State of West Virginia v. Caleb T.

FILED

October 17, 2022

EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK

STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

OF WEST VIRGINIA

SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

State of West Virginia,

Plaintiff Below, Respondent

vs.) No. 21-0699 (Berkeley County CC-02-2020-F-79)

Caleb T.,

Defendant Below, Petitioner

MEMORANDUM DECISION

Petitioner Caleb T. appeals the April 5, 2021, order of the Circuit Court of Berkeley County

sentencing him to penitentiary confinement for his convictions for sexual assault and sexual abuse

of a three-year-old boy (“the victim”). 1 Through four assignments of error, petitioner asserts that

his convictions should be vacated and that he should be granted a new trial. We address the issues

raised in turn and affirm the trial court’s order for the reasons described below.

In petitioner’s first assignment of error, he argues that the trial court erred by allowing

Amber Groves, the victim’s therapist, to testify that, in her expert opinion, the victim suffered from

post-traumatic stress disorder (“PTSD”). Petitioner contends that Ms. Groves lacked the

qualifications necessary to make such a diagnosis, having only been provisionally licensed to make

formal mental health diagnoses under the supervision of a licensed clinical social worker.

Petitioner claims that Ms. Groves’s testimony caused him unfair and undue prejudice. We review

the trial court’s decision to qualify Ms. Groves as an expert witness for the purpose of providing a

mental health diagnosis of the victim for abuse of discretion. See Syl. Pt. 3, State v. Jerrome, 233

W. Va. 372, 758 S.E.2d 576 (2014) (“‘Whether a witness is qualified to state an opinion is a matter

which rests within the discretion of the trial court and its ruling on that point will not ordinarily be

disturbed unless it clearly appears that its discretion has been abused.’ Syllabus point 5, Overton

v. Fields, 145 W.Va. 797, 117 S.E.2d 598 (1960).”).

Rule 702(a) of the West Virginia Rules of Evidence states that a witness “qualified as an

expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education may testify thereto in the form of an

opinion or otherwise.” Our seminal case on the qualification of expert witnesses, Gentry v.

Mangum, 195 W. Va. 512, 466 S.E.2d 171 (1995), holds:

1

Petitioner appears by counsel J. Daniel Kirkland. Respondent State of West Virginia

appears by counsel Patrick Morrisey and Andrea Nease Proper. We use initials where necessary

to protect the identities of those involved in this case. See W. Va. R.A.P. 40(e).

1

In determining who is an expert, a circuit court should conduct a two-step

inquiry. First, a circuit court must determine whether the proposed expert (a) meets

the minimal educational or experiential qualifications (b) in a field that is relevant

to the subject under investigation (c) which will assist the trier of fact. Second, a

circuit court must determine that the expert’s area of expertise covers the particular

opinion as to which the expert seeks to testify.

Id. at 515, 466 S.E.2d at 174, Syl. Pt. 5. Mangum makes clear, however, that the Court “reject[s]

any notion of imposing overly rigorous requirements of expertise.” Id. at 525, 466 S.E.2d at 184.

“Neither a degree nor a title is essential, and a person with knowledge or skill borne of practical

experience may qualify as an expert[.]” Id. at 525 n.18, 466 S.E.2d at 184 n.18.

Upon our review, we determine that petitioner is not entitled to relief on this issue. The

information elicited from Ms. Groves during the trial established her intensive training and

experience working as a clinical social worker, a field in which she diagnoses mental health

disorders. Although she was not yet licensed as an independent clinical social worker, her 2,500

hours of clinical experience provided her with the knowledge and skill necessary for her to qualify

as an expert under Rule 702 and Mangum. Therefore, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse

its discretion by allowing Ms. Groves to testify that the victim suffered from PTSD. 2

In petitioner’s second assignment of error, he argues that the procedure employed by the

trial court for taking the victim’s testimony impermissibly deviated from the requirements of West

Virginia Code § 62-6B-4 when the court required petitioner and the jury to watch the victim’s

testimony, which was taken in the courtroom, from a remote location by closed-circuit television. 3

Petitioner contends that this deviation caused him undue and unfair prejudice. Our review of the

trial court’s application of West Virginia Code § 62-6B-4(a) is de novo. See Syl. Pt. 1, Chrystal

R.M. v. Charlie A.L., 194 W. Va. 138, 459 S.E.2d 415 (1995) (“Where the issue on an appeal from

2

Petitioner also asserts “that the overarching purpose of Ms. Groves[’s] testimony was the

introduction of hearsay statements made by [the victim][] under the medical treatment exception .

. . in . . . the West Virginia Rules of Evidence” and that she “impermissibly offer[ed] testimony

that invaded the province of the jury when she all but vouched for the veracity of [the victim]’s

disclosures.” Petitioner provides no argument in support of these claims, mentioning them only in

passing. Consequently, the issues have not been preserved for appeal. See State v. Lilly, 194 W.

Va. 595, 605 n.16, 461 S.E.2d 101, 111 n.16 (1995) (recognizing that “casual mention of an issue

in a brief is cursory treatment insufficient to preserve the issue on appeal.” (quoting Kost v.

Kozakiewicz, 1 F.3d 176, 182 (3rd Cir. 1993))).

3

West Virginia Code § 62-6B-4(a) provides:

If the court determines that the use of live, two-way closed-circuit testimony

is necessary and orders its use the defendant may, at any time prior to the child

witness being called, elect to absent himself from the courtroom during the child

witness’[s] testimony. If the defendant so elects the child shall be required to testify

in the courtroom.

2

the circuit court is clearly a question of law or involving an interpretation of a statute, we apply a

de novo standard of review.”). In State v. Gary A., 237 W. Va. 762, 791 S.E.2d 392 (2016), the

Court determined that when a defendant elects to absent himself from the courtroom during the

child witness’s testimony, the child witness must “testify in the courtroom before the jury.” Id. at

768, 791 S.E.2d at 398. There is no dispute that the victim did not testify in the courtroom before

the jury, and there is no dispute that petitioner’s counsel did not object to the procedure employed

for the taking of the victim’s testimony. Petitioner argues that the trial court committed plain error.

“To trigger application of the ‘plain error’ doctrine, there must be (1) an error; (2) that is

plain; (3) that affects substantial rights; and (4) seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public

reputation of the judicial proceedings.” Syl. Pt. 7, State v. Miller, 194 W. Va. 3, 459 S.E.2d 114

(1995). Regarding the first element of the plain error test, we have held that

[a] deviation from a rule of law is error unless there is a waiver. When there

has been a knowing and intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known

right, there is no error and the inquiry as to the effect of a deviation from the rule

of law need not be determined.

Id. at 7, 459 S.E.2d at 118, Syl. Pt. 8, in part.

In this instance, the first element of the plain error test is not satisfied because petitioner

waived his right to have the victim testify in the courtroom before the jury. His counsel

acknowledged that the trial court intended to take the victim’s testimony outside of the jury’s

presence, and his counsel informed the trial court that he knew of no reason why such a procedure

could not be employed. Therefore, upon our de novo review, we find that the trial court did not

commit plain error. 4

In his third assignment of error, petitioner argues that the trial court erred by failing to order

a mistrial when, during closing arguments, the prosecutor argued that petitioner failed to identify

a suspect other than himself, thereby indicating that petitioner bore the burden of offering an

alternative theory to the State’s theory of the case. Petitioner did not object to the prosecutor’s

comment on this ground during the trial or in his post-trial motion. We have held that “‘[t]o

preserve an issue for appellate review, a party must articulate it with such sufficient distinctiveness

to alert a circuit court to the nature of the claimed defect.’ Syl. Pt. 2, State ex rel. Cooper v.

Caperton, 196 W.Va. 208, 470 S.E.2d 162 (1996).” Syl. Pt. 10, State v. Shrewsbury, 213 W. Va.

327, 582 S.E.2d 774 (2003). “This principle is designed to prevent ‘a party from making a tactical

decision to refrain from objecting and, subsequently, should the case turn sour, assigning error (or

even worse, planting an error and nurturing the seed as a guarantee against a bad result).’” State v.

Sites, 241 W. Va. 430, 438, 825 S.E.2d 758, 766 (2019) (quoting State v. LaRock, 196 W. Va. 294,

316, 470 S.E.2d 613, 635 (1996)). Petitioner’s failure to object to the prosecutor’s comment at trial

4

In discussing the issue of the victim’s testimony, petitioner states that “the [trial] [c]ourt’s

unintentional statement that the State was ‘calling its next victim’” contributed to “a prejudicial

atmosphere against the [p]etitioner.” In that petitioner does not assign any error in connection with

the trial court’s statement, we will not evaluate the statement for error.

3

on the same ground presented in this appeal precludes this Court from addressing the issue on

appeal. 5

Finally, in his fourth assignment of error, petitioner argues that the State failed to present

sufficient evidence to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that he committed the crimes for which

he was convicted. Specifically, he asserts that while both Ms. Groves and a forensic nurse

examiner, Lisa Wells, testified that the victim identified petitioner as the perpetrator of the crimes,

this evidence was insufficient to prove petitioner was the perpetrator. He also asserts that while

Ms. Wells testified that the victim told her petitioner touched his (the victim’s) penis, this evidence

was insufficient to prove that petitioner did so for sexual gratification. 6

In examining petitioner’s claims as to the sufficiency of the evidence, we view the evidence

in the light most favorable to the prosecution to determine if “any rational trier of fact could have

found the essential elements of the crime proved beyond a reasonable doubt.” Syl. Pt. 1, in part,

State v. Guthrie, 194 W. Va. 657, 461 S.E.2d 163 (1995). We “credit all inferences and credibility

assessments that the jury might have drawn in favor of the prosecution.” Id. at 663, 461 S.E.2d at

169, Syl. Pt. 3, in part. “[A] jury verdict should be set aside only when the record contains no

evidence, regardless of how it is weighed, from which the jury could find guilt beyond a reasonable

doubt.” Id.

We find no merit to petitioner’s argument. In addition to the testimony as to the victim’s

identification of petitioner as his assailant, the State produced evidence at trial showing that the

victim was injured while in petitioner’s care; that the victim suffered non-accidental blunt force

penetrating trauma, causing bruising and tearing of his anal area; that the victim’s injuries could

not have been self-inflicted and were consistent with sexual assault; and that seminal fluid was

found on the victim’s clothing. Petitioner’s arguments go to the credibility of the witnesses’

testimony, the inferences that can be drawn from that testimony, and the weight the testimony

should have been given. Crediting all inference and credibility assessments that the jury might

have drawn in favor of the State, we conclude that the evidence, regardless of how it is weighed,

was sufficient to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that petitioner committed the crimes for which

he was convicted.

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.

Affirmed.

5

Petitioner has not asked the Court to find that the trial court committed plain error

regarding this issue, and we decline to do so. See State v. Henson, 239 W. Va. 898, 909 n.16, 806

S.E.2d 822, 833 n.16 (2017) (“We also decline to invoke the plain error doctrine . . . as we have

previously held that ‘the plain error rule should be exercised only to avoid a miscarriage of

justice.’” (quoting Syl. Pt. 7, in part, State v. LaRock, 196 W. Va. 294, 470 S.E.2d 613 (1996))).

6

Specifically, Ms. Wells testified, “[The victim] said prior to [petitioner] touching him that

[petitioner] had told him that he had a surprise for him and that’s when he touched his [penis] and

his butt.”

4

ISSUED: October 17, 2022

CONCURRED IN BY:

Chief Justice John A. Hutchison

Justice Elizabeth D. Walker

Justice Tim Armstead

Justice William R. Wooton

Justice C. Haley Bunn

5