Michael William Kenny v. Critical Intervention Services, Inc.

USCA11 Case: 21-12295 Date Filed: 06/23/2022 Page: 1 of 16

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

In the

United States Court of Appeals

For the Eleventh Circuit

____________________

No. 21-12295

____________________

In re: MICHAEL WILLIAM KENNY,

Debtor.

___________________________________________________

MICHAEL WILLIAM KENNY,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

versus

CRITICAL INTERVENTION SERVICES, INC.,

Defendant-Appellee.

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2 Opinion of the Court 21-12295

____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

D.C. Docket No. 8:20-cv-02458-KKM

____________________

Before WILLIAM PRYOR, Chief Judge, ROSENBAUM, and BRASHER,

Circuit Judges.

BRASHER, Circuit Judge:

This is an appeal from a settlement approval order in a Chap-

ter 7 bankruptcy proceeding. When Michael Kenny was hired by

Critical Intervention Services, Inc. (“CIS”), as a security guard, he

signed several restrictive covenants with the firm, including a non-

compete agreement. After less than a month on the job, Kenny re-

signed and joined another private security firm called Securitas.

When CIS notified Securitas of the non-compete agreement it had

with Kenny, Securitas terminated him. At that point, Kenny chal-

lenged CIS’s enforcement of the non-compete agreement in state

court. CIS countersued for breach of contract. While that litigation

was ongoing, Kenny filed a Chapter 7 bankruptcy petition.

A trustee administered Kenny’s estate in bankruptcy court.

Several of Kenny’s creditors, including CIS, filed claims on his es-

tate. The Trustee eventually proposed a settlement in which CIS

paid $30,000 into Kenny’s estate in exchange for dismissing the

state-court action. That money would then be used to pay Kenny’s

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21-12295 Opinion of the Court 3

other unsecured creditors in full. Any leftover funds would be di-

vided between Kenny and CIS. The bankruptcy court approved the

settlement over Kenny’s objection. Kenny filed a motion for recon-

sideration, which the bankruptcy court denied. He then appealed

to the United States District Court for the Middle District of Flor-

ida, which affirmed the approval of the settlement. He then filed a

secondary appeal with this Court. Reviewing for abuse of discre-

tion, we affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

CIS hired Kenny as a security guard under a non-compete

agreement. Kenny was initially assigned to work the night shift, but

after losing childcare for his daughter, he asked CIS if he could

move to the day shift. CIS could not accommodate his request, so

he resigned. Kenny’s time at CIS lasted less than one month. Most

of Kenny’s time at CIS was spent in state licensure courses, orien-

tation, and job-training. Three days were spent working field-train-

ing shifts.

After leaving CIS, Kenny began working for Securitas, a CIS

competitor, as a security guard. CIS considered Kenny’s employ-

ment with Securitas a violation of his non-compete agreement,

which prohibited Kenny from working for a CIS competitor for

two years after his employment with CIS ended. After learning

about Kenny’s new position, CIS notified Securitas that Kenny was

in breach of the non-compete agreement. Securitas then termi-

nated Kenny.

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4 Opinion of the Court 21-12295

Kenny sued CIS in Florida state court seeking (1) a declara-

tory judgment that the non-compete he signed with CIS was unen-

forceable, and (2) money damages based on tortious interference

leading to his termination by Securitas. Because the harm caused

by his termination was offset by unemployment benefits he re-

ceived, Kenny’s economic damages were capped at $10,000 in lost

wages. He also sought non-economic damages for emotional dis-

tress and punitive damages. CIS counterclaimed for breach of con-

tract, seeking liquidated damages and injunctive relief based on the

non-compete agreement. CIS later moved to disqualify Kenny’s

counsel.

Before the state court could rule on that motion, and as part

of his strategy, Kenny filed a petition for Chapter 7 bankruptcy.

Kenny’s petition listed $333,898 in total liabilities, mostly in the

form of non-priority, unsecured claims. His only meaningful assets

were his claims against CIS. Kenny listed CIS as a nonpriority, un-

secured creditor with a contingent and disputed claim stemming

from the state-court litigation. CIS filed a proof of claim for

$302,305.26 based on “[a]ttorney’s fees and costs incurred” in the

state-court litigation with Kenny. Kenny filed an objection to the

proof of claim. According to Kenny, CIS’s proof of claim was mer-

itless because CIS could not prevail in the state-court action against

Kenny.

While Kenny’s objection was pending, the bankruptcy Trus-

tee negotiated a settlement agreement with CIS. Under the settle-

ment, CIS agreed to pay Kenny’s estate $30,000 in exchange for

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dismissing the state-court action with prejudice. CIS would receive

an allowed claim for $302,305.26—though it was to be subordi-

nated to all other unsecured claims. And CIS would assign thirty-

three percent of any funds it received for its claim (up to $10,000)

to Kenny. The upshot is that all of Kenny’s unsecured debts would

be paid, and Kenny would receive a discharge of his debts and up

to $10,000 cash.

The Trustee asked the bankruptcy court to approve the set-

tlement under 11 U.S.C. § 105(a) and Federal Rule of Bankruptcy

Procedure 9019(a). No creditor objected to the proposal, but

Kenny objected, arguing that settlement was not in his best inter-

ests. Specifically, Kenny argued that the settlement undervalued his

claims in the state-court action where he was seeking non-eco-

nomic and punitive damages. He also argued that CIS was not a

legitimate creditor and had no legal basis for recovery against

Kenny or the estate.

The bankruptcy court held a hearing on the proposed settle-

ment. The court analyzed the proposed settlement under the test

laid out by Wallis v. Justice Oaks II, Ltd. (In re Justice Oaks II, Ltd.),

898 F.2d 1544 (11th Cir. 1990), concluding that “each of the [four]

Justice Oaks factors weigh[ed] in favor of approving the compro-

mise.” First, it found that Kenny’s probability of success on the

merits of his state-court claims was doubtful. Though Kenny raised

several arguments against enforcing the non-compete agreement,

he overlooked the fact that CIS had successfully enforced similar

agreements twice in the six years leading up to the settlement. And

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6 Opinion of the Court 21-12295

even if Kenny prevailed, his economic damages against CIS were

capped at $10,000—significantly less than what the settlement

promised to pay into his estate—and his entitlement to non-eco-

nomic damages was uncertain. Second, potential difficulties in col-

lection meant that even if he won on the merits and obtained non-

economic damages, there could be delay in collecting from CIS.

Third, the state-court litigation was complex given the nature of

the claims, the pending motion to disqualify Kenny’s counsel, and

the difficulty of retaining replacement counsel if the motion were

granted. Indeed, Kenny’s counsel argued that he was uniquely

qualified to handle the non-compete litigation and could not be re-

placed if the state court disqualified him. Finally, the interest of

Kenny’s creditors weighed heavily in favor of the settlement, under

which all non-CIS creditors expected to be paid in full.

The bankruptcy court then approved the settlement. In do-

ing so it concluded that Kenny’s initial objection to CIS’s proof of

claim was “subsumed in the settlement” and therefore overruled.

Kenny filed a motion for reconsideration, which the bankruptcy

court denied.

Kenny then appealed to the U.S. District Court for the Mid-

dle District of Florida. He argued that because he was likely to suc-

ceed on the merits of his state-law claims, the bankruptcy court

should have recognized that CIS’s claim was meritless and re-

moved CIS as a creditor. And he argued that the bankruptcy court

erred in denying his motion for reconsideration because, again, it

underestimated the strength of his state-law claims, which biased

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21-12295 Opinion of the Court 7

its weighing of the Justice Oaks factors. After reviewing the record

and holding its own hearing, the district court affirmed the bank-

ruptcy court’s approval order. It held that the bankruptcy court did

not abuse its discretion by (1) approving the Trustee’s settlement

with CIS, (2) overruling Kenny’s objection to CIS’s proof of claim,

and (3) denying Kenny’s motion for reconsideration. Kenny then

filed a secondary appeal with this Court.

II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

When reviewing a district court’s appellate review of a bank-

ruptcy court’s decision, we apply the same standards of review as

the district court. See Reynolds v. Servisfirst Bank (In re Stanford),

17 F.4th 116, 121 (11th Cir. 2021) (citing United Mine Workers of

Am. Combined Benefit Fund v. Toffel (In re Walter Energy, Inc.),

911 F.3d 1121, 1135 (11th Cir. 2018)). Accordingly, we review con-

clusions of law drawn by both the district court and the bankruptcy

court de novo. And we review factual findings for clear error. See

id. A factual finding is clearly erroneous if the reviewing court ex-

amines the evidence and is “left with the definite and firm convic-

tion that a mistake has been made.” Id. (quoting Feshbach v. Dep’t

of Treasury (In re Feshbach), 974 F.3d 1320, 1328 (11th Cir. 2020)).

We review a bankruptcy court’s order approving a settle-

ment for abuse of discretion. See Chira v. Saal (In re Chira), 567

F.3d 1307, 1311 (11th Cir. 2009) (citing Christo v. Padgett (In re

Christo), 223 F.3d 1324, 1335 (11th Cir. 2000)). Under this standard,

we “must affirm unless we find that the lower court has made a

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8 Opinion of the Court 21-12295

clear error of judgment, or has applied the wrong legal standard.”

In re Walker, 532 F.3d 1304, 1308 (11th Cir. 2008) (per curiam)

(cleaned up). Finally, we review a bankruptcy court’s denial of a

motion for reconsideration for abuse of discretion. See Fed. R.

Bankr. P. 9024 (incorporating Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)); Big Top Kool-

ers, Inc. v. Circus–Man Snacks, Inc., 528 F.3d 839, 842 (11th Cir.

2008) (holding that we “review the district court’s denial of a Rule

60(b) motion for an abuse of discretion”).

III. DISCUSSION

A. The Bankruptcy Court Did Not Abuse its Discretion in Ap-

proving the Trustee’s Settlement Proposal

The main issue on appeal is whether the bankruptcy court

abused its discretion by approving the proposed settlement. Under

Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 9019, a bankruptcy court

may approve a settlement of controversies “[o]n motion by the

trustee and after notice and a hearing.” Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9019(a).

We have recognized a strong public policy in favor of settlements.

Fla. Trailer & Equip. Co. v. Deal, 284 F.2d 567, 571 (5th Cir. 1960).

Nonetheless, before approving a settlement, a bankruptcy court

must determine that the settlement does not “fall below the lowest

point in the range of reasonableness.” Martin v. Pahiakos (In re

Martin), 490 F.3d 1272, 1275 (11th Cir. 2007).

The bankruptcy court here considered four factors in evalu-

ating the reasonableness of the proposed settlement: “(a) [t]he

probability of success in the litigation; (b) the difficulties, if any, to

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21-12295 Opinion of the Court 9

be encountered in the matter of collection; (c) the complexity of

the litigation involved, and the expense, inconvenience and delay

necessarily attending it; (d) the paramount interest of the creditors

and a proper deference to their reasonable views in the premises.”

In re Justice Oaks II, Ltd., 898 F.2d at 1549 (quoting Martin v. Kane

(In re A & C Props.), 784 F.2d 1377, 1381 (9th Cir. 1986)). The bank-

ruptcy court found that all four Justice Oaks factors favored ap-

proving the settlement.

First, the bankruptcy court found that Kenny’s probability

of success in state court favored settlement. To enforce its non-

compete agreement, CIS must show that the agreement is justified

by a “legitimate business interest.” See Fla. Stat. § 542.335(b). Sec-

tion 542.335(b) provides a non-exhaustive list of such interests, in-

cluding protection of confidential information, substantial cus-

tomer relationships, or an extraordinary investment in the em-

ployee’s education or training. Id. Beyond what is enumerated in

the statute, a legitimate business interest is “a business asset that, if

misappropriated, would give its new owner an unfair competitive

advantage over its former owner.” White v. Mederi Caretenders

Visiting Servs. of Se. Fla., LLC, 226 So. 3d 774, 784–85 (Fla. 2017)

(quoting John A. Grant, Jr. & Thomas T. Steele, Restrictive Cove-

nants: Florida Returns to the Original “Unfair Competition” Ap-

proach for the 21st Century, 70 Fla. B.J. 53, 54 (Nov. 1996)).

Kenny argues that he is likely to succeed in state court be-

cause CIS’s non-compete agreement is unenforceable. He contends

that CIS lacks a legitimate business interest in enforcing the

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10 Opinion of the Court 21-12295

agreement against a security guard who earned slightly more than

minimum wage, worked at CIS for less than a month, and spent

most of his time with CIS in licensure courses, training, and orien-

tation. He also contends that CIS lacks an interest in keeping its

training materials confidential because a significant amount of CIS

training material is publicly available either in print or online. Fur-

thermore, if Kenny is correct that CIS cannot tie its non-compete

agreement to a legitimate business interest, then it cannot prevail

in its counter-claim against Kenny—the sole basis for CIS’s claim

on Kenny’s estate.

Though it acknowledged that Kenny raised “a number of ar-

guments that call into question the enforceability of the non-com-

pete,” the bankruptcy court identified several considerations that

cast doubt on Kenny’s likelihood of success in the litigation. First,

the bankruptcy court considered CIS’s successful enforcement of

two similar non-competes against past employees in state court.

Kenny contends that CIS’s past success in enforcing its non-com-

pete agreements came via consent orders and that the merits of

those disputes were not fully litigated. The bankruptcy court

acknowledged that fact, but still found it noteworthy that state

courts had enforced CIS’s non-compete agreements at least twice.

Second, the bankruptcy court considered that even if Kenny pre-

vailed in state court, his economic damages were capped at

$10,000—significantly less than what his estate received under the

settlement. Third, though CIS’s claim on the estate totaled more

than $300,000, that figure was immaterial because (1) CIS’s claim

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was subordinated to the claims of all other creditors and (2) CIS

funded the settlement by paying $30,000 into the estate to satisfy

Kenny’s debts, splitting any remainder with up to $10,000 going to

Kenny. Finally, the bankruptcy court noted Kenny’s inability to

support, with relevant authority, his argument that he was entitled

to additional non-economic damages.

Second, the bankruptcy court found that the difficulties in

collection favored settlement. Kenny argues that there are no

known difficulties with collecting a judgment from CIS. He con-

tends that collecting any judgment always involves some amount

of delay, and that the efficiency gained by settling his claims does

not outweigh the potential benefits of allowing him to litigate. The

bankruptcy court considered that even if Kenny prevailed and re-

covered non-economic damages from CIS, collecting them would

necessarily take longer than the quick payout to creditors under the

settlement. It reasonably concluded that an immediate payout to

Kenny’s estate and a discharge of his debts outweighed the possi-

bility of collecting a larger judgment sometime in the future.

Third, the bankruptcy court found that the complexity of

the litigation favored settlement. Kenny argues that discovery in

the state-court litigation was nearly complete and that the case was

ready for trial. And he contends that the pending motion to disqual-

ify his counsel should be disregarded as a “delay tactic.” The bank-

ruptcy court considered that non-compete litigation is “highly spe-

cialized.” It reasoned that if the Trustee declined to settle, he would

need to defend against the motion to disqualify Kenny’s counsel.

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12 Opinion of the Court 21-12295

And it relied on Kenny’s own statement that his current counsel

was the only lawyer who could adequately represent him, conclud-

ing that finding replacement counsel would be difficult if the mo-

tion to disqualify were granted.

Finally, the bankruptcy court considered the interests of

Kenny’s creditors. No creditor objected to the proposed settle-

ment, and the $30,000 in settlement proceeds was expected to be

enough to cover administrative expenses and to pay every unse-

cured creditor other than CIS in full.

We cannot say the bankruptcy court abused its discretion in

concluding that the Justice Oaks factors favor settlement. The pro-

posed settlement paid Kenny more than he could have recovered

in economic damages from the litigation, which were capped at

$10,000. And it paid in full each unsecured creditor other than CIS.

Rather than guarantee his creditors a quick payout, Kenny asks for

an opportunity to fully litigate his state-court claims in search of

non-economic damages. The bankruptcy court reasonably rejected

that request.

Kenny complains that the bankruptcy court, in weighing the

factors, did not itself fully adjudicate the merits of his state-law

claims. But it was not required to. In evaluating a settlement pro-

posal, a bankruptcy court need not find facts, draw legal conclu-

sions, or otherwise adjudicate the merits of underlying litigation.

See In re Justice Oaks II, Ltd., 898 F.2d at 1549. The nature of a

settlement is that no court rules on the merits of the settled claims.

Because the trustee’s proposed settlement was well above the

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“lowest point in the range of reasonableness,” the bankruptcy court

did not abuse its discretion in approving it. See In re Martin, 490

F.3d at 1275.

B. The Bankruptcy Court Did Not Abuse its Discretion in Al-

lowing CIS’s Claim

Kenny argues that the bankruptcy court erred in overruling

his objection to CIS’s proof of claim. He contends that, if the court

had ruled on his objection before approving the settlement, it

would have concluded that CIS’s state-court claim lacked merit,

disqualifying CIS as a creditor and altering the Justice Oaks analysis

in his favor. He contends that if the bankruptcy court had ruled

separately on his objection to CIS’s claim, that would have ren-

dered him “the prevailing party on his claim for declaratory judg-

ment [in state court] . . . and entitle him (and the Estate) to signifi-

cant fees.”

This argument fails. First, nothing requires a bankruptcy

court to rule on a proof of claim or an objection to a proof of claim

before the claim can be settled. See Ga. Dep’t of Revenue v. Mou-

zon Enters., Inc. (In re Mouzon Enters., Inc.), 610 F.3d 1329, 1334

(11th Cir. 2010). Such a rule would defeat the purpose of settle-

ment. Second, the bankruptcy court analyzed and overruled

Kenny’s objection in the process of approving the settlement. The

bankruptcy court explained that Kenny’s objection to CIS’s proof

of claim was “subsumed” into its settlement analysis. Because the

bankruptcy court did not abuse its discretion in approving the

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14 Opinion of the Court 21-12295

settlement, it did not abuse its discretion in overruling Kenny’s ob-

jection under that settlement.

C. The Bankruptcy Court Did Not Abuse its Discretion in

Denying Kenny’s Motion for Reconsideration

Kenny filed a motion for reconsideration of the bankruptcy

court’s order approving the settlement and overruling his objec-

tion to the proof of claim. The bankruptcy court denied Kenny’s

motion for reconsideration, and the district court affirmed. On ap-

peal, Kenny argues that the bankruptcy court abused its discretion

because it relied on two prior instances of CIS successfully enforc-

ing its restrictive covenants against past employees in court. Kenny

contends that the orders resolving these cases were stipulated and

say nothing about the merits of his own claims against CIS. This

argument fails.

Kenny sought reconsideration under Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9024,

which borrows standards from Fed. R. Civ. P. 60. Specifically,

Kenny sought reconsideration under Rule 60(b)(3), which author-

izes relief in the case of fraud, misrepresentation, or misconduct by

an opposing party. Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(3). To obtain relief under

this provision, a movant must prove by clear and convincing evi-

dence that the opposing party obtained the order through fraud,

misrepresentations, or other misconduct. See Waddell v. Hendry

Cnty. Sheriff’s Off., 329 F.3d 1300, 1309 (11th Cir. 2003).

As evidence of misconduct, Kenny cites the bankruptcy

court’s reliance on two prior state-court orders enforcing non-

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21-12295 Opinion of the Court 15

compete agreements between CIS and its former employees. In his

motion for reconsideration, Kenny argued that CIS “misrepre-

sented the nature” of the orders “to mislead the [c]ourt” as to

Kenny’s probability of success in state court. Kenny appears to

abandon that argument on appeal, never mentioning any misrep-

resentation by CIS. In any event, he falls far short of establishing by

“clear and convincing evidence” any misconduct by CIS or the

Trustee. In fact, CIS provided the bankruptcy court with copies of

the orders so that the bankruptcy court could make its own deter-

mination of their relevance. Accordingly, the bankruptcy court did

not abuse its discretion in denying reconsideration under Rule

60(b)(3).

Alternatively, Kenny sought reconsideration under Rule

60(b)(6), which allows reconsideration of an order for “other rea-

sons justifying relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(6). But Rule 60(b)(6) is

an “extraordinary remedy which may be invoked only upon a

showing of exceptional circumstances” including “unexpected

hardship.” Griffin v. Swim-Tech Corp., 722 F.2d 677, 680 (11th Cir.

1984) (quotation omitted). Kenny’s only argument that he is enti-

tled to relief under this provision is—again—that the bankruptcy

court should have adjudicated the merits of his state-court claims

and ruled that CIS’s non-compete agreement was unenforceable.

As we explained above, the bankruptcy court need not make a mer-

its determination before approving a settlement. Kenny also fails to

show that his case features “exceptional circumstances” that justify

relief under Rule 60(b)(6). Far from it—despite Kenny’s uncertainty

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16 Opinion of the Court 21-12295

of success in state court, the approved settlement awards Kenny a

sum greater than the amount of economic damages he could re-

cover if he succeeded in state court.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, we affirm the district court’s

decision affirming the bankruptcy court’s order approving the

Trustee’s proposed settlement and overruling Kenny’s objection to

CIS’s proof of claim.

AFFIRMED.