The opinion
Cite as 2022 Ark. 86
SUPREME COURT OF ARKANSAS
No. CV-21-517
Opinion Delivered: April 14, 2022
LESLIE RUTLEDGE, INDIVIDUALLY
AND AS ATTORNEY GENERAL OF APPEAL FROM THE PULASKI
THE STATE OF ARKANSAS COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
APPELLANT [NO. 60CV-21-341]
V. HONORABLE MORGAN E. WELCH,
JUDGE
PRATT CATES REMMEL, JR.; GALE
STEWART; GLEN HOOKS; ROBERT REVERSED AND DISMISSED IN
B LEFLAR; ELAINE DUMAS; PART; DISMISSED IN PART; AND
MICHAEL B. DOUGAN; HARVEY REMANDED. MOTION TO STRIKE
JOE SANNER; AND JACKIE DENIED.
SIMPSON
APPELLEES
RHONDA K. WOOD, Associate Justice
This is a lawsuit against Attorney General Leslie Rutledge in both her official and
individual capacities. The dispute centers on the Attorney General’s spending on TV
commercials and legal filings in out-of-state federal litigation. The lawsuit contains two
primary allegations and requests for relief: first, that the Attorney General has exceeded her
authority and should be enjoined from continuing to act in excess of her authority and
second, that she has spent funds in excess of her authority, which constitutes an illegal
exaction. The matter comes before us now on an interlocutory appeal after the circuit court
denied the Attorney General’s assertions of various immunity defenses.
As for the first claim for relief, we hold that the Attorney General has sovereign
immunity and cannot be enjoined because plaintiffs failed to show that any of the Attorney
General’s acts were ultra vires. Thus, we reverse and dismiss the claim for injunctive relief.
As to the second allegation, the illegal exaction, we hold that Leslie Rutledge as an individual
is entitled to statutory immunity because plaintiffs failed to allege that she acted maliciously.
Thus, we also reverse and dismiss the individual-capacity claim for an illegal exaction.
But the official-capacity claim for an illegal exaction is not subject to either sovereign
or statutory immunity. We therefore dismiss this part of the appeal because it falls outside
our appellate jurisdiction on interlocutory review.1
I. Factual Background
Several Arkansas taxpayers sued Attorney General Leslie Rutledge, both individually
and in her official capacity. Plaintiffs generally objected to the decisions she has made while
in office. First, they contended that the Attorney General filed briefs in national litigation
“notwithstanding the absence of credible facts or legal precedence [sic] to support the claims
. . . and without consult[ing]” the Governor or other state agency leaders. Examples of these
cases include the NRA’s bankruptcy case in Texas federal court; a lawsuit about the NRA’s
nonprofit status in New York federal court; and a request to intervene in an original action
in the United States Supreme Court about the 2020 presidential election. Plaintiffs alleged
the filings did not involve any state interests and were made only to further the Attorney
General’s political ends.
1
Plaintiffs moved to strike portions of the Attorney General’s opening brief. The
motion is denied.
2
Second, plaintiffs alleged the Attorney General spent public funds on television and
radio advertisements about consumer education that constituted an illegal exaction under
the Arkansas Constitution and exceeded her statutory authority. Plaintiffs acknowledged the
Attorney General’s statutory authority to spend funds on consumer education but contended
that the emphasis was self-promotion rather than consumer education.
Third, plaintiffs alleged the Attorney General exceeded her duties and committed an
illegal exaction by engaging in partisan activities, such as serving as a national co-chair of
“Lawyers for Trump!” and elevating political causes through social media. Their complaint
said this: “Her activities and highly partisan statements, tweets, and media postings have
clearly indicated that . . . Rutledge is an Attorney General who represents only those who
agree with her political viewpoints.”
Based on these allegations, plaintiffs asked the circuit court for (i) an injunction
against the Attorney General to prohibit further actions that exceed her authority and (ii) a
money judgment for an illegal exaction ordering repayment to the state treasury.
The Attorney General filed a motion to dismiss and raised three defenses relevant to
this interlocutory appeal: absolute immunity; sovereign immunity; and statutory immunity.
The motion also argued the complaint failed to state facts that would entitle plaintiffs to
relief. Last, the motion argued the political-questions doctrine barred the lawsuit.
The circuit court denied the motion to dismiss but addressed only two of the
immunity defenses. First, the court held the Attorney General wasn’t entitled to sovereign
immunity because the facts as alleged in the complaint showed the Attorney General had
been acting ultra vires and without legal authority. Second, the court held the Attorney
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General wasn’t entitled to qualified immunity because the alleged facts showed she acted in
bad faith and in an injurious manner. But the circuit court never ruled on absolute immunity
or the political-questions doctrine.
The Attorney General filed this interlocutory appeal and argued the three immunity
defenses precluded the lawsuit. She also argued the political-questions doctrine should apply.
But our jurisdiction in this interlocutory appeal covers only “[a]n order denying a motion
to dismiss or for summary judgment based on the defense of sovereign immunity or the
immunity of a government official.” Ark. R. App. P.–Civ. 2(a)(10). We address only the
ruled-upon immunity challenges—here sovereign immunity and statutory immunity.2 All
other issues fall outside the scope of our review at this stage of the litigation.3
II. Law and Analysis
Part A. Sovereign Immunity and the Claim for Injunctive Relief
We first address the claim that the Attorney General exceeded her official authority
and that the court should enjoin her from continuing to file lawsuits in federal court, running
television advertisements, and tweeting about politics in a manner plaintiffs do not like. A
lawsuit against a state official for injunctive relief can overcome sovereign immunity if the
2
See Ark. Dep’t of Fin. & Admin. v. Carpenter Farms Med. Grp., LLC, 2020 Ark. 213,
at 11, 601 S.W.3d 111, 119; Ark. Lottery Comm’n v. Alpha Mktg., 2012 Ark. 23, at 8, 386
S.W.3d 400, 405.
3
The Attorney General contends the political-questions doctrine is a jurisdictional
concern that we must address now. But the citation for that contention involved a pre-
Amendment 80 case discussing whether the chancery court or the circuit court had
jurisdiction to enjoin an election. Catlett v. Republican Party of Ark., 242 Ark. 283, 286, 413
S.W.2d 651, 653 (1967).
4
suit adequately pleads the official acted illegally, unconstitutionally, or ultra vires.4 The
complaint must assert facts that, if proven, would demonstrate a legal violation.5 We
consider only the complaint and review de novo whether alleged facts surmounted
sovereign immunity.6
The first issue is the Attorney General’s decision to file briefs in out-of-state cases.
As a general matter, the Attorney General “shall perform such duties as may be prescribed
by law.” Ark. Const. art. 6, § 22. One statute instructs the Attorney General to “defend the
interests of the state in matters before the United States Supreme Court and all other federal
courts.” Ark. Code Ann. § 25-16-703(a) (Repl. 2014). Plaintiffs argue this interest arises
only if the State of Arkansas is a party to the lawsuit. But the statute contains no such
limitation, and we refuse to impose a restriction absent from the statutory text.
Next, plaintiffs allege the Attorney General’s separate statutory duty to represent state
agencies under Ark. Code Ann. § 25-16-702 restricts her power to defend the state’s interest
under section 703 discussed above. This is an inaccurate analysis of the law. The relevant
text from section 702 provides:
The Attorney General shall be the attorney for all state officials, departments,
institutions, and agencies. Whenever any officer or department, institution, or agency
of the state needs the services of an attorney, the matter shall be certified to the
Attorney General for attention.
4
Martin v. Haas, 2018 Ark. 283, at 7, 556 S.W.3d 509, 514.
5
See Williams v. McCoy, 2018 Ark. 17, at 4, 535 S.W.3d 266, 269.
6
See Ark. Dep’t of Educ. v. McCoy, 2021 Ark. 136, at 4, 624 S.W.3d 687, 691.
5
Ark. Code Ann. § 25-16-702(a). Plaintiffs read the second sentence as requiring a
certification, or “ask,” from the state agencies before the Attorney General can pursue
litigation in federal court under section 703. But again, the Attorney General’s power under
section 703 speaks broadly and does not reference section 702 or suggest a precondition.
Plaintiffs have accordingly failed to plead sufficient facts to overcome sovereign immunity
on this issue.
The second issue is the Attorney General’s spending on consumer-education
programming. Here, plaintiffs failed to show how the Attorney General’s actions violated
the law. Indeed, the statute allows the Attorney General to spend money from her
“Consumer Education and Enforcement Account” for consumer education. Ark. Code
Ann. § 4-88-105(e)(3)(A),(B)(x) (Supp. 2021). She can spend this money “in a manner
determined by the office of Attorney General.” Id. Plaintiffs do not dispute that the ads
concerned consumer education.
Despite this clear statutory authorization, plaintiffs argue the Attorney General
exceeded her authority by running consumer-education advertisements “leading up to the
2022 election.” But the statute doesn’t prohibit spending during election season. And the
discretion to spend resides with the Attorney General under Arkansas law. Thus, plaintiffs
failed to plead an ultra vires act by the Attorney General that would surmount a sovereign-
immunity defense.
The third issue is the Attorney General’s membership in certain partisan groups and
social-media postings about politics. Plaintiffs identified no constitutional or statutory rule
the Attorney General violated when she joined the “Lawyers for Trump!” group or
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otherwise expressed political support for other causes. This allegation cannot surmount
sovereign immunity either. Bare-bones allegations unsupported by law do not survive an
immunity defense.
To conclude, plaintiffs’ request for injunctive relief should have been summarily
dismissed because they failed to plead facts to overcome sovereign immunity. None of the
facts and legal allegations established that the Attorney General exceeded any legal authority.
Part B. Statutory Immunity and the Illegal-Exaction Claim in an Individual Capacity
Plaintiffs also brought an illegal-exaction claim against the Attorney General in her
individual capacity. They ask that Leslie Rutledge, individually, be ordered to repay the
state treasury. The Attorney General argues statutory or “qualified” immunity shields her
from illegal-exaction lawsuits for acts occurring within the course and scope of employment.
This is true for individual-capacity claims when, as is the case here, the complaint failed to
identify malicious acts.
State officers and employees receive immunity from liability and suit “for acts or
omissions, other than malicious acts or omissions, occurring within the course and scope of
their employment.” Ark. Code Ann. § 19-10-305(a) (Repl. 2016). It applies unless plaintiffs
have “pled sufficient facts to support a finding that the acts or omissions were committed
maliciously.” Dockery v. Morgan, 2011 Ark. 94, at 20, 380 S.W.3d 377, 389. We have defined
malice as “intent and disposition to do a wrongful act greatly injurious to another.” Fuqua
v. Flowers, 341 Ark. 901, 905, 20 S.W.3d 388, 391 (2000).
In Dockery, a plaintiff sued the commissioners of the Arkansas Game and Fish
Commission in their individual capacities for an illegal exaction. 2011 Ark. 94, at 3, 380
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S.W.3d at 380. The circuit court dismissed the complaint, holding the individual claims
were barred by the statutory immunity conferred under Ark. Code Ann. § 19-10-305(a).
We affirmed this ruling because the complaint, among other things, “failed to plead that
[the commissioners’] acts . . . were committed maliciously.” Id. at 20, 380 S.W.3d at 389.
Another case involved a federal section 1983 claim by a prison guard against prison
officials. Banks v. Jones, 2019 Ark. 204, 575 S.W.3d 111. We held statutory immunity
protected the prison official from an individual-capacity claim because the complaint lacked
“factual allegations that [the prison official] acted with malice.” Id. at 8, 575 S.W.3d at 117.
Here, plaintiffs did not allege that the Attorney General, in her individual capacity,
acted with “intent and disposition to do a wrongful act greatly injurious to another.” Again,
the circuit court should have summarily dismissed the individual-capacity claim as plaintiffs
failed to meet their pleading burden to surmount statutory immunity.
Part C. The Illegal-Exaction Claim in an Official Capacity
The complaint also sought judgment against the Attorney General in her official
capacity for an illegal exaction. Sovereign immunity provides no defense to this claim
because the more specific illegal-exaction provision from the constitution controls over the
general sovereign-immunity provision. See Ark. Const. art. 16, § 13; Streight v. Ragland, 280
Ark. 206, 209–10 n.7, 655 S.W.2d 459, 461 n.7 (1983). Statutory immunity provides no
defense either: the cases relied on by the Attorney General show that statutory immunity
protects individual-capacity claims rather than official-capacity claims for an illegal exaction.
See Dockery, supra; Banks, supra. And the circuit court failed to rule on absolute immunity,
thus precluding our review in this appeal. So the circuit court’s order denying the motion
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to dismiss this claim is not appealable on an interlocutory basis because none of the immunity
defenses before us apply.
III. Conclusion
We now summarize the disposition. We reverse and dismiss the claim for injunctive
relief. We reverse and dismiss the illegal-exaction claim against the Attorney General in her
individual capacity. But we dismiss the appeal to the extent that it challenges the illegal-
exaction claim against the Attorney General in her official capacity.
The illegal-exaction claim against the Attorney General in her official capacity
remains the sole surviving claim upon remand. Still, this is not because we have found the
claim to have merit but because we cannot evaluate the merits at this point.7 Further, the
Attorney General’s absolute-immunity motion remains outstanding.
Reversed and dismissed in part; dismissed in part; and remanded. Motion to strike
denied.
Special Justice JOHN R. SCOTT joins in this opinion.
WOMACK, J., concurs.
BAKER AND WYNNE, JJ., concur in part and dissent in part.
WEBB, J., not participating.
SHAWN A. WOMACK, Justice, concurs. I join the majority opinion in full. I
write separately to explain how doing so is consistent with my dissenting opinion in Thurston
v. League of Women Voters, 2022 Ark. 32, 639 S.W.3d 319. In League of Women Voters, I
7
Plaintiffs’ counsel expressed the following at the circuit-court hearing: “If her acts
were not ultra vires, I don’t know that we would have any basis for claiming that she has
illegally . . . spent the money.”
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noted that “absent an express constitutional provision to the contrary,” the State shall never
be a defendant in any of its courts. Id. at 17, 639 S.W.3d at 327 (Womack, J., dissenting).
Article 16, section 13 of the Arkansas Constitution is such a provision.
Our constitution provides that “[a]ny citizen of any county, city or town may initiate
suit, in behalf of himself and all others interested, to protect the inhabitants thereof against
the enforcement of any illegal exactions whatever.” Ark. Const. art. 16, § 13 (emphasis added).
This text-based exception to the general prohibition of suits against the State is unlike the
exceptions this court has created out of whole cloth for unconstitutional, ultra vires, and
illegal acts. Here, a constitutional provision expressly affords citizens a judicial remedy against
the State for illegal exactions. Id. Accordingly, the State—and by virtue, the Attorney
General in her official capacity—cannot assert sovereign immunity when defending against
a properly pled illegal-exaction claim.
KAREN R. BAKER, Justice, concurs in part and dissents in part. While I
concur in the result reached by the majority in Parts (A) and (B), I dissent from the
remainder of the opinion based on my position in Bd. of Trustees of Univ. of Arkansas v.
Andrews, 2018 Ark. 12, 535 S.W.3d 616, and its progeny.
ROBIN F. WYNNE, Justice, concurs in part and dissents in part. I agree with
the majority’s disposition regarding sovereign immunity and illegal exaction. But I cannot
join the majority’s analysis of statutory immunity because statutory immunity does not apply
to the claim for injunctive relief against the Attorney General in her individual capacity.
In their complaint, plaintiffs sued the Attorney General in her individual and official
capacities, raising injunctive-relief and illegal-exaction claims. The Attorney General never
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argued that the claim for injunctive relief was not brought against her in her individual
capacity; in fact, she argued the opposite—that she was sued only in her individual capacity.
And the trial court ruled that the Attorney General was sued in both her individual and
official capacities, making no distinction between the injunctive-relief and illegal-exaction
claims. Our review in this interlocutory appeal is limited to the issue of immunity. Chaney
v. Union Producing, LLC, 2020 Ark. 388, at 8, 611 S.W.3d 482, 487. We cannot review the
trial court’s ruling that plaintiffs sued the Attorney General in her individual capacity. I
would thus conclude that plaintiffs have stated a claim for injunctive relief against the
Attorney General in her individual capacity.
Statutory immunity applies only to damages claims. Arkansas Code Annotated
section 19-10-305(a) (Repl. 2016) provides that “[o]fficers and employees of the State of
Arkansas are immune from liability from suit, except to the extent that they may be covered
by liability insurance, for damages for acts or omissions, other than malicious acts or
omissions, occurring within the course and scope of their employment.” (Emphasis added.)
This court has held that State officers and employees acting without malice within the course
and scope of their employment are immune from an award of damages in litigation. Grine
v. Bd. of Trustees, 338 Ark. 791, 797, 2 S.W.3d 54, 58 (1999). When determining whether
State officers are entitled to statutory immunity, we have traditionally been guided by the
standard used for qualified-immunity claims in federal civil rights actions. Banks v. Jones,
2019 Ark. 204, at 5, 575 S.W.3d 111, 116. And federal caselaw is clear—qualified immunity
applies only to money damages, not to injunctive relief. See Morse v. Frederick, 551 U.S. 393,
400 n.1 (2007); Hamner v. Burls, 937 F.3d 1171, 1175 (8th Cir. 2019).
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Because statutory immunity does not apply to claims for injunctive relief against a
state officer sued in her individual capacity, it does not apply to the claim for injunctive
relief against the Attorney General in her individual capacity. In reaching this conclusion, I
do not assess whether the injunctive-relief claim has any merit. I merely conclude that the
Attorney General is not immune from suit on this claim.
Leslie Rutledge, Att’y Gen., by: Michael A. Cantrell, Ass’t Att’y Gen.; and Kesia
Morrison, Ass’t Att’y Gen., for appellant.
Richard Mays Law Firm, PLLC, by: Richard H. Mays, for appellees.
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