holding that “we must remand where the district court failed to make a finding on” materiality
How later courts described this case
- holding that “we must remand where the district court failed to make a finding on” materiality
- holding that a district judge must make a finding of materiality before enhancing a defendant’s sentence for obstruction of justice based on perjury under § 3C1.1
- noting that “the materiality of a false statement is one of the factual predicates of an obstruction enhancement” and that “we must remand where the district court failed to make a finding on this point”
- explaining that findings regarding factual predicates of an obstruction enhancement must be made by the district court in the first instance
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
PER CURIAM:
We address whether a district judge must make a finding of materiality before he can enhance a defendant’s sentence for obstruction of justice based on perjury under U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1.
Facts
Defendant was apprehended near an Imperial County recreation area after abandoning a Jeep Cherokee packed full of marijuana. He was charged with import
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ing narcotics and possessing narcotics with intent to distribute. Defendant testified at trial and a jury convicted him on both counts.
At sentencing the judge characterized defendant’s trial testimony as “so incredible, in light of all of the evidence, that it was clear to the court that you intended to obstruct or impede justice with your version of the facts. Your testimony was not the result of any confusion, mistake or faulty memory, but an attempt to willfully obstruct justice.” The court imposed an upward adjustment, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1, increasing defendant’s guidelines range from 70-87 months to 87-108 months.
On appeal, defendant questions the adequacy of the district judge’s finding that he had obstructed justice by giving false testimony at trial.
1
Analysis
Before it may adjust defendant’s sentence for obstruction of justice, the district court must find that: 1) defendant gave false testimony; 2) the testimony was on a material matter; and 3) defendant had “willful intent” to provide false testimony.
United States v. Dunnigan,
507 U.S. 87, 94 , 113 S.Ct. 1111 , 122 L.Ed.2d 445 (1993). Here, the judge said that defendant had “wilfully” given “incredible testimony,” but he said nothing about the materiality of defendant’s false statements.
Our cases provide divergent guidance on how we deal with this situation. In
United States v. Jimenez,
300 F.3d 1166, 1171 (9th Cir.2002), we remanded, citing
Dunnigan ,
where a judge said that defendant had “knowingly lied on the stand” but never stated whether defendant provided false testimony on a material issue. However, in
United States v. Arias-Villanueva,
998 F.2d 1491 (9th Cir.1993), the district judge enhanced defendant’s sentence for obstruction of justice after finding that he “testified untruthfully,” without making a finding on materiality.
Id.
at 1512-13 . We determined, based on the appellate record, that defendant’s false testimony related to material issues in the case and upheld the sentence without remanding.
The different approaches taken by the panels in
Arias-Villanueva
and
Jimenez
can be explained by an intervening Supreme Court case,
United States v. Gaudin,
515 U.S. 506 , 115 S.Ct. 2310 , 132 L.Ed.2d 444 (1995). There the Court held that materiality must be decided by the trier of fact.
[Id.
at 522-23, 115 S.Ct. 2310 ]. Prior to that decision, materiality was commonly understood as a purely legal question, and thus
one
that the court
of
appeals could decide in the first instance. Indeed,
Arias-Villanueva
relied on one of our
pre-Gaudin
cases,
United States v. Clark,
918 F.2d 843, 846 (9th Cir.1990), for the proposition that materiality is a purely legal issue. In
United States v. Keys,
95 F.3d 874, 878 (9th Cir.1996), we recognized that
Clark
was no longer good law after
Gaudin .
Thus, while it was acceptable at the time of
Arias-Villanueva
for our court to make a ruling on materiality rather than remand, this was no longer true when
Jimenez
was decided.
Post-Gaudin,
the materiality of a false statement is one of the factual predicates of an obstruction enhancement, and we must remand where
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the district court failed to make a finding on this point.
2
Normally, conflicts in our caselaw cannot be resolved by a three-judge panel.
See Atonio v. Wards Cove Packing Co.,
810 F.2d 1477, 1478-79 (9th Cir.1987) (en banc). But in
Miller v. Gammie,
335 F.3d 889, 893 (9th Cir.2003) (en banc), we recognized an exception to this rule when one of our opinions has been superceded by intervening Supreme Court authority. Such is the case here.
Gaudin
implicitly overruled the portion of
Arias-Villanueva
dealing with the district court’s failure to make a finding on materiality.
Jimenez
thus controls and we remand for resen-tencing.
REMANDED.
1
. Defendant also claims that the prosecutor made comments in his closing argument that shifted the burden of proof to defendant. However, the comments defendant points out are similar to those made by the prosecutor in
United. States v. Mares,
940 F.2d 455, 461 (9th Cir.1991), where we held that comments that merely “challenge the other [side] to explain to the jury uncomfortable facts and inferences” do not constitute impermissible burden shifting. As in
Mares ,
the prosecutor here did not shift the burden of proof to defendant.
2
. The government has not argued that the error here was harmless, and this is not among the extraordinary cases that merit sua sponte consideration of the issue.
See United States v. Gonzalez-Flores,
418 F.3d 1093, 1101 (9th Cir.2005).