noting that the defendants, who possessed no ammunition for their shotgun, “could have easily obtained [it].”
How later courts described this case
- noting that the defendants, who possessed no ammunition for their shotgun, “could have easily obtained [it].”
- explaining that “[w]e know of no requirement that the firearms be loaded or operable to meet the ‘in connection with’ requirement, and holding that an unloaded shotgun and a disassembled handgun satisfied it”
- “Additionally, the facts support an inference that Flennory could have easily and quickly retrieved the weapon from the vehicle if it became necessary to avoid an arrest, or to defend himself from a theft of the cocaine or the money he received from his sales.”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________ FILED
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
No. 08-16674 ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
JUNE 23, 2009
Non-Argument Calendar
THOMAS K. KAHN
________________________
CLERK
D. C. Docket No. 08-00021-CR-1-SPM-AK
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
JEFFERY WILLIAMS,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Florida
_________________________
(June 23, 2009)
Before BIRCH, CARNES and HULL, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Jeffery Williams appeals his 57-month sentence for possession of a firearm
by a convicted felon under 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g) and 924(a). Williams contends
that the district court erred by enhancing his sentencing guidelines offense level by
four levels under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(6). Williams argues that he did not possess
a firearm “in connection with” another felony, as § 2K2.1(b)(6) requires.
I.
Gainesville police executed a search warrant on Williams’ residence in May
2008. The police found 46.5 grams of cocaine, 223 grams of marijuana, scales,
baggies, and $1,368 in cash. In a bedroom closet, they found an unloaded .357
Ruger pistol with a holster and six bullets. Williams’ wife told the police that he
had been selling marijuana out of the house for several years. Williams himself
admitted that he had purchased the gun for $50 from a cocaine user.
After Williams pleaded guilty to possession of a firearm by a convicted
felon, the district court enhanced his offense level by four levels pursuant to
U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(6) (for possessing any “firearm or ammunition in connection
with another felony offense”). The court found that Williams had possessed the
pistol “in connection with another felony” because it had been stored with
ammunition and in close proximity to drugs and drug paraphernalia. Accordingly,
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the pistol was readily retrievable for use as part of Williams’ drug dealing
operation, and thus it was possessed “in connection with” drug-related felonies.
II.
We review a district court’s application and interpretation of the sentencing
guidelines de novo and its factual findings for clear error. United States v. Rhind,
289 F.3d 690, 693 (11th Cir. 2002). “The government bears the burden of
establishing by a preponderance of evidence the facts necessary to support a
sentencing enhancement.” United States v. Kinard, 472 F.3d 1294, 1298 (11th
Cir. 2006). Williams does not argue that any of the district court’s findings of fact
are clearly erroneous. Instead, he contends that the facts of this case do not
support a sentencing enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(6).
Williams concedes that “[a] loaded gun found near the contraband would
have been sufficient” but argues that this case is distinguishable because his pistol
was not loaded and because it was not kept in the same hiding place as his drugs.
We disagree.
A gun need not be kept within arm’s reach of the drugs or drug
paraphernalia to qualify as being possessed “in connection with” a drug crime. In
United States v. Flennory, 145 F.3d 1264, 1270 (11th Cir. 1998), superseded on
other grounds, United States v. Brown, 332 F.3d 1341 (11th Cir. 2003), we held
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that a gun kept in the defendant’s car across the street from a vacant lot where he
was selling drugs was possessed “in connection with” a felony drug offense
because the gun could easily have been retrieved. In this case, the gun was kept in
a closet in the same house with half a pound of marijuana, cocaine, scales,
baggies, and $1,368 in cash. Although it is unclear where in the house the other
contraband was found, it is safe to say that the gun was at least as accessible as if
it were in car across the street. See Flennory, 145 F.3d at 1270 (“Additionally, the
facts support an inference that Flennory could have easily and quickly retrieved
the weapon from the vehicle if it became necessary to avoid an arrest, or to defend
himself from a theft of the cocaine or the money he received from his sales.”).
Nor does it matter that Williams’ pistol was unloaded. Williams tries to
distinguish Flennory because the gun in that case was loaded. However, U.S.S.G.
§ 2K2.1(b)(6) does not distinguish between loaded and unloaded guns. See
Rhind, 289 F.3d at 695 (explaining that “[w]e know of no requirement that the
firearms be loaded or operable to meet the ‘in connection with’ requirement, and
holding that an unloaded shotgun and a disassembled handgun satisfied it). In
fact, by its own terms § 2K2.1(b)(6) would be satisfied by the possession of
ammunition even without a gun. Id. (“If the defendant used or possessed any
firearm or ammunition in connection with another felony offense . . .”) (emphasis
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added). Finally, it is worth noting that Williams kept his pistol in a bag with six
bullets. Here, the difference between an unloaded gun and a loaded gun was a
matter of seconds, demonstrating that Williams’ argument that his gun was
unloaded is a distinction without a difference. Cf. Rhind, 289 F.3d at 695 (noting
that the defendants, who possessed no ammunition for their shotgun, “could have
easily obtained [it].”).
Accordingly, the district court did not err by applying a § 2K2.1(b)(6)
enhancement on the facts of this case.
AFFIRMED.
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