United States v. Zabavsky

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA )

)

V. ) Criminal No. 21-0598 (PLF)

)

TERENCE SUTTON, )

and )

ANDREW ZABAVSKY, )

)

Defendants. )

)

OPINION AND ORDER

Defendants Terence Sutton and Andrew Zabavsky have separately filed motions

for bills of particulars pursuant to Rule 7(f) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. See

Zabavsky’s Motion for a Bill of Particulars (“Zabavsky Mot.”) [Dkt. No. 113]; Officer Sutton’s

Motion for a Bill of Particulars (“Sutton Mot.”) [Dkt. No. 118]. The motions request that the

Court direct the government to provide a long list of particulars regarding all three counts in the

indictment. The United States opposes the motions, asserting that the indictment “provides the

defendant[s] with substantial detail about the proof underlying the charges,” and that defendants

have received “extensive, well-organized discovery.” Government’s Opposition to Zabavsky’s

Motion for a Bill of Particulars (“Gov’t Opp. Zabavsky’’) [Dkt. No. 119] at 1; see also

Government’s Opposition to Sutton’s Motion for a Bill of Particulars (“Gov’t Opp. Sutton”)

[Dkt. No. 129] at 1. For the following reasons, the Court concludes that the indictment provides

sufficient detail to allow the defendants to understand the charges against them and adequately

prepare for trial. The Court therefore will deny Mr. Sutton and Mr. Zabavsky’s motions in full.

I. BACKGROUND

On September 23, 2021, a grand jury indicted Metropolitan Police Department

(“MPD”) officers Terence Sutton and Andrew Zabavsky, charging conspiracy, in violation of 18

U.S.C. § 371, and obstruction of justice, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1512(b)(3). Indictment at 1.

Mr. Sutton was also charged with second degree murder in violation of D.C. Code § 22-2013.

Id.

The thirteen-page, fifty-paragraph speaking indictment alleges that on the evening

of October 23, 2020, Mr. Sutton engaged in a police vehicular pursuit of Karon Hylton-Brown.

See Indictment at §§ 1-2. The indictment states that Mr. Sutton caused Mr. Hylton-Brown’s

death by engaging in a reckless pursuit that ended in a fatal traffic collision. Id. It further

alleges that between October 23, 2020, and October 24, 2020, in order to prevent an internal

investigation and referral to federal authorities for a criminal civil rights investigation, Mr.

Sutton and Mr. Zabavsky conspired to hide from MPD officials the circumstances of the pursuit

and collision. Id. at f 3, 31 The government represents that it has provided defendants with

discovery, “includ[ing], among other things, grand jury testimony from the more than 20

witnesses who testified during the investigation; reports of witness interviews and the

The Court has reviewed the following documents in connection with the pending

motion: Indictment [Dkt. No. 1]; Zabavsky’s Motion for a Bill of Particulars (“Zabavsky Mot.”)

[Dkt. No. 113]; Officer Sutton’s Motion for a Bill of Particulars (“Sutton Mot.’’) [Dkt. No. 118];

Government’s Opposition to Zabavsky’s Motion for a Bill of Particulars (“Gov’t Opp.

Zabavsky”) [Dkt. No. 119]; Zabavsky’s Reply to Government’s Opposition to Motion for a Bill

of Particular (“Zabavsky Reply”) [Dkt. No. 124]; Government’s Opposition to Sutton’s Motion

for a Bill of Particulars (“‘Gov’t Opp. Sutton”) [Dkt. No. 129]; and Officer Sutton’s Reply in

Support of Motion for a Bill of Particulars (“Sutton Reply”) [Dkt. No. 133].

contemporaneous notes of those interviews taken by the investigating agents; photographs and

written reports from the crash scene; body-worn cameras (BWC) from the MPD officers

involved in this incident and the officers who responded to the scene; video from various

surveillance cameras that captured portions of the police chase, including traffic cameras and

security cameras from businesses and homes; MPD policies concerning police chases, use of

force, and the handling of traffic crash scenes; and the training received by both defendants on

these topics, and; a list of possible witnesses.” Gov’t Opp. Sutton at 2.

On January 5, 2022, Mr. Zabavsky filed a motion for a bill of particulars

requesting that the Court direct the government to provide additional information, or particulars,

regarding Counts Two and Three of the aforementioned indictment. See Zabavsky Mot.

Mr. Zabavsky argues that the information sought in his motion “is absolutely necessary to permit

[him] to adequately prepare a defense.” Id. at 5. On January 18, 2022, Mr. Sutton filed a similar

motion requesting particulars relating to all three counts in the indictment. See Sutton Mot.

Mr. Sutton similarly argues that “the indictment raises factual questions that will hinder [his]

ability .. . to prepare for trial, and in particular prepare a motion to dismiss.” Id. at 10-11.

Il. LEGAL STANDARD

Under the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, a “court may direct the

government to file a bill of particulars.” FED. R. CRIM. P. 7(f). A bill of particulars is a formal

written statement by the government that provides details of the charges in the indictment.

1 CHARLES ALAN WRIGHT & ANDREW D. LEIPOLD, FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE § 130

(4th ed. 2021). “[R]Jequests for bills of particulars are [] far from routine.” Id.; see also United

States v. Sepulveda, 15 F.3d 1161, 1192 (1st Cir. 1993) (“Motions for bills of particulars are

seldom employed in modern federal practice.””). “[I]t is within the discretion of the trial court to

determine whether a bill of particulars should be provided, and the court should grant a motion

for a bill of particulars to the extent it believes it is necessary to allow the defendants to

adequately prepare for and avoid surprise at trial.” United States v. Bazezew, 783 F. Supp. 2d

160, 167 (D.D.C. 2011) (emphasis added).

A bill of particulars may not be used by a defendant as a discovery tool or a

device to preview the government’s evidence or theory of the case. United States v. Sanford

Ltd., 841 F. Supp. 2d 309, 316 (D.D.C. 2012). A bill of particulars is instead “designed to limit

and define the government’s case,” id. (quoting United States v. Baker, Crim. No. 08-0075, 2010

WL 936537, at *2 (M.D. Pa. Mar. 15, 2010)), and “enable the defendants to better understand

the substance of the charges against them and to prepare their defenses,” United States v.

Bazezew, 783 F. Supp. 2d at 167; United States v. Mejia, 448 F.3d 436, 445 (D.C. Cir. 2006).

Courts tend to grant bills of particulars in cases where the indictment alleges criminal activity

that spans a significant period of time and involves voluminous discovery, multiple actors, and

complex transactions. See, e.g., United States v. Trie, 21 F. Supp. 2d 7, 22 (D.D.C 1998).

In ruling on a motion for a bill of particulars, “[t]he Court must strike a prudent

balance between the legitimate interests of the government and the defendant.” United States v.

Manafort, Crim. No. 17-0201-01, 2018 WL 10394893, at *1 (D.D.C. June 12, 2018) (quotations

omitted). Specifically, the court accounts for “the government’s need to avoid prematurely

disclosing evidentiary matters to the extent that it will be unduly confined in presenting its

evidence at trial.” United States v. Sanford Ltd., 841 F. Supp. 2d at 316 (quotations omitted).

Courts weigh “the complexity of the crime charged, the clarity of the indictment, and the degree

of discovery and other sources of information otherwise available to the defendants.” WRIGHT &

LEIPOLD, supra, § 130.

III]. DISCUSSION

Mr. Sutton and Mr. Zabavsky’s motions include a combined forty-six requests

relating to all three counts in the indictment. See Zabavsky Mot at 1-2; Sutton Mot. at 4-8. For

the reasons detailed below, none of the requested information is “necessary to allow the

defendants to adequately prepare for and avoid surprise at trial.” United States v. Bazezew, 783

F, Supp. 2d at 167. All forty-six requests are therefore denied.

A. Requests Pertaining to Count One — Second Degree Murder

Mr. Sutton’s motion includes the following twenty-five requests relating to Count

One, which charges Mr. Sutton with second degree murder:

1. With respect to Count One, each point in time at which the

government alleges Officer Sutton engaged in conduct in violation

of any MPD General Order and the manner in which that conduct

violated the General Order.

2. With respect to Count One, the evidence that indicates officers

were engaged in a lawful Terry stop under MPD General Orders

on October 23, 2020.

3. With respect to Count One, evidence as to specific moments

when the government contends Officer Sutton was not engaged in

the lawful performance of police duties on October 23-24, 2020.

4. With respect to Count One, the nature of any and all evidence on

which the government intends to rely that Officer Sutton had

notice that a violation of General Order 301.03 would constitute

second-degree murder.

5. With respect to Count One, the nature of any evidence on which

the government intends to rely to prove that Officer Sutton was

trained on General Order 301.03.

6. With respect to Count One, identity of any MPD officer that has

been subject to criminal prosecution for violation of General Order

301.03, as well as the case number.

7. With respect to Count One, any evidence that Officer Sutton

violated any constitutional rights of Mr. Hylton-Brown.

8. With respect to Count One, any evidence that MPD General

Orders afforded Mr. Hylton-Brown any right to be free from arrest

for his conduct.

9, With respect to Count One, whether probable cause existed for

the arrest of Mr. Hylton-Brown for any offense, regardless of any

requirement for a warrant or restriction on an actual arrest imposed

by MPD General Orders.

10. With respect to Count One, an identification of every moment

in time that the government alleges Officer Sutton was engaged in

a “police vehicular pursuit” and the nature of any evidence that

supports the allegation.

a. With respect to Count One, state with specificity the

evidence which indicates Officer Sutton violated any part of

General Order 301.03 and how such evidence proves a

violation of General Order 301.03

11. With respect to Count One, whether “‘pursue”, “pursued”, and

“pursuing” are interchangeable with “engaged in a ‘police

vehicular pursuit’” in every instance used in the Indictment. See

Indictment 9 8, 10, 11, 24, 26(d), 27.”

12. With respect to Count One whether the government contends

that “pursuing” as used on General Order No. 301.03, Pt. IV.F,

which prohibits “pursuing a vehicle for the purpose of affecting a

stop for a traffic violation”, is a reference to engaging in a police

vehicular pursuit, or prohibits police from following a vehicle

whose driver declines to stop when officers signal the driver to

stop.

13, With respect to Count One, all evidence that shows the speed

of Officer Sutton’s vehicle at all moments during the three minutes

preceding the death of Mr. Hylton-Brown including the length of

time Ofc. Sutton remained at speeds over the speed limit.

7 Request 11 is now moot. In the government’s opposition to Mr. Sutton’s motion

for a bill of particulars, the government stated that “[t]he government does not object to

answering defense Request 11, which asks the government to confirm whether the use of the

terms ‘pursue’, ‘pursued’, and ‘pursuing’ in Count One are interchangeable with the use of the

phrase ‘engaged in a ‘police vehicular pursuit’’ in every situation. The government confirms that

these terms are used interchangeably.” Gov’t Opp. Sutton at 7.

14. With respect to Count One, all evidence that Officer Sutton’s

conduct at any given point in time on October 23, 2020 was not

authorized by DCMR 8§ 18-2002.1-2002.3.

15. With respect to Count One, the nature of any and all evidence

on which the government intends to rely to show the mens rea of

Officer Sutton for second-degree murder.

16. With respect to Count One, the nature of any and all evidence

that shows Officer Sutton “accelerated behind Hylton-Brown as

Hylton-Brown approached the alleyway’s exit.”

17. With respect to Count One, all evidence which the government

contends proves that Ofc. Sutton caused Mr, Hylton-Brown’s

death.

18. With respect to Count One, all evidence that Mr. Hylton-

Brown was engaging in criminal or traffic offenses.

19. With respect to Count One, all evidence that Mr. Hylton-

Brown’s death was not due to his failure to wear a helmet.

20. With respect to Count One, the nature of any and all evidence

that shows that Officer Sutton caused Mr. Hylton-Brown to drive

his moped into the striking vehicle.

21. With respect to Count One, evidence that at the time of his

death, Mr. Hylton-Brown was violating a lawful order of the police

to stop.

22. With respect to Count One, all evidence that Officer Sutton had

notice that his conduct would constitute second-degree murder.

23. With respect to Count One, all evidence that Mr. Hylton-

Brown did not act willfully, voluntarily, and of his own free

accord.

24. With respect to Count One, all evidence that had Mr. Hylton-

Brown complied with all police orders, his death would not have

occurred

25. With respect to Count One, all evidence that Officer Sutton

knew or should have known that Mr. Hylton-Brown would drive

his moped into an on-coming vehicle.

Sutton Mot. at 4-7.

Judges in this district have repeatedly made clear that “[a] bill of particulars is not

a discovery tool or a devise [sic] for allowing the defense to preview the government’s theories

or evidence.” United States v. Sanford Ltd., 841 F. Supp. 2d at 316; accord United States v.

Mostofsky, Crim. No. 21-0138, 2021 WL 3168501, *1 (D.D.C. July 27, 2021); United States v.

Ramirez, 54 F. Supp. 2d 25, 29 (D.D.C. 1999). Mr. Sutton nevertheless seeks all sorts of

evidentiary material to develop his defense, including ‘“‘all evidence” of his speed of travel

(Request No. 13); evidence that Mr. Sutton “accelerated behind Hylton-Brown as Hylton-Brown

approached the alleyway’s exit” (Request No. 16); evidence that Mr. Sutton caused Mr. Hylton-

Brown’s death (Request No. 17); and evidence that Mr. Sutton caused Mr. Hylton-Brown to

drive into the striking vehicle (Request No. 20). Sutton Mot. at 6; see also Gov’t Opp.

Sutton 3-4.

These requests circumvent the procedures laid out in the Federal Rules of

Criminal Procedure for obtaining documents or information that may be “material to preparing

the defense.” See FED. R. CRIM. P. 16(a)(1)(E)(i). Rule 16 provides detailed and specific

instructions for obtaining “oral statement[s],” “written or recorded statement[s],” “defendant’s

prior record,” and “documents and objects.” See FED. R. CRIM. P. 16(a)(1)(A)-(B), (D)-(E). In

fact, the government asserts that Mr. Sutton has already been provided such materials, including

“[body-worn cameras], radio recordings, surveillance video, and GPS data to understand how the

vehicular pursuit [and] crash . . . transpired.” Gov’t Opp. Sutton at 10. Mr. Sutton, like all

defendants in criminal cases, must proceed through the normal procedural channels of litigation.

Mr. Sutton instead argues that “it is not sufficient for the government to respond

to a motion for a bill of particulars by pointing to the voluminous discovery already provided.”

Sutton Mot. at 9 (quoting United States v. Bazezew, 783 F. Supp. 2d at 168). The quote from

Bazezew seems particularly inapposite in this case. In Bazezew, the “voluminous discovery”

pertained to an indictment that alleged a conspiracy spanning a period of about twenty-five days

and involving twenty-one co-conspirators. See United States v. Bazezew, 783 F. Supp. 2d

at 162-63, 168. The Court granted the motion for a bill of particulars after emphasizing lengthy

gaps in time between the overt acts of alleged co-conspirators set forth in the indictment. See id.

at 168-69 (concluding that the indictment “charges that while the conspiracy began on

September 3, 2009, none of the 16 remaining defendants [who had not pled guilty] took an overt

act in furtherance of the conspiracy until [at least eight days later]’’). Here, in contrast, Mr.

Sutton alone is charged with second degree murder, there are no co-conspirators, and the factual

allegations with respect to the murder charge span just a short three-minute time frame. See

Indictment at 26. The indictment already includes details about “the defendant’s various

directions of travel, speeds at given points, and a description of the final seconds of the pursuit

before the crash.” Gov’t Opp. Sutton at 9 (citing Indictment at J] 26-28).

Mr. Sutton’s requests also extend beyond the factual allegations in the indictment

and seek to “preview the government’s evidence” regarding Mr. Sutton’s mens rea and Mr.

Hylton-Brown’s conduct leading up to the collision. See United States v. Sanford Ltd., 841 F.

Supp. 2d at 316. For example, Mr. Sutton requests “all evidence ” of Mr. Sutton’s mens rea for

second degree murder (Request No. 15); evidence that Mr. Sutton had “notice that his conduct

would constitute second degree murder” (Request No. 22); and evidence that Mr. Sutton’s had

knowledge that Mr. Hylton-Brown would drive into oncoming traffic (Request No. 25). Sutton

Mot. at 6-7; see also Gov’t Opp. Sutton at 3. Mr. Sutton also seeks “all evidence” that “Mr.

Hylton-Brown was engaging in criminal or traffic offenses” (Request No. 18); evidence that

“Mr. Hylton-Brown’s death was not due to his failure to wear a helmet” (Request No. 19); and

evidence that “Mr. Hylton-Brown did not act willfully, voluntarily, and of his own accord”

(Request No. 23). Sutton Mot. at 6; see also Gov’t Opp. Sutton at 4. Although this information

arguably may help Mr. Sutton in preparing his defense, “the question is not whether the

information sought would be beneficial to the defendant, but whether it is necessary” to

understand the charges against him. United States v. Sanford Ltd., 841 F. Supp. 2d at 322

(quoting United States v. Diaz, 303 F. Supp. 2d 84, 89 (D. Conn. 2004)).

Mr. Sutton’s motion also includes over a dozen requests that pertain to official

MPD policies and Mr. Sutton’s performance of his duties as a law enforcement officer. For

example, he requests evidence that that he “had notice that a violation of MPD General Order

301.03 would constitute second degree murder” (Request No. 4); evidence that he “was trained

in General Order 301.03” (Request No. 5); and “an identification of every moment in time” that

he was engaged in a “police vehicular pursuit” (Request No. 10). Sutton Mot. at 4; see also

Gov’t Opp. Sutton at 4. Mr. Sutton argues that these requests should be granted because “this is

an unprecedented prosecution” and that “the particulars are necessary to clarify the indictment’s

treatment of Ofc. Sutton’s status as an officer, the weight of MPD General Orders, and the fact

that no constitutional violations occurred.” Sutton Mot. at 11. In contrast, the government

asserts that “[t]he Indictment does not treat Defendant Sutton’s police officer status as a shield

from criminal prosecution for violating the law [and] does not render it ‘novel,’ nor does it

provide a basis for granting the broad discovery the defendant seeks through a motion under

Rule 7(f).” Gov’t Opp. Sutton at 13-14.

The “novelty” of the criminal prosecution aside, these requests seek to preview

the government’s trial strategy and theory of its case and to expose how the government plans to

navigate the nuanced issue of Mr. Sutton’s role as a police officer. Furthermore, evidence such

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as whether the defendants “were engaged in a lawful Terry stop under MPD General Orders on

October 23, 2020” or “violated any constitutional rights of Mr. Hylton-Brown” are legal issues

that have no relevance to the sufficiency of the charge of second degree murder as set forth in the

indictment. See Sutton Mot. at 4 (Request Nos. 2, 7). The Court therefore concludes that

providing these “particulars” is far from “necessary,” United States v. Bazezew, 783 F. Supp. 2d

at 167, and in fact directly undermines the purpose of a bill of particulars to “limit and define the

government’s case,” United States v. Sanford Ltd., 841 F. Supp. 2d at 316.

B. Requests Pertaining to Counts Two and Three —

Conspiracy and Obstruction of Justice

Mr. Sutton and Mr. Zabavsky’s motions include a combined twenty-three requests

relating to Counts Two and Three of the indictment, which charge Mr. Sutton and Mr. Zabavsky

with conspiracy to obstruct justice and obstruction of justice. Mr. Sutton’s requested particulars

are listed below:

26. With respect to Count Two, the identities of the officials from

whom the government alleges Ofc. Sutton sought to hide the

circumstances of the crash and the correlated conduct with regard

to each official.

27. With respect to Count Two, the date, time, and nature of the

earliest statement and/or event upon which the prosecution will

rely to prove that the conspiracy existed. (Duplicative of Mr.

Zabavsky’s Request No. 1).

28. With respect to Count Two, the nature of any and all

statements and/or events, other than those already contained in the

indictment, upon which the prosecution intends to rely to prove

that the conspiracy existed. (Duplicative of Mr. Zabavsky’s

Request No. 2).

29. With respect to Count Two, the date, time, and nature of the

earliest statement and/or event upon which the prosecution will

rely to establish when each defendant joined the conspiracy.

(Duplicative of Mr. Zabavsky’s Request No. 3).

11

30. With respect to Count Two, the date, time and nature of the

earliest statement and/or event upon which the prosecution will

rely to establish when Officer Sutton joined the conspiracy.

(Duplicative of Mr. Zabavsky’s Request No. 4).

31. With respect to Count Two, all co-conspirator statements the

government intends to introduce at trial.

32. With respect to Count Two, the nature of any evidence on

which the government intends to rely on that shows Officer Sutton

intended to prevent an internal MPD investigation.

33. With respect to Count Two, any evidence on which the

government intends to rely to prove Officer Sutton sought to

impede the referral of the matter to federal authorities for a

criminal civil rights investigation.

34, With respect to Count Two, any evidence the government

intends to rely on to show that an internal MPD investigation

would lead to a federal civil rights investigation.

35. With respect to Count Two, identify all federal civil rights

statutes that would have been investigated.

36. With respect to Count Two, any evidence that a federal civil

rights statute was violated.

37. With respect to Count Two, any and all evidence the

government intends to rely on as an overt act in furtherance of the

Conspiracy not already listed in the indictment.

38. With respect to counts Two and Three, the nature of any

evidence on which the government intends to rely to show that

Officer Sutton had knowledge of the commission and possible

commission of a federal offense.

Sutton Mot. at 7-8. Four of Mr. Zabavsky’s requests are virtually identical to Mr. Sutton’s

requests. Compare Zabavsky Mot. at 1-2 (Request Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4) with Sutton Mot. at 7

(Request Nos. 27, 28, 29, 30). Mr. Zabavsky also included the following four non-duplicative

requests:

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5, With respect to Count Three, the date and nature of the earliest

statement/event upon which the prosecution will rely to prove the

obstruction of justice.

6. With respect to Count Three, the nature of any and all overt

actions by Zabavsky on October 24 upon which the prosecution

will rely to prove the obstruction of justice.

7. With respect to Count Three, the exact communication which

Zabavsky hid to prevent an internal investigation of the incident.

8. With respect to Count Three, the date and nature of the most

recent statement/event upon which the prosecution will rely to

prove the obstruction of justice.

Zabavsky Mot. at 2.

For many of the same reasons as those discussed above, Mr. Sutton and Mr.

Zabavsky fail to show that any of these requests are “necessary to... adequately prepare for and

avoid surprise at trial.” See United States v. Bazezew, 783 F. Supp. 2d at 167. Like Mr.

Sutton’s requests pertaining to Count One, the remaining requests do not belong in a bill of

particulars; rather the information requested should be sought through Rule 16 discovery

requests. Furthermore, defendants’ arguments about the specificity of the indictment have even

less merit for the conspiracy and obstruction charges, which by their nature are necessarily quite

detailed. The conspiracy charge in the indictment contains four specific “manner and means”

and twenty overt acts that Mr. Sutton and Mr. Zabavsky allegedly took in furtherance of the

conspiracy. Indictment at ff 33-48. The D.C. Circuit does not require any more specificity

about the time and place of a conspiracy or when defendants entered and exited an alleged

conspiracy to be set out in an indictment. United States v. Butler, 822 F.2d 1191, 1194 (D.C.

Cir. 1987); accord United States v. Sanford Ltd., 841 F. Supp. 2d at 317-18. Similarly, this

Court has held that “[t]o require the government to identify all alleged overt acts... in

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furtherance of the alleged conspiracies would be a heavy burden indeed and not essential to the

preparation of a defense.” United States vy. Trie, 21 F. Supp. 2d at 23.

The indictment in this case includes over twenty paragraphs that detail the

“manner and means” and overt acts that Mr. Sutton and Mr. Zabavsky took in furtherance of the

conspiracy. See Indictment at 9] 34-48. It includes allegations that the defendants “[d]elay[ed]

notification of the traffic collision to MPD officials and, in turn, federal authorities;

[c]ontroll[ed] the law enforcement response to the traffic crash scene; [willfully neglect[ed] to

collect and preserve relevant evidence; and, [w]ithh[eld] information from the Watch

Commander and mis[led] him about the circumstances of the traffic collision.” Indictment at

4 33. The indictment also goes into detail about the overt acts taken in furtherance of the

conspiracy, and even provides a list of statements that the defendants made at the Fourth District

police station when they met with the Watch Commander. See Indictment at ¥ 46 (“[Mr. Sutton

and Mr. Zabavsky] portrayed the incident as a brief attempted traffic stop; [Mr. Sutton]

minimized his conduct, saying that he did not engage in a vehicular pursuit... [Mr. Zabavsky ]

said that Hylton-Brown had been drunk and had been slurring his words; and, [Mr. Sutton and

Mr. Zabavsky] withheld all information about Hylton-Brown’s serious injuries.”). These

allegations, among others, demonstrate that the government has already met the “heavy burden”

3 Courts also routinely deny bills of particulars in cases where defendants are not

charged with a conspiracy that spans a significant duration of time or does not include multiple

unnamed co-conspirators. See, e.g., United States vy. NYNEX Corp, 781 F. Supp. 19, 21

(D.D.C. 1991) (denying a motion where the charge “does not involve a complex, longstanding

conspiracy; it is a relatively simple charge of violating the decree over a defined period of

time.’”); United States v. Sanford, 841 F. Supp. 2d at 318 (denying a bill of particulars where the

entire conspiracy occurred on “a ship [] in the middle of the sea, [where] there is a finite number

of people on board and a finite list of crew members”); but see United States vy. Bazezew, 783 F.

Supp. 2d at 168 (granting in part a bill of particulars to require the government to disclose the

identities of sixteen alleged co-conspirators).

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required for a conspiracy charge, and the requests therefore seek information that is “not

essential to the preparation of a defense.” United States v. Trie, 21 F. Supp. 2d at 23.

Mr. Sutton further argues that “the particulars requested relating to Counts 2

and 3, are aimed at understanding charges which point to a federal civil rights investigation

where no such charge is listed in the indictment, and the government has all but stated that such

charges were never seriously considered.” Sutton Reply at 7. His motion therefore requests

specific information about the underlying civil rights investigation, including evidence that ‘“‘an

internal MPD investigation would lead to a federal civil rights investigation” and that “a federal

civil rights statute was violated.” Sutton Mot. at 8 (Request Nos. 34, 36).4 He contends that this

information is necessary because “|t]he Indictment offers no evidence of a connection, or

perceived connection by Ofc. Sutton, between an MPD internal investigation and a federal civil

rights investigation.” Sutton Mot. at 3.

This argument has no merit for two reasons. First, the obstruction statute in this

case requires no such evidence. 18 U.S.C. § 1512(b)(3) punishes one who

knowingly uses intimidation, threatens, or corruptly persuades

another person, or attempts to do so, or engages in misleading

conduct toward another person, with intent to—

(3) hinder, delay, or prevent the communication to a law

enforcement officer or judge of the United States of information

relating to the commission or possible commission of a Federal

offense...

18 U.S.C. § 1512(b)(3) (emphasis added). This statute does not require that any federal civil

rights investigation actually have occurred, let alone that the existence of one be pled in the

indictment. Rather, the government need only prove “the possible existence of a federal crime

Mr. Zabavsky does not join in these requests.

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and a defendant’s intention to thwart an inquiry into that crime.” United States v. Ring, 628 F.

Supp. 2d 195, 220 (D.D.C. 2009) (quoting United States v. Ronda, 455 F.3d 1273, 1288 (11th

Cir. 2006)). Whether the U.S. Attorney’s Office, the Civil Rights Division, the FBI, or the grand

jury in fact investigated possible federal civil rights violations is not at issue with respect to Mr.

Sutton’s obstruction of justice charge, and it need not be pled in the indictment or supplied in a

bill of particulars. Thwarting an investigation before it can begin is sufficient for an obstruction

of justice charge.

Second, Mr. Sutton conflates the requirements for an indictment with the burden

of proof required at trial. In an indictment, the government must “suppl[y] [the defendant] with

the essential facts and elements of the crimes charged” and “track the language of [the statute].”

United States v. Saffarinia, 422 F. Supp. 3d 269, 277 (D.D.C. 2019) (citing United States v.

Knight, Crim. No. 12-0367, 2013 WL 3367259, at *4 (E.D. Pa. July 3, 2013)). A defendant

charged with obstruction of justice must be able to “reasonably infer how their allegedly

obstructive conduct impeded . . . an investigation into their activities.” Id. Mr. Sutton

nevertheless seeks information about how the government will prove the elements of obstruction

at trial, including evidence “that shows Officer Sutton intended to prevent an internal MPD

investigation” (Request No. 32) and evidence that “Officer Sutton had knowledge of the

commission and possible commission of a federal offense” (Request No. 38).

As discussed above, the indictment contains over twenty paragraphs that detail the

“manner and means” and overt acts that Mr. Sutton and Mr. Zabavsky took in furtherance of the

conspiracy to obstruct justice. See Indictment at §§ 34-48. The indictment also alleges the

following:

[Mr. Sutton and Mr. Zabavsky’s] actions delayed, and could have

prevented, notifications to MCS and the Internal Affairs Division

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(IAD), which is responsible for making referrals to federal

authorities for investigations of potential criminal civil rights

violations.

Indictment at 4 14. This specific allegation “track[s] the language” of the statute, United States

v. Saffarinia, 422 F. Supp. 3d at 277, which criminalizes activity that “delay[s], or prevent[s] the

communication ... of information relating to the commission or possible commission of a

Federal offense,” 18 U.S.C. § 1512(b)(3) (emphasis added). In conjunction with the “manner

and means” and overt acts detailed throughout the indictment, this allegation provides enough

context for Mr. Sutton and Mr. Zabavsky to “reasonably infer how their allegedly obstructive

conduct impeded” a federal civil rights investigation. United States v. Saffarinia, 422 F.

Supp. 3d at 277. Mr. Sutton’s requests therefore reach beyond the scope of the indictment and

do not belong in a bill of particulars.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, it is hereby

ORDERED that Mr. Zabavsky’s [Dkt. No. 113] Motion for a Bill of Particulars is

DENIED; and it is

FURTHER ORDERED that Mr, Sutton’s [Dkt. No. 118] Motion for a Bill of

Particulars is DENIED.

SO ORDERED.

Oi LIne

PAUL L. FRIEDMAN

United States District Judge

DATE: d}ai} ao

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