked daily on counting money and determining if she had enough money to buy an item. In April 2006, M.C. worked at FWCL on mixing addition and subtraction problems and did not begin double digit addition until May 2006. If anything, the modest gains M.C. made in either year supports the IHO’s determination that M.C. is only likely to achieve modest gains.

Also during the 2005-06 school year, FWCL focused on strengthening M.C.’s visual spatial skills, writing skills, and decoding skills. FWCL required M.C. to write neatly. The writing samples offered by the Parents of M.C.’s work at SACS were not as neat as the samples offered from M.C.’s work at FWCL. M.C.’s reading log from FWCL for the 2005-06 school *937 year indicates that she read books at a third to fifth grade reading level. FWCL prepared a weekly instruction plan and progress report that indicated the challenges M.C. presented, the strategies and techniques FWCL used to overcome the challenges, and a summation of weekly progress. FWCL also collected data regarding M.C.’s behavior. M.C. had socialization opportunities at FWCL. She was often found “hanging out” in the break room with the other students and laughing. She had three friends at FWCL that she looked forward to seeing and talked to them about “important teenage topics” on breaks. In January 2006, M.C. would talk to FWCL instructors about how students at SACS made fun of her drooling and poor articulation. She found acceptance from her friends at FWCL. M.C. appeared very excited and happy to be at FWCL and expressed great concern about not being able to attend FWCL.

Part E.2 below sets out the significant documentary and testimonial evidence regarding the importance of socialization to M.C. and the socialization that occurred at SACS.

d) Conclusion

The Parents assert that the IHO should have focused on post-school activities rather than being concerned solely with M.C.’s social enjoyment now, arguing that the IEP should be tailored for the goal of self-sufficiency, citing Deal v. Hamilton County Board of Education, 392 F.3d 840, 860-66 (6th Cir.2004) (citing what is now codified at 20 U.S.C. §§ 1400 (c)(5)(E), 1400(d)(1)(A)). Similarly, in their reply brief, the Parents reason, without citation, that this Court should order the placement that will most appropriately address M.C.’s weaknesses, not her strengths. The evidence of record supporting the IHO’s findings and conclusions indicates that M.C. will be prepared for post-school activities to the extent reasonably possible in the social context of the public school rather than in the isolated proposed placement with limited progress. Other than credibility determinations that this Court will not overturn, the Parents have not identified any evidence that M.C.’s education with SACS, including socialization, did not provide meaningful education toward the goal of self-sufficiency. The Court is sympathetic that M.C.’s parents seek only the best for their daughter and that they believe the private placements they have chosen provide her an education to maximize her potential. However, the Parents have not demonstrated that SACS did not provide M.C. with an appropriate education. Accordingly, the IHO’s decision that SACS provided M.C. with an appropriate education will not be disturbed.

C. IHO’s Interpretation of Indiana Contract Law

In Count V of the Amended Complaint and in their Motion for Summary Judgment, the Parents argue that the IHO misinterpreted Indiana’s consent regulations and misapplied federal law by interpreting an “agreed upon IEP” as a contract that binds parents to the terms they signed and prevents them from later challenging the IEP. The Parents argue that the written consent required for the implementation of an IEP does not constitute agreement as to the goals, services, and other provisions therein. Given that they were required to sign the IEP in order for it to be implemented, the Parents assert that they were in a practical dilemma of signing and implementing the IEP or refusing to sign and litigating. 25 In opposi *938 tion, SACS clarifies that it has never argued that the Parents are barred from contesting the propriety of the IEPs because they signed them.

During the years at issue, the Indiana special education regulations defined an “agreed-upon” IEP as an IEP developed by the case conference committee and implemented with the written consent of the parents. 511 Ind. Admin. Code 7 — 27—5(g) (2004). 26 A public school district was required to obtain written consent from a parent when the district proposed any one of six actions related to the determination of special educational and related services, including the initial determination of the student’s eligibility, the initial IEP, a revised IEP involving a change of placement, or the termination of the student’s eligibility. Id. at 7 — 27—5(d) (2004). 27 The district could not use a parent’s refusal to consent to one service or activity to deny the parent or student any other service, benefit, or activity of the school. Id. at 7 — 27—5(f) (2004). 28 A party can request a hearing for any dispute regarding the provision of a FAPE. Id. at 7-30-3(a)(4) (2004) (current version at 511 Ind. Admin. Code 7 -45-3(a)(3) (2008)). 29

As a practical matter, the IHO did not use the word “contract,” did not hold that the IEP was a contract under Indiana common law, did not cite any Indiana case law, and did not mention any of the administrative regulations invoked by the Parents here on appeal. Therefore, taking the Parents’ argument at face value, there was no explicit contract interpretation by the IHO. Nor did the IHO preclude the Parents from fully challenging the 2004-05 and 2005-06 agreed-upon IEPs throughout the hearing process. The Parents raised nineteen issues before the IHO, many of which are again raised before this Court. The IHO made explicit rulings on the substantive issue that M.C. was not denied a FAPE because she had received meaningful benefit from the IEPs.

The Parents identify three findings of fact to suggest that the IHO construed the IEPs as binding contracts: (1) that they are well educated, (2) that they signed the IEPs, and (3) that they “got what [they] asked for.” PI. Br., p. 11 (citing AR 3909, 3918, 3921-22). The first was resolved by the BSEA, which redacted the language from the IHO’s finding of fact referring to the level of M.C.’s parents’ education. Second, the IHO’s finding that the Parents *939 signed the IEPs was in the context of Dr. Savage’s testimony that M.C.’s 2004 IEP goals were inappropriate even though they were goals that the Parents had insisted on during a time when their hope for M.C. had been graduation from high school and passing the ISTEP. 30

Finally, the IHO found that the Parents “got what [they] asked for.” AR 3951. Although perhaps not the most erudite, the language in context does not have a vindictive tone but rather summarizes the active role the Parents played in the development of M.C.’s IEPs and points out that many of the aspects of the IEPs about which they now complain were either done at their request or without their opposition. 31 In his conclusions of law, the IHO found that it was “well established that [M.C.] received her educational services through an array of educational arrangements, public and private. Each such arrangement was at the insistence of [M.C.’s] parents and was agreed to as attested by their signature on each of the IEPs constructed during the 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 school years.” AR 3951. In the lengthy paragraph proceeding the above-quoted language, the IHO acknowledged that the IEPs in question were mutually “agreed upon,” that the basis for the IEPs was the 2004 Settlement Agreement, that the Parents were actively involved in M.C.’s academic placement and the provision of related services, and that SACS had incorporated the majority of the Parents’ requests into those IEPs. See AR 3950-51. In other words, the IHO found that the Parents were active participants in the IEP process such that the resulting IEPs were an accurate representation of the educational program advocated by the Parents.

Other than disputing the weight given to the evidence that M.C.’s parents were actively involved with the IEP development process (addressed in Part D below), the Parents have not established that they were prevented from contesting the IEPs on the merits.

D. Shifting the Responsibility of FAPE to M.C.’s Parents — the Parents’ Rejection of Related Services Through SACS in Favor of Private Providers

In Count IV of the Amended Complaint, the Parents allege that the IHO incorrectly blamed them for SACS’ failure to provide M.C. with related services and improperly shifted to them the responsibility of providing M.C. with a FAPE by holding them responsible for M.C.’s IEPs. They argue that the IHO blamed them for a “litany of transgressions” and that the IHO found that SACS had been relieved of developing goals for related services at the insistence of the Parents. As perhaps one of the most fundamental contentions in this litigation, the Parents assert that the IHO’s holding that SACS offered the Parents related services for M.C. for the 2004-05 and 2005-06 school years but that *940 the Parents rejected those services is not supported by the evidence of record. The Court addresses each argument in turn.

1. Shifting “Responsibility”

First, the Parents allege that “the IHO expressly held M.C.’s ‘parents primarily responsible for the formulation and content of M.C.’s IEPs.’ ” PI. Br., p. 8 (citing AR 3951) (emphasis added). However, the full excerpt, following a description of M.C.’s placement in public and private programs, provides: “[M.C.’s] parents provided input, and on multiple occasions were primarily responsible for the formulation and content of M.C.’s IEPs and amendments thereto during the two year period under consideration. [M.C.’s] parents negotiated most strongly for the educational placements they preferred at each meeting of the case conference committee meeting. In each event, the School acquiesced to their demands regarding the LRE for [M.C.].” AR 3951. Read in context, the IHO did not hold that the Parents bore the responsibility for ensuring that M.C. received a FAPE; rather, the IHO acknowledged that historically the Parents were active in the IEP development process and that SACS took into account the Parents’ requests, many of which were implemented through the IEPs. A review of the various case conference committee meeting reports suggests a cooperative, comprehensive process to develop M.C.’s IEPs.

The Parents again note that the IHO described the Parents as a well educated attorney and a college graduate. As has already been addressed above in Part C, the BSEA redacted this factual finding. However, in the context of this argument, the Court also finds that the IHO’s primary focus on the Parents’ participation in the IEP process was not related to their education but rather to their extensive involvement.

2. Litany of Transgressions

The Parents then list, without analysis, a number of “transgressions” the IHO allegedly attributed to the Parents — “failing to complete assessments, rejecting IEP revisions, and failing to request vision therapy, counseling services, social skills training and transportation reimbursements” — as well as rejecting related services offered by SACS, which is addressed in the next section. PL Br., p. 8 (citing generally AR 3909, 3924, 3926, 3941, 3946, 3948, 3951). The Parents also assert that the IHO “went so far as to ‘relieve the school of developing goals for related services by mandate from M.C. parents.’ ” Pl. Br., 9 (citing AR 3944). Each of these contentions is addressed in turn based on these citations to the record.

In finding of fact # 39 (AR 3909), the IHO found that “[transportation provided to [M.C.] by [M.C.’s] parents was voluntary. The School agreed to provide any necessary transportation to [M.C.] between home, school, and private school settings. [M.C.’s] parents have not presented the School with a written request for reimbursement for transportation services.” AR 3909. The IHO is not assigning “blame” but rather neutrally stating a fact that M.C.’s parents did not present the School with a written request for reimbursement for transportation services. 32

In finding of fact # 110 (AR 3924), the IHO found that SACS did not conduct a formal FBA until the end of the 2005-06 year, in part, because M.C.’s behaviors were addressed through goals and objectives in the IEPs at the Parents’ request. As an example, the IHO noted that the Parents did not wish to fill out certain *941 evaluation forms but then later gave permission to conduct an FBA and develop a BIP. This is a neutral statement of the facts supported by the record and does not assign blame.

In finding of fact # 121 (AR 3926), the IHO found that “[djuring [sic] hearing the appropriateness of the assignments made in general education social studies and science classes was discussed. When it was explained to [M.C.’s] mother that the assignments would prove to be too difficult for [M.C.], [M.C.’s] mother requested that the assignments not be modified.” AR 3926. It appears that the Parents are characterizing this finding as blaming the Parents for rejecting IEP revisions. However, it is a neutral statement of fact supported by the record. It goes to the issue of the Parents advocating a less restrictive environment during the years at issue as compared with the highly restrictive placement they now seek. Similarly, M.C.’s mother also requested more social studies and science work for M.C. at the January 20, 2006 case conference committee meeting:

[TOR]: But she still has homework that comes home.

[Mother]: Yeah. I would say that I think the school has done a very good job of assisting her with her schoolwork and its not overload. Um, you know, I think ... I want, want, to ask you to do a little bit more here today. But, you know, with what she has in terms of science and social studies, um, but, yeah, its not overload and I think the school is doing a very good job of helping her.

[Dir.]: But you want them to do a little more?

[Mother]: Yeah, but I didn’t know if we were at that point?

PL Mot. to Supp. Adm. Rec., Exh. C, p. 15.

Next, the Parents list the IHO’s legal holdings that SACS did not fail to provide vision therapy, counseling services, social skills training, see AR 3941, 3946, 3948 (vision, counseling, and social skills respectively), for each of which the IHO notes that the Parents failed to request those services. For vision therapy, the IHO’s holding relies on a previous finding that M.C.’s parents chose to utilize private vision services in lieu of vision services offered by SACS. As set forth in Part D.3 below, the Court finds that the Parents chose to use outside vision services in lieu of SACS’ services and, therefore, the IHO’s statement that the Parents did not request vision services from SACS is a statement of fact supported by the record. For counseling services, the IHO correctly found that there was no evidence presented to suggest that M.C. was in need of the related service of counseling, and in so finding, noted that there was also no evidence that either M.C. or her parents requested counseling services anytime during the 2004-05 or 2005-06 school years. For social skills training, the IHO held that SACS did not fail to provide social skills training, finding that M.C. was highly motivated to interact with peers, teachers, and significant others; that the biggest obstacle to continued development of her social interactions was her drooling, which was being addressed by SACS; that additional areas of personal social growth such as personal hygiene were targets for further intervention; and that, in conclusion, there were no instances in which the Parents requested the inclusion of additional goals or objectives regarding social skills training. This statement does not “blame” the Parents but rather states a neutral fact supported by the record.

Finally, the Parents contend that the IHO “went so far as to ‘relieve the school of developing goals for related services by mandate from M.C.[sic] parents.”’ Pl. Br., p. 9 (citing AR 3944) (emphasis added). This excerpt is taken from the IHO’s *942 holding on Issue 9 that SACS failed to provide measurable goals and objectives. The relevant portion of this holding, to provide context, is: “First, the IHO will address whether [M.C.’s] IEPs contained a statement of annual goals in each area of [M.C.’s] identified needs that described what [M.C.] could have been expected to accomplish within a twelve (12) month period of time. Such was not the case. However, there are mitigating circumstances regarding the failure by the School to include an annual goal in each area of [M.C.’s] identified need. The School was effectively relieved of developing goals or objectives in the area of related services by mandate from [M.C.’s] parents. Thus, while [M.C.’s] IEPs did not contain certain goals in the area of related services the School should not be regarded as failing to comply with this mandate regarding related services.” AR 3943-44 (emphasis added). In this instance, the IHO is excusing SACS for not including certain related services goals in the IEPs as a result of the Parents’ decision to obtain related services from private providers; he is not assigning blame.

S. Related Services

Finally, and perhaps most central to the Parents’ appeal, the main thrust of this burden-shifting argument rests in the Parents’ recurring contention that correspondence reveals that they requested school therapies, that SACS did not offer or provide related services, and that there is no testimony that the Parents rejected services. SACS responds that the evidence of record demonstrates that proper related services were consistently made available to M.C. and that, during the years at issue, the Parents only allowed them to provide some educational and related services while choosing to obtain other services from private providers. SACS contends that now the Parents “seek to whipsaw the School” by alleging that SACS illegally failed to provide services the Parents chose to obtain privately, Def. Br., p. 28, and are trying to give the impression that they were required to seek outside services due to SACS’ alleged failing.

In his decision, the IHO found that “[M.C.’s] parents unilaterally refused [the related services of speech, vision, and occupational therapies offered by SACS], choosing instead to seek private services at their expense.” AR 3906 (findings #21-22). In his legal conclusion on Issue 13 that SACS did not fail to provide required or necessary educational services for M.C. in the least restrictive environment, the IHO wrote:

The School was consistently prevented by [M.C.’s] parents from providing many of the services now being sought throughout this time period. As an example, at the insistence of [M.C.’s] parents, [M.C.] attended the public school during the 2004-2005 school year only for instruction in social studies and science. This instruction was delivered in general education classes at the request of [M.C.’s] parents. The goals and objectives attempted in this educational setting were aligned with state standards, also at the instance[sic] of [M.C.’s] parents. The remainder of the day [M.C.] was provided private educational and therapeutic services, also at the insistence of [M.C.’s] parents.

... That [M.C.] had only limited participation in the public school environment during the 2004-2005[sic] was not only at the request of [M.C.’s] parents, it was a result of their insistence. While the 2005-2006 IEP, with amendments, as compared to the IEP established for the 2004-2005 school year, provided for significantly more inclusion in the public school system [M.C.] was frequently removed from school during various parts *943 of the school day at the request of [M.C.’s] parents for the purpose of receiving private educational and therapeutic services. Thus, any lack of participation in the public school was the result of parental choice. The School, throughout the 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 school years expressed a strong preference that the most appropriate LRE for [M.C.] was full-time placement in the public school with the necessary special education and related services being provided by the School therein. [M.C.’s] parents provided input, and on multiple occasions were primarily responsible for the formulation and content of [M.C.’s] IEPs and amendments thereto during the two year period under consideration. [M.C.’s] parents negotiated most strongly for the educational placements they preferred at each meeting of the case conference committee meeting. In each event the School acquiesced to their demands regarding the LRE for the Student.

In conclusion, it is well established that [M.C.] received her educational services through an array of educational arrangements, public and private. Each such arrangement was at the insistence of [M.C.’s] parents and was agreed to as attested by their signature on each of the IEPs constructed during the 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 school years. The School demonstrated, through testimony and documents submitted to the IHO in this matter, that [M.C.] received educational benefit, gains, and in some instances, considerable educational benefit from her individualized educational program, especially so when considering the limited time the School was allowed to work with [M.C.] during the 2004-2005 school year. As such, during the 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 school years, the School did not fail to provide required or necessary educational services for [M.C.] in the LRE[.]

AR 3949-51.

The Court first sets out the evidence of record and then addresses other evidence cited by the Parents that, when considered closely, does not support their position. Based on the record, the Court concludes that the IHO did not err in finding that the Parents chose to use private providers for related services in lieu of those offered through SACS.

a) Testimonial and documentary evidence of record

School personnel wrote in the 2004-05 agreed-upon IEP that “[M.C.] receives services and therapies outside of School, by parent determination for vision, speech and constraint induced therapy.” AR 958, 2826. The November 2004 IEP addendum indicated that “[M.C.] will be excused from school every other Friday to go to Indy by parents’ choice to attend physical therapy and vision therapy.” AR 1748. Neither of these documents was challenged as inaccurate.

At the hearing, M.C.’s TOR testified that she remembered a case conference note from the August 2005 case conference committee meeting that M.C.’s parents were providing services and therapies for M.C. privately:

A: .... I do believe there was a reference in case conference notes for this particular IEP that stated that parents would be — at parents’ choice — I don’t know the exact wording — would be using their outside related services.

Q: So to your knowledge, that — then there is some discussion of services that were offered to the [Parents] which were rejected in another document.

*944 A: I’m not saying they were offered. I’m saying that there is a case conference note I believe related to the same type of this IEP that states by parents’ choice they would be having outside services.”

AR 1035. Carter (7th Grade learning center teacher) who was M.C.’s TOS, also testified:

Q: Have you ever heard any representative of the school make it known to the parents that certain therapies were available through the school?

A: Yes, I have.

Q: When did you hear that?

A: I specifically remember it at a conference in August of '05.

AR 1102-03. She further testified that, at the August 2005 case conference, M.C.’s TOR went through the IEP and “she simply said that Woodside had speech therapy and a vision therapist. But she said, T assume you’ll still be using your private therapies.’ And I remember that [M.C.’s mother] did ask for occupational therapy for word processing.” AR 1102-03. She further testified that M.C.’s mother responded that “they would continue to use their private therapies, but did want the OT from Woodside involved for word processing.” AR 1103. The Parents note that neither the IEP from August 2005 nor the case conference committee meeting notes mention an offer of services.

Likewise, the Director of Special Education told the school speech pathologist not to assess M.C. because M.C.’s parents sought private speech therapy services. The Director testified:

Q: Has the school ever offered the parents any therapy?

A: Any what?

Q: Any therapy that would fall under related services?

A: Yes, we have. We have starting when [M.C.] was in elementary school.

AR 1134. Regarding the Parents’ use of private providers, she testified:

The major pattern in my opinion was that the parents, although they knew that we did have therapies available, chose for the most part not to use the school-based therapies for one reason because they didn’t want her pulled out of academics to receive those. And then secondly because they had them own therapist that they had used for many years.

AR 1135. She was then asked about the process for the Parents to request services from SACS:

Q: If [M.C.’s] parents had wanted services from, speech therapy from the school at that point, can you say whether she would have gotten one day a week or three days a week or five days a week or would that have been something that would have needed further investigation?

A: What typically occurs is that we have an evaluation done by the expert, the therapist. We convene a case conference, and we talk to make that decision based on the members of the case conference committee.

AR 1137.

The 2005 psychoeducational evaluation provided: “At parent initiative and expense private therapies associated with speech and language as well as physical-occupational skills were provided in lieu of these services that are available through MSD of Southwest Allen.” AR 2904. At the end of the 2005-06 school year, as the School Psychologist was drafting the third psychoeducational evaluation, she wrote to the Parents, “If there is any addfsic] information from the outside service agencies *945 you are presently accessing such as a report from the speech-language therapist, occupational therapist or an updated vision report, please feel free to provide this information.” AR 3077. In the 2006 psychoeducational evaluation, it is noted that the “parents continued to provide private speech and language therapy at their own initiation and expense in lieu of this service that are[sic] available through MSD of Southwest Allen.” AR 3087. At the hear: ing, M.C.’s mother acknowledged having read the reports and did not dispute or question them. AR 885-87.

M.C.’s mother testified that, during the school years at issue in this case, she never told the school that she would provide speech, vision, occupational, physical, and behavioral training and the school should provide academics. She testified that she did not know why SACS did not provide speech or occupational therapies to M.C. However, she also testified that SACS had previously offered related services of, at most, an hour a week. AR 906. She testified that she tired of the continual fight with SACS over M.C.’s educational programming.

The 2004 occupational therapy evaluation does not mention keyboarding, but it does provide that M.C.’s TOR said that “computer use was not allowed by [M.CJ’s parents.” AR 2798. The TOR testified that she was unsure how much M.C. used the computer at school and admitted.that M.C.’s parents had not actually prohibited computer use. The Parents consented to keyboarding instruction prior to the 2005-06 school year, and occupational therapy services for keyboarding were added to the IEP. The services were provided and fine-tuned during the first ten weeks of school and were consultative only. After that year, the Occupational Therapist wrote that occupational therapy should “continue to work with the teacher to determine effective methods for learning keyboarding skills or assistive technology options.” AR 3073.

At the January 2006 case conference committee meeting, the Parents presented a report from their outside vision therapist, Dr. Van Hoy. SACS’ summary notes reflect that M.C. was receiving treatment twice a month from Dr. Van Hoy and that, at the direction of Dr. Van Hoy, the Parents “requested that [SACS] work with [M.C.] on a 15 min. computer program.” AR 2977. Dr. Van Hoy recommended that the Track & Read program be used five days a week; SACS implemented the program approximately three days a week for the rest of the school year and kept statistical data on an almost daily basis. Initially M.C. required supervision to use the program, but over the course of a few weeks, she developed the ability to use the program independently. When the Director of Special Education asked M.C.’s mother if there were any changes in vision, M.C.’s mother responded that she did not believe there were any changes but that “[w]e’re just, you know, changing the therapy and where it is done. Could be ... We’ll just see how we can work it into her schedule.” PI. Mot. to Supp. Adm. Rec., Exh. C, p. 27. There was also a discussion regarding M.C.’s new bifocals and when they should be used during the day.

SACS also coordinated services with M.C.’s private speech therapist:

Q: Let’s start with speech and drooling. Did you ever help complete the speech and drooling exercises?

A: Yes.

Q: What did that entail?

A: The first we did is the swallowing exercise, which is what is referred to as the spoon process. We did that two times a day, 15 minutes apiece. I completed one myself and then one of the nurses completed the other one. So we did that with *946 the speech. We also worked on speech cards Monday when they were given to us.

AR 962 (testimony of M.C.’s TOR). The TOR stated that this program arose because it “was suggested to [the Parents] by her speech therapist, Anita Tom” and M.C.’s mother brought it up at the case conference. AR 963. 33 SACS reasons that it is disingenuous for the Parents now to contend that it turned its back on M.C. and her need for certain therapies given the documentary evidence, the prior course of dealing, and the testimony set forth above.

b) The Parents’ proffered evidence and additional arguments

The Parents offer three pieces of “correspondence” to attempt to show that the record contradicts the IHO’s findings on related services. None supports the Parents’ position.

First, the Parents state that “[d]uring the 2002-2003 school year, M.C.’s mother pled for vision therapy from the school and requested services from the school pathologist.” For vision, the cited correspondence is a 2002 letter to the Director of Special Education in which M.C.’s mother requested that SACS integrate what the Parents’ privately paid-for optometrist recommended. She also indicated in the same letter that “we have not and do not anticipate requesting the school district ... provide funding for vision therapy.” AR 1588. Regarding speech therapy, the cited evidence reveals only that M.C. received consultative speech therapy services from SACS in 2003 and that M.C.’s mother requested that the school and the private speech pathologist work together on M.C.’s speech and drooling. This correspondence addresses a school year prior to the years at issue.

Second, the Parents state that they “requested school therapies again, at the beginning of the 2005-2006 school year, as [M.C.’s mother] attempted to secure school therapies as part of M.C.’s day.” PI. Br., p. 9 (emphasis added). However, the cited evidence is from March 21, 2006 — almost the end of the 2005-06 school year — during an attempt to establish a schedule to include classes at Woodside and FWCL. In the correspondence, M.C.’s mother proposed a schedule such that “[s]ome speech, drooling therapy and/or visual spatial therapy can be done at both schools” and proposed another option that “from 10:40-12:10 on Red Days M.C. would receive a variety of therapies” at the public school and still be able to spend three hours in the afternoon at FWCL. AR 1865.

Third, the Parents assert that “at the January 2006 case conference, Connie C. requested occupational therapy ... to assist M.C. with eating in the school cafeteria and sought an IEP addendum to provide M.C. with school speech services.” PI. Br., p. 9. The January 2006 case conference committee meeting transcript offered in support of this statement was not before the IHO but the Court has permitted the Parents to supplement the record with the transcript and to cite certain portions of it. In support of the statement, the Parents cite the following exchange that took place *947 between the Director of Special Education, M.C.’s TOR, and M.C.’s mother:

[Dir.]: Does she have speech right now in her IEP?

[TOR]: She does not have speech.

[Dir.]: Then maybe a small group, but then we’ll have to have an addendum for some of these goals added and adding speech to and[sic] addendum but you will need a case conference to do that.

[Mother]: Okay[.]

[TOR]: Then, if there is a good time for your speech pathologist to come in so we can coordinate that together and maybe she could even demonstrate some of this during that time we can get it all done.

[Mother]: And also, you know, it may not appear that she’s máde good goals in speech but she has. Basically, she can do all the sounds. Um she can chain some of the sounds. But it is the rapid chaining of that — that is the level we are working at and so um.

PI. Mot. to Supp. Adm. Rec., Exh. C, p. 27. Although the transcript submitted by the Parents does not include what was being discussed immediately prior to this exchange because the cassette tape was being turned over, SACS’ “summary notes” of the meeting indicate that the exchange is related to a discussion of the palette procedure exercise (the “spoon process”) recommended by the private provider. AR 2990. At most, this exchange shows that the Parents wanted SACS to implement a specific therapy recommended by the private provider and that SACS proposed an IEP addendum.

As for occupational therapy, during a discussion about concerns regarding M.C.’s drooling related to serving herself from the cafeteria line, the following exchange ensued:

[Mother]: Would it be helpful if an occupational therapist came in and worked with her a few times.

[TOR]: Um, the good thing is that they do have the serving part on the front that she could put her tray down and then she could scoop with her hands. [Dir.]: Onto her tray.

[Mother]: I am kind of worried about her scooping with her hands because she is drooling and she is wiping her hands.

[TOR]: So, that’s why she’ll pretty much tell us what she wants. She walks through the line with us, she’s got her lunch card. She gets her drink out but that’s okay but yeah everything the kids have to serve themselves.

PI. Mot. to Supp. Adm. Rec., Exh. C, p. 13 (January 20, 2006 case conference committee meeting transcript). 34 Again, this evidence is not persuasive. While M.C.’s mother’s inquiry is a suggestion and not a direct request for services, it shows that M.C.’s mother was open to SACS providing occupational therapy. Nevertheless, the greater context of the conversation reveals that shortly after the suggestion, M.C.’s TOR explained that as M.C. walks through the lunch line, after she takes her drink, she indicates the food that she wants and an assistant takes it for her. The Parents have not cited any additional evidence that this issue was raised again. 35

*948 The Parents also make the following arguments that, despite their alleged “requests” addressed above, SACS did not offer or provide related services to M.C. during the years at issue. 36 SACS discontinued physical therapy after the 2002-2003 school year. SACS never recommended or provided direct occupational therapy services, instead offering only consultative occupational therapy services. Although speech consultation had been provided in the past, it was not provided during the 2004-05 and 2005-06 school years. SACS did not include therapies in M.C.’s school day in either 2004-05 or 2005-06. The Parents assert, without law, that SACS did not invite related service providers to her case conference committee meetings, arguing that this prevented the specialists from having an opportunity to explain the type and amount of services SACS could provide and from recommending goals. 37 The Parents argue that there is no testimony that M.C.’s parents rejected services, that there is nothing in the record that specifies what specific type and amount of services the school would offer, and that the only documentation in the record consists of self-serving statements by SACS staff. 38 In the context of their credibility arguments, the Parents offer M.C.’s father’s testimony that, in years prior to those at issue, when M.C.’s mother had offered goals after consulting with the private speech therapist, the goals were not discussed or included in the IEPs. 39

c) Conclusion on related services

The Court finds that the Parents have not met their burden of demonstrating that the IHO erred in finding that the Parents chose to use private providers for related services rather than services available through SACS. The IHO, the trier of fact present at the hearing, was in the best position to evaluate the credibility of the witnesses and the evidence. The Court must afford the IHO’s determination due weight unless other evidence in the record or the record 'as a whole requires a different conclusion. Given that the evidence related to the years prior to the 2004-05 school year was generally excluded, the testimonial and documentary evidence of record available to both the IHO and this Court is sufficient to support the IHO’s finding based on his credibility determinations and weighing of the evidence. In so holding, the Court is cognizant of the indirect nature of the evidence presented to *949 the IHO at the hearing. The Court also recognizes the absence of any evidence describing any related services that would have been provided by SACS had the Parents not chosen their private providers; however, this is logical given the arrangement between the parties.

d) Consent, Waiver, and Supplemental Services

As an argument raised for the first time in their response brief, the Parents invoke the definition of consent in 34 C.F.R. § 300.500 (b) and 511 Ind. Admin. Code 7 -17-18 (2004) to argue that they could not have consented to or rejected services or therapies about which they were given no information. The definition of consent requires that, in relation to the activity for which consent is sought, the parent be fully informed, agree in writing, and understand that consent is voluntary and may be revoked. As set forth above, while the Parents knew that services were available through SACS, they voluntarily chose to use private related services providers. The definition of consent is not implicated in these circumstances. 40 The Parents similarly argue that they could not have waived a right to related services as waiver is a knowing and voluntary relinquishment of rights and they did not know what services SACS was offering. The evidence set forth above supporting the IHO’s determination defeats this argument. Finally, the Parents argue in their response brief that nothing prevents a parent from providing private tutoring or therapy to supplement services provided by the school; the evidence of record supports the IHO’s finding that the Parents chose to obtain related services from their, private providers in lieu of school services, not as supplemental services. 41

Ip. Conclusion on Shifting the Burden

The responsibility for ensuring that a disabled student receives a FAPE and that an IEP is developed, reviewed, and revised for the student resides with the school district, not the parents. See 20 U.S.C. § 1412 (a)(1), (4). For all of the reasons set forth above, SACS did not illegally shift this responsibility to the Parents.

The Parents cite a number of cases holding that a recalcitrant, uncooperative, or untimely parent does not relieve a school district of its responsibility to provide a FAPE and that to do so would be to improperly shift to the parents the burden of providing special education services. See M.L. v. Fed. Way Sch. Dist., 394 F.3d 634, 649 (9th Cir.2005) (parents failed to attend IEP meetings); A.W. ex rel. Wilson v. Fairfax County Sch. Bd., 372 F.3d 674 , 683 n. 20 (4th Cir.2004) (parents trying to exercise “veto power” by refusing to sign an IEP); Knable v. Bexley City Sch. Dist., 238 F.3d 755 , 765 (6th Cir.2001) (lack of parental cooperation with school officials); Seattle Sch. Dist. v. B.S., 82 F.3d 1493 , 1501 n. 4 (9th Cir.1996) (parent allegedly preventing a doctor from meet *950 ing with the student); Justin G. ex rel. Gene R. v. Bd. of Educ., 148 F.Supp.2d 576, 586 (D.Md.2001) (delays by parents); Matthew J. v. Mass. Dept. of Educ., 989 F.Supp. 380, 393 (D.Mass.1998) (parents delayed returning forms to the school); Briere v. Fair Haven Grade Sch. Dist., 948 F.Supp. 1242, 1254 (D.Vt.1996) (school attempted to blame parent for failure of IEP team to meet); A.D. ex rel. L.D. v. Sumner Sch. Dist., 140 Wash.App. 579 , 166 P.3d 837, 847 (2007) (school tried to blame the parents). In contrast with those cases, the Parents in this case were not un cooperative, dilatory, or untimely; rather, the Parents affirmatively implicated themselves in the education of their daughter and the IEP process to shape her education. SACS accepted the Parents’ direct, affirmative involvement (as opposed to the negative impact in the cited cases) in M.C.’s education and accommodated many of their requests to provide M.C. with a FAPE.

E. Procedural Violations — Whether M.C. Received a Free and Appropriate Public Education at SACS During the Years at Issue

The Parents argue in their Motion for Summary Judgment that SACS failed to provide M.C. with a FAPE for academic years 2004-05 and 2005-06 because SACS did not include a written offer of services within the four corners of the IEP, SACS failed to develop appropriate IEPs with measurable goals, SACS failed to educate M.C. with scientifically based methodologies, and SACS denied M.C.’s parents meaningful participation in the IEP process. As set forth below, the Court finds that none of these arguments displaces the due weight to which the IHO’s determination that M.C. received a FAPE is entitled.

1. Four Comers

The Parents argue that SACS failed to make a formal written offer of services within the four corners of the IEP. Citing Union School District v. Smith, 15 F.3d 1519, 1525-26 (9th Cir. 1994), the Parents assert that SACS must be held to the related services it formally offered within the four corners of the 2004-05 and 2005-06 IEPs and that M.C.’s IEPs contained only offers of consultative occupational therapy.

In Union, the Ninth Circuit held that “a school district cannot escape its obligation under the IDEA to offer formally an appropriate educational placement by arguing that a disabled child’s parents expressed unwillingness to accept that placement. The IDEA explicitly requires written prior notice to parents when an educational agency proposes, or refuses, to initiate or change the educational placement of a disabled child.” 15 F.3d at 1526 (citing 20 U.S.C. § 1415 (b)(1)(C) (1994)). 42 Relying on the importance the Supreme Court in Bowley placed on the procedural components of the IDEA, the Ninth Circuit reasoned that the formal requirement of prior written notice should be enforced rigorously because it creates a clear record of when and what placements and related services were offered, if any. Id. at 1527. This clear record would, in turn, facilitate the presentation of arguments relating to the appropriateness of an educational placement. Id.

*951 Union is distinguishable from the instant case because in Union the Ninth Circuit found that the program that had been offered in writing by the school was not appropriate and that a program later asserted by the school to be appropriate had not been formally offered. Id. In this case, SACS offered M.C. an IEP and discussed the issue of related therapies at the case conference committee meetings at which the Parents confirmed their choice to obtain private therapies in lieu of the services available through the school. Cf. N.R. ex rel. B.R. v. San Ramon Valley Unified Sch. Dist., No. C 06-1987 MHP, 2007 WL 216323 , at *12 (N.D.Cal. Jan. 25, 2007) (differentiating that case from Union on the basis that in Union, there had been a failure to make any formal offer whatsoever whereas the school in N.R. had made every effort to include the parents in the formulation of the IEP and had provided previous written offers while working together). Based on the extrinsic evidence set out in detail in Part D above, the private related services that M.C. received (and that the Parents are now trying to replace with the unilateral placement) is the very program that the Parents sought in lieu of services available through SACS. See John M. v. Bd. of Educ., 502 F.3d 708, 715 (7th Cir.2007) (holding that under usual circumstances, it is unnecessary to go beyond the four corners of a document to determine whether a certain methodology is required but that if there is vagueness in the instrument, the court may turn to extrinsic evidence because it would exalt form over substance to ignore information known to parents simply because it was not contained in the four corners of the document) (citing Doe v. Defendant I, 898 F.2d 1186, 1190 (6th Cir.1990)); Z.F., 2005 WL 2373729 , at *18 (noting that “[cjourts have upheld IEPs where the IEP itself did not contain necessary information so long as all necessary parties possessed the required information” but declining to allow extrinsic evidence to modify the explicit terms of the IEP in that case). 43

In the unique circumstances of this case, the failure to include a written offer of related services that were available through SACS or to include in the IEP the services that would be provided to M.C. by her private providers did not impede M.C.’s right to a FAPE, did not significantly impede the Parents’ opportunity to participate in the decision making process regarding the provision of a FAPE to M.C., and did not cause M.C. a deprivation of educational benefits. This holding in no way lessens the sound reasoning in Union that a written offer of services makes a clean record, which allows a hearing officer and a court to assess whether an offered educational program is appropriate, nor does it lessen the sound reasoning of Z.F. and John M. that the explicit terms of an IEP may not be modified by extrinsic evidence.

2. Sufficiency of the IEPs — Present Levels of Performance, Measurable Goals and Objectives, and Statement of Needs

In Count I of the Amended Complaint, the Parents allege that the IHO should have found that SACS’ failure to write measurable goals and objectives in her IEPs denied M.C. a FAPE. An IEP is a written statement that includes, among other things, a statement of the child’s present level of educational performance, a *952 statement of measurable goals, and a statement of the special education and related services and supplementary aids and services to be provided to the child. See 20 U.S.C. § 1414 (d)(1) (A) (i)-(iii) (2004) (current version at 20 U.S.C. § 1414 (d)(l)(A)(i)(I)-(IV) (2008)); 44 511 Ind. Admin. Code 7 -27-6 (2004) (current version at 511 Ind. Admin. Code 7 -42-6 (2008)). The Parents argue that M.C.’s IEPs do not satisfy the IDEA because they do not state her present level of performance for each goal, lack measurable objectives, and fail to address all her areas of need.

a) Areas of need- — -related services

Having just addressed the question of related services, the Court begins with the last argument first, that M.C.’s IEPs were inappropriate because they did not address all her needs. In one paragraph, the Parents note that the IHO found it “undisputable” that M.C. needs speech therapy and occupational therapy and then assert that M.C. requires not only speech therapy and occupational therapy but also physical therapy, vision therapy, social skills training, self-help skills, assistive technology, adapted physical education, scientifically-based methodologies, a behavioral intervention plan, and an intensive, year-round program. The Court addresses each in turn.

(1) Speech, occupational, and vision therapy

For speech, occupational, and vision therapy, the Court has already given due weight to the IHO’s determination that SACS did not fail to provide these related services on the basis that SACS offered to provide the therapies during the school years at issue but that the Parents chose instead to utilize private practitioners. Although the IEPs should have included a written statement as to the private services that would be utilized, the failure to include this information did not deny M.C. a FAPE, did not deny her parents a meaningful opportunity to participate, and did not cause M.C. a deprivation of educational benefits.

(2) Self-help skills and social skills training

Grouping them together, the Parents contend that M.C. needs self-help skills and social skills training and that SACS provided neither.

*953 Regarding self-help skills, the IHO found that SACS did not fail to provide self-help skills training as required for M.C. For 2004-05, the IHO noted the limited amount of time M.C. was in the public school; for 2005-06, the IHO found that “more attention was addressed toward developing improved self-help skills” and that interventions included instruction in the areas of daily living, organizational skills, monitoring swallowing, monitoring drooling, and following daily schedules. AR 3941-42. He also noted that there was some testimony that personal hygiene was addressed. However, the IHO did find that, although SACS did not fail to provide self-help skills, M.C. could benefit from increased self-help training.

In the 2004 evaluation, the Occupational Therapist reported that M.C. needed to work on developing independent work habits, using class time efficiently, organization, set up and clean up at lunch, clothing management, and awareness of her drooling. The 2005 evaluation indicated that M.C. should work on using adapted clothing fasteners, using memory assistance strategies, and independence within the school setting. The 2006 evaluation indicated that M.C. needs independence in the cafeteria, to maintain attention to task, to work on personal care and hygiene, social awareness regarding her drooling, and to write more neatly and learn keyboarding skills.

Independence was addressed in M.C.’s 2005-06 IEP as one of seven self-help goals or objectives. In her testimony, M.C.’s TOR noted goals in the 2005-06 IEP related to self-help, stating, “attending all classes with needed materials, being on time to class, independently caring for her own belongings, personal hygiene, drinking the water, they all fall under self-help skills.” AR 972. The TOR also testified that M.C. was taught “money skills” during functional math class and that she spent a lot of time assisting M.C. with her orthotic device and by “end of the school year” she was able to put it in and take it out “all on her own.” AR 973, 978-79. Generally, the TOR testified that “self-help skills ... were [taught] as they occurred all day long.” AR 973-74. She then testified:

So we went through the lunch line with her, worked on her locker, worked on her organizing her personal belongings. We worked on personal hygiene with her. Worked on wearing proper undergarments to school. Feminine products we needed to deal with [M.C.]. Some of the personal hygiene. There were times when, you know, just making sure that she had worn deodorant to school and different issues like that. It just happened throughout the day when things came up, we addressed those issues as we needed.

AR 974-75. She also testified that M.C. is a “very good self-advocate.” AR 979. During the 2005-06 school year, although not a specific goal listed on the IEP, the self-help skill of opening her locker was addressed by SACS, but M.C. was never able to accomplish this. In April 2006, the Occupational Therapist reported that at SACS, M.C. had limited success using a keyboard, which was worked on with M.C. by the Occupational Therapist and M.C.’s TOR during the class period that M.C. spent in the special education classroom.

As for social skills training, the IHO concluded that this was an area of strength for M.C., finding that she was motivated to interact with her peers, received significant positive reinforcement from those interactions, and initiated social contact. He noted that the greatest detriment to her social interactions was her drooling. 45 The *954 IHO held that it was apparent “that all school personnel assisting with [M.C.’s] education were aware of her need for social interaction with others and provided such opportunities to the extent [M.C.’s] schedule and personal strengths and weaknesses would permit.” AR 3947-48. He observed that there were no instances in which the Parents requested social skills training.

In the 2001 evaluation, the Occupational Therapist strongly recommended that efforts be made to improve other students’ acceptance of M.C. and commented that M.C. is not aware that she is not accepted unless it is blatant. During the 2003-04 school year in elementary school, M.C. was excluded from eating with her classmates in the cafeteria because she drooled.

In the July 14, 2004 evaluation, the Occupational Therapist wrote: “[M.C.]’s areas of strength: Social participation— [M.C.] is a very charming girl. She was confident in talking with the psychologist whom she had just met the day before nor did she have difficulty relating to this therapist. She demonstrated dance steps without hesitation during one break.” AR 2799. “Socially [M.C.] so wants to be accepted that she will be more affectionate with other students than is acceptable.” Id. The Occupational Therapist also listed social skills as an area for M.C. to work on. On July 20, 2004, the School Psychologist wrote: “Overall, [M.C.] presented a cooperative and pleasant affect during the evaluation sessions. She appeared to enjoy engaging in conversational communication with the examiners and relating personal experiences and interests.” AR 2816.

M.C.’s 2004-05 IEP indicated that M.C. “has a wonderful sense of humor. She also enjoys her peers, and also has very good relationships with teachers and other adults.” AR 2826. A case conference committee meeting summary with the IEP Addendum from January 18, 2005, provided: “She gave her first presentation ever to the Soc. St. Class last week.” AR 2858.

The following year, the Occupational Therapist wrote in June 2005 that “[M.C.] has been observed to like age-appropriate popular interests. Her attitudes were typical for her age group. She was socially selective and conversed with a few peers using gestures and one to two words at a time.” AR 2870. “During this year, [M.C.] sought adult assistance when some boys on her bus teased her. Working with the school counselor, she confronted the boys face to face and the situation was resolved successfully.” Id,. She reported that, during the year, M.C. attempted to interact with students whom teachers perceived did not want to interact with her but M.C. rejected students who were more accepting of her.

On June 30, 2005, M.C.’s teachers made written observations. Barbara Beckman wrote, “[M.C.j’s strengths include a desire to be at school, to be independent, and a desire to learn. She is confident and wants to make friends.” AR 2898. “[M.C.] wants friends and may work well with a student, a peer tutor, or a small group of carefully chosen students.” AR 2899. Joan Ross wrote, “She loves to socialize and be around people her own age.” AR 2902. “She wanted to relate to her classmates, but was unable to make herself understood.” AR 2901. On July 27, 2005, the School Psychologist wrote in the psychoeducational evaluation that, because M.C. has an “increased level of motivation when working "within a similar-aged peer group, in this writer’s opinion, she is likely to be encouraged to develop and apply learned skills ... that will increase her acceptance and involvement amongst her peers.” AR 2919. The August 19, 2005 IEP provides: “[M.C.] has a good repoirfsic] with her teachers and staff. She is very sociable and loves to be around her *955 peers. She does like to work in groups with her peers.” AR 2926. The August 19, 2005 case conference committee meeting summary stated that M.C. had a “[sjtrong desire to be social.” AR 2940. Peer interaction was addressed in the 2005-06 IEP as a goal.

In the 2006 evaluation, the School Psychologist noted

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