The opinion
2022 IL App (1st) 200663-U
SIXTH DIVISION
March 18, 2022
No. 1-20-0663
NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and may not be cited as precedent
by any party except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court of
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Cook County.
)
v. ) No. 04 CR 3039 01
)
JESUS VEGA, ) Honorable
) Diana L. Kenworthy,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge Presiding.
JUSTICE MIKVA delivered the judgment of the court.
Justice Harris concurred in the judgment.
Presiding Justice Pierce dissented.
ORDER
¶1 Held: We reverse the circuit court’s denial of the defendant’s pro se motion for leave to
file a successive postconviction petition alleging his de facto life sentence of 75
years, for a murder committed when he was 19 years old, violates the proportionate
penalties clause of the Illinois Constitution. Having alleged sufficient preliminary
facts related to his individual characteristics to suggest he was more like a juvenile
than an adult at the time he committed his crime, defendant established the requisite
cause and prejudice to warrant granting him access to the postconviction process,
where he can further substantiate his claim at a second-stage hearing.
¶2 Following a jury trial in 2006, Jesus Vega was convicted of first-degree murder and
sentenced to 75 years in prison. In 2019, Mr. Vega filed a motion for leave to file a successive
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postconviction petition, asserting that as applied to him, his lengthy sentence, imposed for an
offense committed when he was just 19 years old, violates the proportionate penalties clause of
the Illinois Constitution. Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 11. The circuit court denied his motion,
concluding he failed to satisfy the cause and prejudice test, a prerequisite for the filing of
successive postconviction petitions in non-innocence cases. Mr. Vega now appeals that denial. For
the reasons that follow, we reverse and remand this matter for a second-stage evidentiary hearing
where Mr. Vega can further develop his proportionate penalties claim.
¶3 I. BACKGROUND
¶4 A. The Trial
¶5 Jesus Vega was tried and convicted for the murder of a man named Jose Soto who, on
December 29, 2003, was shot and killed outside of a bar on Chicago’s northwest side. As Mr. Vega
challenges his sentence, not his conviction, our summary of the facts will be brief.
¶6 At Mr. Vega’s trial, the key witness was Rosalee Soto, the victim’s wife. She testified that
sometime after 11:00 p.m. that night, she drove to a bar where her husband was socializing to drop
off some cash she had taken out of an ATM for him. When she arrived at the bar, her husband
came outside, walked over to her vehicle, and spoke to her through the passenger side window.
After a brief conversation, she started to drive away.
¶7 Mr. Soto turned and started walking back towards the entrance of the bar, at which point
Ms. Soto heard a gunshot. She then saw her husband take off running. Another man, who was
wearing a gray hoodie and standing about four feet from her husband, began chasing him down
the sidewalk. The man in the hoodie then stopped a few feet away from Ms. Soto’s car, made eye
contact with her, and fired four to five more shots at Mr. Soto. Terrified that she would be the next
target, Ms. Soto tried to drive away from the gunman. As she sped away from the scene, her
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husband, bleeding profusely, climbed into the car through the passenger door.
¶8 Racing toward the hospital in a state of panic, Ms. Soto crashed into another vehicle.
Eventually, an ambulance came to take Mr. Soto to a nearby hospital, where he died of his injuries.
Police officers then arrived at the scene of the crash, and Ms. Soto provided them with a brief
statement and a description of the shooter. When it became apparent that she too needed medical
attention for injuries stemming from the car crash, she was also taken to a nearby hospital.
¶9 A few weeks later, on January 10, 2004, Ms. Soto went to a police station to view a lineup.
She instantly identified Mr. Vega as the man in the gray hoodie who had killed her husband. She
reaffirmed this identification in the courtroom at trial.
¶ 10 After hearing damaging testimony from several other witnesses—including Mr. Vega’s
step-cousin, who testified that on the night of the murder, she and her brother had loaned a gray
hoodie to Mr. Vega—the jury found Mr. Vega guilty of first-degree murder.
¶ 11 The jury also found that Mr. Vega possessed or discharged a firearm during the commission
of the offense, meaning that in addition to the mandatory 20-to-60-year base sentence he would
receive for the murder conviction, he would also be subject to a mandatory firearm enhancement
of 25 years to life. Thus, the statutory minimum Mr. Vega could receive at sentencing would be
45 years.
¶ 12 B. Sentencing
¶ 13 According to a presentencing investigation (PSI) report, Mr. Vega was the eldest of three
children born to a single mother who worked as a nurse’s aide. He had never met his father. He
described his childhood as “normal” and denied any family history of physical, mental, sexual, or
substance abuse. He also reported no personal history of mental illness or mental health treatment.
The PSI report stated that Mr. Vega had stopped attending school after completing seventh grade.
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Mr. Vega also admitted to being a member of the “Maniac Latin Disciples” street gang since 1997,
though he denied having any particular role or rank within the gang structure. The report also noted
a number of juvenile adjudications on his record—for robbery, gang recruitment, burglary,
possession of a controlled substance, and unlawful use of a weapon (UUW)—as well as an adult
UUW conviction.
¶ 14 A sentencing hearing was held on January 19, 2006. The State asked the court for a term
of between 45 years and natural life, arguing that after examining Mr. Vega’s juvenile record and
considering his background, “there is no reason or justification or excuse for this shooting. There’s
nothing other than *** what it was which was pure violence ***.”
¶ 15 In mitigation, the defense argued that even though the PSI report stated that Mr. Vega
described his childhood as “normal,” the fact that he stopped attending school in the seventh grade
revealed a total lack of support and an absence of positive family role models in his life:
“What kind of parents, what kind of home life, what kind of adult role model could
possibly have allowed him to be what he became. ***
Judge, I just submit to the Court that I think all of us could agree that no father, a
mother who let her son stop going to school at 7th grade, a mother who allowed it to happen
that he never attended a day of high school, his home life wasn’t fine.
No question about it he’s a child of the streets. *** That’s where he grew up. The
streets created him and made him what he is, and there was no one to stop it.”
After noting how at no point during the trial had any member of Mr. Vega’s family appeared in
the courtroom to show their support for him, the defense concluded by asking the court for a
sentence of 45 years, the statutory minimum.
¶ 16 The court then issued its sentence, stating:
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“When I look at matters in mitigation, particularly from the pre-sentence report, his
background does not appear to give any reason for the conduct, the criminal conduct that
followed later in his life.
He was raised on the northwest side by his mother and his mother alone, the eldest
of three siblings; what he characterizes as a normal childhood, no hint of abuse, any type
of abuse. What he calls a close relationship, family relationship was maintained.
It is true that he has very little in the way of education. He finished grade school
while in custody, no high school attendance at all, no employment history, simply
supported by his mother. No indication of alcohol or drug addiction or mental problems.
He was a self admittedly [sic] a member of the Maniac Latin Disciples since 1997.
When I look at other factors in mitigation, I cannot say from anything in this record
before me that bodily harm, serious bodily harm was not contemplated, threatened. In fact,
it was caused. And while that’s implicit with any homicide case, the manner of death is
certainly a factor that the Court can consider, and none of it speaks well for Mr. Vega.
There’s no hint of any provocation from this evidence, justification, excuse, any
explanation other than unreasonable ones which the court certainly cannot fathom from
this evidence.
And there is no, particularly today after what the Court has heard, certainly no
indication to this Court that this type of situation would not recur in the near future, in any
future if Mr. Vega was again restored to society and able to live freely among civilized
members of society.”
Describing the murder of Mr. Soto as “an execution” and concluding that “this defendant has been
a danger in this particular community to other persons other than the one who lost his life,” the
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court imposed a sentence of 75 years.
¶ 17 C. Subsequent Procedural History
¶ 18 Mr. Vega filed a direct appeal (case No. 1-06-0629), and this court issued an order granting
an agreed motion for summary disposition and directing the circuit court clerk to issue a corrected
mittimus reflecting that Mr. Vega was entitled to 740 days of pretrial custody credit.
¶ 19 On March 24, 2008, Mr. Vega filed an initial postconviction petition asserting various
claims for relief. On May 30, 2008, the circuit court issued an order summarily dismissing the
petition, finding it frivolous and patently without merit. This court then affirmed that summary
dismissal. People v. Vega, 393 Ill. App. 3d 1105 (2009) (table) (unpublished order under Supreme
Court Rule 23).
¶ 20 D. Mr. Vega’s Successive Petition
¶ 21 On September 23, 2019, Mr. Vega filed the pro se motion seeking leave to file a successive
postconviction petition that is the subject of this appeal. In that motion and attached petition, Mr.
Vega argued that his de facto life sentence of 75 years, imposed for a crime committed when he
was just 19 years old, violates the eighth amendment of the United States Constitution and the
proportionate penalties clause of the Illinois Constitution “where his sentencer failed to take into
account the hallmark features of youth as now required by the U.S. Supreme and Illinois Courts.”
(referring to Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460 (2012) and its Illinois progeny, specifically People
v. House, 2015 IL App (1st) 110580, vacated, 2019 IL App (1st) 110580-B and People v. Harris,
2018 IL 121932).
¶ 22 Mr. Vega further argued that he satisfied the gateway “cause and prejudice” standard
required to be granted leave to file his successive petition because his claim was “based on law
that was not in existence at the time he filed his earlier petition” and that “his claim involved a
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constitutional error so serious that his sentencing process violates due process.” Mr. Vega included
details in the petition about his childhood, highlighting that he was “raised in a single-parent
household, his first contact with law enforcement was at age 11” and that “at the age of 13, he was
sent to Illinois Youth Center, where he graduated from the eighth grade.” He further noted that
during his time in juvenile detention, “due to his inability to adjust,” he was placed on psychotropic
medication and that this medication “was not continued, nor did he receive any follow-up
counseling” upon his release. He did not specify which medications he was prescribed, nor he did
attach any documents or medical records substantiating these claims.
¶ 23 On January 10, 2020, the circuit court issued an order denying Mr. Vega’s motion for leave
to file a successive petition, explaining that while Mr. Vega had adequately demonstrated cause—
as his claim was rooted in caselaw decided in the years after the filing of his initial petition—he
had failed to establish that he suffered any prejudice from the inability to bring the claim sooner.
¶ 24 In the court’s view, Mr. Vega failed to show prejudice because the primary case he relied
on to establish his claim, People v. House, 2019 IL App (1st) 110580-B, did not apply to him based
on key distinguishing facts. In House, this court held that the imposition of a mandatory life
sentence on a 19-year-old convicted of murder under an accountability theory (we noted that the
defendant in that case “merely acted as a lookout”), “shocked the moral sense of community, and
thus violated the Proportionate Penalties Clause of the Illinois Constitution.” Id. at ¶ 26. Rejecting
any comparison between Mr. Vega and the defendant in House, the court explained:
“[t]he only similarity the two have is that they were both the age of 19. These cases are not
analogous to one another, the court in House focused on how less culpable the defendant
was in the commission of the crime. [Mr. Vega], in contrast, was the most culpable actor
in the commission of the crime.”
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¶ 25 The court also found Mr. Vega’s allegations about his history of mental illness to be
conclusory, unsupported, and even contradicted by the existing record. Further, revisiting the
transcript from the original sentencing hearing, the court found that “the trial court took into
consideration various factors that are aligned with the requirements in emerging case law,” before
concluding that “[w]hen a court takes into account these considerations, a life sentence without
parole has been determined to be acceptable” (citing People v. Holman, 2017 IL 120655, ¶ 46).
On these grounds, the court denied Mr. Vega leave, a decision which he now appeals.
¶ 26 II. JURISDICTION
¶ 27 The circuit court denied Mr. Vega’s motion for leave to file a successive postconviction
petition on January 10, 2020. On May 6, 2020, this court allowed Mr. Vega to file a late notice of
appeal and ordered the appointment of the Office of the State Appellate Defender to represent him
on this appeal. We thus have jurisdiction over this appeal pursuant to article VI, section 6, of the
Illinois Constitution (Ill. Const. 1970, art. VI, § 6) and Illinois Supreme Court Rule 606 (eff. July
1, 2017) and Rule 651(a) (eff. July 1, 2017), governing appeals from final judgments in
postconviction proceedings.
¶ 28 III. ANALYSIS
¶ 29 The Post–Conviction Hearing Act (Act) (725 ILCS 5/122–1 et seq. (West 2018))
establishes procedures by which a criminal defendant may challenge his conviction or sentence
based on a substantial deprivation of his state or federal constitutional rights. 725 ILCS 5/122–
1(a)(1) (West 2018); People v. Caballero, 228 Ill. 2d 79, 83 (2008). A postconviction proceeding
is a collateral attack on the trial court proceedings. People v. Petrenko, 237 Ill. 2d 490, 499 (2010).
Its scope is limited to constitutional issues that were not, and could not have been, previously
adjudicated. People v. Whitfield, 217 Ill. 2d 177, 183 (2005). Claims that were decided on direct
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appeal or in an earlier postconviction proceeding are generally barred by the doctrine of res
judicata, and claims that could have been, but were not, raised in an earlier proceeding are
forfeited. People v. Blair, 215 Ill. 2d 427, 443-44 (2005).
¶ 30 Crucially, the Act contemplates the filing of only one postconviction petition. 725 ILCS
5/122-1(f) (West 2016). Successive petitions are disfavored, and, as our supreme court explained
in People v. Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill. 2d 444, 459 (2002), this strict statutory bar is only relaxed when
“fundamental fairness so requires.” For petitioners like Mr. Vega, who are not asserting an actual
innocence claim, the only way to overcome this significant procedural hurdle is to demonstrate
“cause and prejudice” for failing to raise a claim earlier. Id.; People v. Edwards, 2012 IL 111711,
¶¶ 22-23. Before we can discuss the central issue in this case—whether Mr. Vega demonstrated
cause and prejudice—we first review some of the recent caselaw he relies on to state his claim.
¶ 31 A. Mr. Vega’s As-Applied Proportionate Penalties Claim
¶ 32 On appeal, Mr. Vega claims that, as applied to him, a 75-year de facto life sentence,
imposed for a crime committed when he was just 19 years old, violates the proportionate penalties
clause of the Illinois Constitution (Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 11). In support of this argument, Mr.
Vega relies on recent caselaw governing the sentencing of juvenile and young-adult offenders.
This caselaw, briefly summarized below, has without a doubt evolved considerably since Mr. Vega
was originally sentenced in 2006.
¶ 33 In Miller, 567 U.S. at 479, the United States Supreme Court held that in all but the rarest
of circumstances where a crime reflects “irreparable corruption,” “the Eighth Amendment forbids
a sentencing scheme that mandates life in prison without possibility of parole for juvenile
offenders.” See also Montgomery v. Louisiana, 577 U.S. 190, 206-11 (2016) (revisiting the Court’s
decision in Miller and characterizing it as a new substantive constitutional rule that must be applied
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retroactively on state collateral review). In arriving at and in applying this new substantive rule,
“the [] Supreme Court has clearly and consistently drawn the line between juveniles and adults for
the purpose of sentencing at the age of 18.” Harris, 2018 IL 121932, ¶ 58.
¶ 34 In the aftermath of Miller, the Illinois Supreme Court has gone further than the United
States Supreme Court in protecting juveniles and young adults from what can be characterized as
life sentences in at least two ways. First, it has interpreted the Miller rule to apply to all types of
juvenile life sentences, whether they are actual or de facto, mandatory or discretionary. People v.
Reyes, 2016 IL 119271, ¶¶ 9-10; People v. Holman, 2017 IL 120655, ¶ 40. The contours of this
substantive rule then came into sharper focus in People v. Buffer, 2019 IL 122327 ¶¶ 27, 40-41,
when our supreme court defined a de facto life sentence for a juvenile as any sentence requiring
more than 40 years of imprisonment.
¶ 35 Second, the Illinois Supreme Court has also shown an increasing willingness to depart from
limiting these considerations to defendants under the admittedly arbitrary age of 18. The
proportionate penalties clause of our state constitution, Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 11, whose purpose
is “to add a limitation on penalties beyond those provided by the eighth amendment and to add the
objective of restoring the offender to useful citizenship,” has provided the ideological foundation
for this departure. People v. Carrasquilllo, 2020 IL App (1st) 180534, ¶ 89.
¶ 36 By way of the proportionate penalties clause, our supreme court has held that emerging
adults—at least those who were 20 years of age or younger at the time of their crimes—may also
rely on the evolving neuroscience and societal standards underlying the rule in Miller to support
as-applied challenges to life sentences. See People v. Thompson, 2015 IL 118151, ¶¶ 43-44 (noting
that a defendant, who was 19 years old at the time of his crime, could not bring such a claim for
the first time on direct appeal but was “not necessarily foreclosed” from asserting it in
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postconviction proceedings); Harris, 2018 IL 121932, ¶ 48 (concluding that the as-applied, youth-
based sentencing claim of a defendant who was 18 at the time of his crime, was “more
appropriately raised” in postconviction proceedings). Recently, in People v. House, 2021 IL
125124, ¶¶ 29-31, our supreme court reaffirmed that a young adult postconviction petitioner, 18
or over, can make an as-applied challenge under the proportionate penalties clause based on a
developed evidentiary record as to how the “science concerning juvenile maturity and brain
development applies equally to young adults, or to petitioner specifically.”
¶ 37 In opening this door, our supreme court has accepted the possibility that an individual like
Mr. Vega may be able to demonstrate through an adequate factual record that at the time he
committed his crime, specific characteristics made him the functional equivalent of a juvenile,
such that a de facto life sentence, imposed without the sentencing judge considering the safeguards
established in Miller, violates the Illinois constitution because it is “cruel, degrading, or so wholly
disproportionate to the offense that it shocks the moral sense of the community.” People v. Daniels,
2020 IL App (1st) 171738, ¶ 25.
¶ 38 This recognition that individuals 18 and older at the time of their crimes should not
necessarily be treated as adults for sentencing purposes is supported by recent scientific literature,
which has found that “during emotionally charged situations, late adolescents (ages 18-21) respond
more like younger adolescents (ages 13-17) than like young adults (22-25) due to differences in
brain maturation.” Center for Law, Brain & Behavior at Massachusetts General Hospital, White
Paper on the Science of Late Adolescence: A Guide for Judges, Attorneys and Policy Makers (Jan.
27, 2022), https://clbb.mgh.harvard.edu/white-paper-on-the-science-of-late-adolescence/. This
recognition is also reflected in the recent parole provision using the age of 21 as a cutoff. See P.A.
100-1182, §5 (eff. June 1, 2019) (now section 5-4.5-115 of the Illinois Unified Code of Corrections
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(730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-115) (West 2020)).
¶ 39 This law—which marked the first expansion of eligibility for discretionary parole in
Illinois since our state’s parole system was effectively abolished in 1978—established a new
process by which those incarcerated individuals “under the age of 21 at the time of the commission
of an offense” will now be able to petition the Prisoner Review Board (PRB) to be released on
parole after serving a minimum sentence. 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-115 (West 2020) (emphasis added).
Under this new regime, individuals like Mr. Vega who are convicted of a murder committed before
they turned 21 will now be eligible for parole review after serving 20 years. Id. The law, however,
expressly applies only to those “sentenced after June 1, 2019,” meaning that unlike those being
sentenced today, Mr. Vega will have no equivalent opportunity to eventually go before the PRB
and demonstrate that his actions were prompted by juvenile immaturity and that he has since
matured into someone who can and should be released.
¶ 40 At the same time, the date of Mr. Vega’s crime also ensured that he would not benefit from
any opportunities to reduce his sentence by earning day-for-day good time credits. By the time he
was sentenced in 2006, Illinois had passed its truth-in-sentencing statute in 1998, which requires
that “a prisoner who is serving a term for first degree murder *** shall serve the entire sentence
imposed by the court.” 730 ILCS 5/3-6-3 (West 2020).
¶ 41 Thus, too old to qualify for a parole hearing, yet too young to qualify for earned good time
credits, the only sliver of hope Mr. Vega has for avoiding a de facto life sentence is via the narrow
door left open by our supreme court in House. With this in mind, and fully aware of the fact that
the law surrounding his claim is in a state of flux, we consider whether Mr. Vega’s pro se petition
merits further consideration.
¶ 42 B. Cause and Prejudice
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¶ 43 With the exception of claims for actual innocence, the only way a petitioner can overcome
the bar on any consideration of a successive postconviction petition is to establish both (1) cause
for failing to raise a claim earlier and (2) prejudice stemming from that failure. People v. Glinsey,
2021 IL App (1st) 191145, ¶ 34.
¶ 44 To show cause, “a defendant must identify an objective factor that impeded his ability to
raise the claim in his initial petition.” People v. Horshaw, 2021 IL App (1st) 182047, ¶ 36. To
show prejudice, “a defendant must demonstrate that the claim so infected the trial that the resulting
conviction or sentence violated due process.” Id. If a petitioner satisfies both prongs of this test,
then the successive petition may advance and is “docketed directly for second-stage proceedings.”
Id. at ¶ 36 (citing People v. Sanders, 2016 IL 118123, ¶¶ 25, 28). “The denial of a defendant’s
motion for leave to file a successive postconviction petition is reviewed de novo.” People v. Bailey,
2017 IL 121450, ¶ 13. We examine each prong of this analysis in turn.
¶ 45 1. Cause
¶ 46 Although the State asserts in a heading that Mr. Vega “failed to establish cause or
prejudice” (emphasis added), we agree with Mr. Vega that, having made no argument in support
of the absence of cause in the body of its brief, the State has forfeited this argument. See Supreme
Court Rule 341(h)(7) (eff. Oct. 1, 2020) (providing that “[p]oints not argued are forfeited”).
¶ 47 Moreover, there is little basis for the State to dispute that the law has changed since Mr.
Vega filed his initial postconviction petition in 2008, which establishes cause for his failure to
include this claim in that petition. See, e.g., People v. Franklin, 2020 IL App (1st) 171628, ¶ 46
(defendant established cause where he could not have raised claims based on House and Harris
before those cases were decided). We share the circuit court’s view that Mr. Vega made a prima
facie showing of cause in his petition. The prejudice prong is more complicated.
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¶ 48 2. Prejudice
¶ 49 There is currently significant disagreement within the appellate court on what showing is
necessary to establish prejudice on a successive pro se petition brought by a young adult seeking
to establish that the life sentence imposed violates the proportionate penalties clause. As this court
noted in a recent case involving an emerging adult petitioner, in the absence of clear guidance from
our supreme court as to what exactly constitutes a showing of prejudice in this context, lower
courts have struggled to sort these claims, relying on “a myriad of factors.” Horshaw, 2021 IL App
(1st) 182047, ¶ 133. The unsettled status of this question has led to an unfortunate “lack of
uniformity,” leaving the trial courts “in the unenviable position of having no clear guidance for
determining whether or not to grant a defendant’s motion for leave to file a successive petition.”
Id. We echo the Horshaw court in suggesting that “[a] clear and consistent rule of law is sorely
needed to avoid what could possibly be viewed as an ad hoc body of case law dependent on the
vagaries of a case-by-case approach.” Id.
¶ 50 Our supreme court has made it clear that “the cause-and-prejudice test for a successive
petition involves a higher standard than the first-stage frivolous or patently without merit
standard.” People v. Smith, 2014 IL 115946, ¶ 35. And thus, “meet[ing] the cause-and-prejudice
test *** requires the defendant to ‘submit enough in the way of documentation to allow a circuit
court to make that determination.’ ” Id.
¶ 51 However, our supreme court has also made it clear that the test should not be deployed in
a manner that places too heavy a burden on petitioners to provide conclusory evidence, as that
would risk “render[ing] the entire three-stage postconviction process superfluous.” Id. at ¶ 29. To
be granted leave to file, all that the defendant is required to do is make a “prima facie showing of
cause and prejudice.” Bailey, 2017 IL 121450, ¶ 24. A petition is to be rejected at this stage only
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where “it is clear, from a review of the successive petition and the documentation submitted by
the petitioner, that the claims alleged by the petitioner fail as a matter of law or where the
successive petition with supporting documentation is insufficient to justify further proceedings.”
Id. at ¶ 18; Smith, 2014 IL 115946, ¶ 35.
¶ 52 We must therefore be careful not to put the cart before the horse. The question here is not
whether Mr. Vega has conclusively proven anything. Rather, all we are considering at this juncture
is whether Mr. Vega has alleged sufficient preliminary facts to merit granting him renewed access
to the postconviction process. It is not until the second stage where Mr. Vega, with the assistance
of appointed counsel, must make a substantial showing of a constitutional violation. People v.
Cotto, 2016 IL 119006, ¶¶ 27-28; People v. Edwards, 197 Ill. 2d 239, 246 (2001).
¶ 53 The court in Horshaw, after considering all of this, held that the petitioner should be
allowed to file a successive petition based on a pro se motion which alleged that he had “adolescent
brain deficiencies, significant head trauma's [sic], attendant characteristics, family and support,
education, peer pressures, maturity and rehabilitative potential together with other mitigating
factors.” 2021 IL App (1st) 182047, ¶ 145. The Horshaw court also relied on a PSI that showed
that the petitioner had lost his father at age 12, joined a gang at 13, began smoking marijuana at
15 and was never evaluated or treated for drug usage. Id. at ¶ 148.
¶ 54 Similarly, in this case, Mr. Vega has alleged that he was “raised in a single-parent
household, his first contact with law enforcement was at age 11” and that “at the age of 13, he was
sent to Illinois Youth Center, where he graduated from the eighth grade.” He further noted that
during his time in juvenile detention, “due to his inability to adjust,” he was placed on psychotropic
medication and that this medication “was not continued, nor did he receive any follow-up
counseling” upon his release. His motion and the attached proposed petition stress that his sentence
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failed to consider the hallmark characteristics of his youth “through the lenses of the new
developments in science and the law.”
¶ 55 Mr. Vega also notes that there is significant precedent supporting his position, citing to
numerous cases where this court reversed denials of leave to file successive postconviction
petitions for emerging adult defendants with proportionate penalties claims alleging comparable
facts. People v. Ruiz, 2020 IL App (1st) 163145, ¶¶ 32-40, 52-56; People v. Johnson, 2020 IL App
(1st) 171362, ¶¶ 13-31; Minniefield, 2020 IL App (1st) 170541, ¶¶ 37-49; People v. Bland, 2020
IL App (3d) 170705, ¶ 14; People v. Franklin, 2020 IL App (1st) 171628, ¶¶ 71-73; People v.
Carrasquillo, 2020 IL App (1st) 180534, ¶ 109; People v. Daniels, 2020 IL App (1st) 171738, ¶¶
33-34; Glinsey, 2021 IL App (1st) 191145, ¶ 55, and People v. Lenoir, 2021 IL App (1st) 180269,
¶¶ 56-57.
¶ 56 The State responds by insisting that many of these cases cited by Mr. Vega were wrongly
decided. In its view, Mr. Vega is not entitled to relief under the proportionate penalties clause for
two primary reasons: “(1) his sentence was discretionary, not mandatory, and (2) his petition offers
insufficient factual support for his claim that as an adult offender he was entitled to the same
considerations that Miller extended to juvenile offenders.” We address these considerations in turn.
¶ 57 i. The Mandatory/Discretionary Distinction
¶ 58 The State contends that the principle underlying Miller, and the “analytical underpinning
of both Harris and Thompson,” two of the major cases Mr. Vega relies on to establish his claim,
is that courts should not be prevented from considering a defendant’s youth-based characteristics
when issuing a sentence. Thus, because Mr. Vega’s sentence was discretionary, the State argues,
“Miller’s principle driving force—individualized attention to the facts and circumstances of the
[young] offender—were complied with.”
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¶ 59 We reject this argument. For one, our supreme court in Holman, 2017 IL 120655, ¶ 40,
expressly held that Miller applies to discretionary sentences in Illinois. While that ruling may have
been called into question recently, Holman nonetheless remains the law in this state and thus the
law we apply in our consideration of Mr. Vega’s petition. See People v. Dorsey, 2021 IL 123010,
¶ 42 (explaining that in the wake of Jones v. Mississippi, 141 S.Ct. 1307 (2021), our supreme
court’s holding in Holman, 2017 IL 120655, ¶ 40 that Miller and Montgomery apply to both
mandatory and discretionary life without parole sentences is now “questionable.”). Moreover,
even if our supreme court overrules Holman and limits Miller protections only to those defendants
who received mandatory life sentences, the sentencing court in Mr. Vega’s case had no discretion
to give him anything short of a de facto life sentence.
¶ 60 In Buffer, 2019 IL 122327, our supreme court established a bright line rule: any sentence
longer than 40 years is a de facto life sentence. As noted above (supra ¶ 11), Mr. Vega was subject
to a minimum 20-year sentence with a mandatory 25-year enhancement for use of a gun, meaning
the minimum sentence he could have been given was 45 years. In other words, Mr. Vega’s
sentencing judge had no discretion to sentence him to anything less than a de facto life sentence
under Buffer. As we recognized in Horshaw, 2021 IL App (1st) 182047, ¶ 130, a life sentence can
only be considered discretionary in this context “where the trial court had at its disposal a minimum
sentence of less than 40 years yet decided to impose a sentence in excess of that term.” That is not
what occurred in this case, and we thus reject the State’s argument that the discretionary nature of
Mr. Vega’s sentence disqualifies him from asserting a youth-based proportionate penalties claim.
¶ 61 ii. Insufficient Factual Support
¶ 62 The State also argues that Mr. Vega’s motion was properly denied because he attached no
“pieces of evidence from outside the record in support of his petition.” While the State is correct
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that Mr. Vega did not attach any affidavits or supportive documentation to bolster the allegations
in his (handwritten) petition, this is hardly surprising considering he is a prisoner with no legal
training and extremely limited resources. As we explained above (supra ¶ 51), our supreme court
has implied that the cause-and-prejudice test should not be deployed in a manner that places too
heavy a burden on petitioners to provide conclusory evidence. That is why we recently recognized
in Horshaw that a motion to file a successive petition should be allowed so long as it contains
“sufficient specificity to require the matter to be advanced to the second stage, at which time [the
Petitioner] will have an opportunity to substantiate his claim further.” Id. at ¶ 150. As we noted
there, the Post-Conviction Act requires that successive petitions be “well pled.” Id. at ¶ 152
(quoting People v. Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill 2d 467, 475 (2002)). And “well pled” does not necessarily
demand that a petitioner attach to their initial pleadings conclusive, documentary evidence
supporting their allegations.
¶ 63 Mr. Vega has alleged specific, plausible, provable facts that he may be able to confirm
with the assistance of counsel if his petition were allowed to proceed. For a postconviction court
to know whether Mr. Vega’s claim is cognizable, he must first be given an opportunity to “fill in
the blanks,” and document his claim that at the time he committed his offense, he more resembled
a juvenile than an adult. Glinsey, 2021 IL App (1st) 191145, ¶ 51. That opportunity, however,
evaporates the moment he is denied leave to file his successive petition. In Minniefield, 2020 IL
App (1st) 170541, ¶ 44, we referred to this situation as a “catch-22.” Without a developed record,
a defendant like Mr. Vega cannot show that his constitutional claim has merit, but, lacking a
meritorious claim, “he cannot proceed to develop a record.” Id.
¶ 64 In addition, as noted above, the law and the science surrounding young adult sentencing
is developing in real time. We are clearly in need of further guidance from our supreme court as
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to what showing a petitioner like Mr. Vega must make to succeed on an as-applied challenge to
his sentence under the proportionate penalties clause. Considering the unsettled nature of this
legal question, it is far from “clear” that Mr. Vega’s claim fails as a matter of law or is
insufficient to justify further proceedings. Smith, 2014 IL 115946, ¶ 35. We should not therefore
deny Mr. Vega the opportunity to file his petition and move forward to the second stage.
¶ 65 IV. CONCLUSION
¶ 66 Mr. Vega has established sufficient cause and prejudice to file his postconviction petition.
Accordingly, we reverse the circuit court’s denial of his motion for leave to file a successive
postconviction petition and remand for further proceedings consistent with the Act.
¶ 67 Reversed and remanded.
¶ 68 PRESIDING JUSTICE PIERCE, dissenting:
¶ 69 The majority has found that petitioner’s successive postconviction petition should be
granted. I respectfully disagree, as petitioner failed to establish the necessary cause and prejudice
for leave to file his successive postconviction petition. In addition, petitioner was 19 years old at
the time he shot and killed the victim in this case, and the mitigation evidence in support of his
claim that he be treated as a juvenile was known to him at the time of his trial, and he was afforded
a Miller compliant sentencing hearing.
¶ 70 Under the cause-and-prejudice test, a defendant must show both (1) cause for his or her
failure to raise the claim in an earlier proceeding and (2) prejudice stemming from his or her failure
to do so. People v. Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 22 (citing People v. Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill. 2d 444,
459 (2002)). Recently, in People v. Dorsey, 2021 IL 123010, although the court found the
defendant's proportionate penalties claim in his successive petition forfeited and barred by res
judicata, even absent forfeiture and res judicata, the court found the defendant failed to establish
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No. 1-20-0663
the cause necessary for leave to file his successive petition. Dorsey, 2021 IL 123010, ¶¶ 70, 74.
The court explained:
“Miller’s announcement of a new substantive rule under the eighth amendment does not
provide cause for a defendant to raise a claim under the proportionate penalties clause. See
Patterson, 2014 IL 115102, ¶ 97 (‘A ruling on a specific flavor of constitutional claim may
not justify a similar ruling brought pursuant to another constitutional provision.’).” As
defendant acknowledges, Illinois courts have long recognized the differences between
persons of mature age and those who are minors for purposes of sentencing. Thus, Miller’s
unavailability prior to 2012 at best deprived defendant of “some helpful support” for his
state constitutional law claim, which is insufficient to establish “cause.” See People v.
LaPointe, 2018 IL App (2d) 160903, ¶ 59, 430 Ill. Dec. 895, 127 N.E.3d 131.” Id. ¶ 74.
¶ 71 In accordance with Dorsey, defendant clearly did not establish a prima facie case for cause
for failing to previously raise his proportionate penalties argument.
¶ 72 Notwithstanding his failure to establish the necessary cause, petitioner should not be
granted leave to file his successive petition because he is an adult seeking Miller protection and
Miller applies to juveniles. Defendant raised an as-applied, youth-based challenge to his sentence
relying on the principles articulated in Miller to claim that his sentence is cruel, degrading, or so
wholly disproportionate to the offense that it shocks the moral sense of the community. By
definition, an “as applied” challenge “is dependent on the particular circumstances and facts of the
individual defendant or petitioner.” People v. Thompson, 2015 IL 118151, ¶ 37.
¶ 73 In this case, petitioner was convicted of shooting and killing Soto in cold blood. There is
no hint of any youth related circumstances that could have possibly mitigated his murder. Nothing
remotely indicates he acted out of immaturity, poor judgment, youthful indiscretion, mistake,
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No. 1-20-0663
anger, irrational emotion, mental impairment or any other reason other than cold calculation. He
received a discretionary sentence of 75 years’ imprisonment; 50 years for the murder with an
additional 25-year add-on for personally discharging a firearm. This sentence was imposed after
the judge considered every aspect of defendant’s background, including his family and criminal
history. In my opinion, this discretionary sentence was not “so wholly disproportionate that it
shocks the moral sense of the community.”
¶ 74 I find petitioner's case analogous to People v. Carrion, 2020 IL App (1st) 171001, ¶ 30,
and People v. Handy, 2019 IL App (1st) 170213, where this court rejected defendant's attempt to
extend Miller via the proportionate penalties clause to young adults for crimes they personally
committed.
¶ 75 In Carrion, 2020 IL App (1st) 171001, ¶¶ 3, 4, the 19-year-old defendant entered the
apartment of a 69-year-old woman and stabbed her to death. He was convicted of residential
burglary and murder and sentenced to 55 years’ imprisonment. Id. ¶ 16. Defendant sought, and
was denied, leave to file a successive postconviction petition on the basis that his 55-year sentence
was a de facto life sentence that violated the proportionate penalties clause. Id. ¶ 21. We affirmed,
finding that his “55-year sentence for residential burglary and a senseless murder, which he
committed as the principal at the legal age of adulthood, does not shock the moral sense of the
community and thus is not cruel or degrading.” Id. ¶ 30.
¶ 76 Similarly, in Handy, 2019 IL App (1st) 170213, ¶¶ 37, 40, the 18½-year-old defendant was
sentenced to 60 years’ imprisonment for home invasion, armed robbery, aggravated kidnapping,
and aggravated criminal sexual assault. Id. ¶ 37. We rejected defendant's Miller claim, explaining:
“Whether a defendant physically committed the offense is a significant consideration for
courts tasked with deciding whether to extend Miller principles to a young adult under the
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No. 1-20-0663
proportionate penalties clause. [Citations.] Here, we cannot overlook defendant's active
participation where he invaded the victims’ house with the codefendants, held a gun to Mr.
W.’s head to prevent him from interfering while the codefendants robbed and attacked his
family and kidnapped his young daughter, and then actively participated in the gang rape.”
Id. ¶ 40 (citing People v. Pittman, 2018 IL App (1st) 152030, ¶ 38 (not extending Miller
principles where the 18-year-old defendant was the perpetrator of the violent stabbing
deaths of three victims); Thomas, 2017 IL App (1st) 142557, ¶ 34 (not extending Miller
principles where the 18-year-old defendant was the shooter and his convictions were based
on his own actions instead of accountability for the acts of another); People v. Ybarra, 2016
IL App (1st) 142407, ¶ 27 (not extending Miller principles where the 20-year-old defendant
was the one who “pulled the trigger”)).
¶ 77 Although recent panels of this court have held that 18 and 19-year-old defendants who
received discretionary life sentences (de facto or otherwise) for murder were entitled to raise Miller
claims in postconviction proceedings, those cases are simply not persuasive under the facts of this
case. 1 Carrion and Handy, and the cases cited therein are more persuasive on the issue of
1
See People v. Franklin, 2020 IL App (1st) 171628, ¶¶ 33, 59 (life without the possibility of parole
imposed on the defendant who was 18 years old at the time of the murder and had no prior
convictions); People v. Daniels, 2020 IL App (1st) 171738, ¶¶ 6, 33 (natural life in prison without
the possibility of parole imposed on a defendant who was 18 at the time of the murder with mental
health conditions); People v. Johnson, 2020 IL App (1st) 171362, ¶ 6 (discretionary natural life
sentence imposed on the defendant who was 19 at time of the murder); People v. Ruiz, 2020 IL
App (1st) 163145, ¶¶ 17, 18 (discretionary 40-year sentence imposed on the defendant who was
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No. 1-20-0663
discretionary sentences for young adult defendants who are personally culpable for their crimes,
particularly based on defendant's criminal history.
¶ 78 Even accepting petitioner’s argument that Miller applies to this 19-year-old petitioner, the
record show that petitioner is not entitled to further postconviction proceedings for an as-applied
challenge to his sentence based on a consideration of his youth and specific circumstances of his
life. Relevant “youth and attendant circumstances” include, but are not limited to: “(1) the juvenile
defendant's chronological age at the time of the offense and any evidence of his particular
immaturity, impetuosity, and failure to appreciate risks and consequences; (2) the juvenile
defendant's family and home environment; (3) the juvenile defendant's degree of participation in
the homicide and any evidence of familial or peer pressure that may have affected him; (4) the
juvenile defendant's incompetence, including his inability to deal with police officers or
prosecutors and his incapacity to assist his own attorneys; and (5) the juvenile defendant's
prospects for rehabilitation.” People v. Holman, 2017 IL 120655, ¶ 46.
¶ 79 Petitioner had a Miller complaint sentencing hearing, where the trial court considered the
nature of the offense, his PSI which included his social and criminal background, and, importantly,
his youth. The PSI included specific information regarding petitioner’s age, childhood,
upbringing, seventh grade education, and gang involvement. As we stated in Croft, “a key feature
18 at time of the murder); People v. Carrasuillo, 2020 IL App (1st) 180534, ¶¶ 1, 11 (indeterminate
sentence of 200 to 600 years’ imprisonment imposed on the defendant who was 18 years old at the
time of the murder with no prior record); People v. Minniefield, 2020 IL App (1st) 170541, ¶¶ 2,
13 (sentence of 50 years’ imprisonment imposed on a defendant who was 19 at the time of the
murder with no violent criminal history or gang affiliation).
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of the juvenile's sentencing hearing is that the defendant had the ‘opportunity to present evidence
to show that his criminal conduct was the product of immaturity and not incorrigibility.’ ”
(Emphasis added). Croft, 2018 IL App (1st) 150043, ¶ 23 (quoting Holman, 2017 IL 120655, ¶
49). Croft noted that the Holman factors are “a nonexhaustive list” and that “nothing in Miller or
Holman suggests that we are free to substitute our judgment for that of the sentencing court”
because the issue is not the particular sentence the trial court imposed but whether the defendant
had the opportunity to present evidence regarding his youth and that the court considered his youth
and its attendant characteristics in reaching its sentencing decision. Croft, 2018 IL App (1st)
150043, ¶¶ 32-33. See also People v. Chambers, 2021 IL App (4th) 190151, ¶ 80 (quoting Buffer,
2019 IL 122327, ¶ 27) (“a defendant seeking relief under the Miller line of cases ‘must show that
*** the sentencing court failed to consider youth and its attendant characteristics’–a showing that,
one might think, would entail more than observing that the court did not explicitly recite the Miller
factors.”).
¶ 80 In my view, the trial court properly denied petitioner leave to file his successive
postconviction petition because he failed to establish cause for failing to file his proportionate
penalties claim in his prior petition. Furthermore, even though Miller does not apply to petitioner
because petitioner was 19 at the time of the offense, the record on appeal in this case is
unquestionably sufficient to decide whether his sentencing hearing complied with Miller. The
record establishes without question that petitioner had the opportunity to present any youth related
factors to the sentencing judge and the sentencing court considered his age, social history,
educational history, and criminal history in imposing a sentence that was appropriate for the
senseless, cold blooded and brutal execution underlying his sentence.
¶ 81 For these reasons, I respectfully dissent.
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