Schyler Harris v. Antonio Cammon

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[DO NOT PUBLISH]

In the

United States Court of Appeals

For the Eleventh Circuit

____________________

No. 20-13480

Non-Argument Calendar

____________________

SCHYLER HARRIS,

by and through his Guardian as next friend Tracy Davis,

TRACY DAVIS,

individually,

Plaintiffs-Appellants,

versus

RICHARD AUTRY, et al.,

Defendants,

ANTONIO CAMMON,

individually and in his official capacity as a paraprofessional,

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2 Opinion of the Court 20-13480

and as an employee of RCPS,

Defendant-Appellee.

____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Georgia

D.C. Docket No. 1:17-cv-01197-JPB

____________________

Before LUCK and BRASHER, Circuit Judges. *

PER CURIAM:

Five-year-old Schyler Harris and his grandmother, Tracy

Davis, sued Antonio Cammon, a teacher’s aide at his school, for

assault and battery, false imprisonment, and violations of Harris’s

Fourth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendment rights under 42

U.S.C. section 1983. 1 The district court dismissed their complaint

* This opinion is being entered by a quorum pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 46(d).

1 Harris also brought various state constitutional claims, a claim for negligent

hiring and retention, and claims under the Americans with Disabilities Act, the

Rehabilitation Act of 1973, and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act.

Harris abandoned his claim for negligent hiring and retention and his claim

under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act in the district court. The

district court dismissed the remaining state and federal counts for failure to

state a claim, and Harris does not appeal the dismissal.

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20-13480 Opinion of the Court 3

for failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure

12(b)(6). We affirm.

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL

HISTORY

Harris was a student at Shoal Creek Elementary in Rockdale

County, Georgia. Harris suffered from a disability and was placed

in special-needs classes. When Harris enrolled in 2015, Davis gave

Harris’s teacher her phone number in case she needed to be con-

tacted about Harris. Davis said that Harris was “prone to disability-

related outbursts” and she should be called if one occurred. Har-

ris’s teacher assured Davis that she would be contacted if Harris

had an outburst.

In January 2016, Davis started to notice that Harris’s out-

bursts had become more frequent and more intense. On April 28,

2016, the school’s principal called Davis and said that there had

been “a little problem” with Harris, but he had calmed down after

“one of his outbursts” and “would be ok.” After Harris returned

home from school, Davis asked Harris why he had “acted up.”

Harris said that he had been crying because Cammon, a paraprofes-

sional at the school, “hung” him from the chalkboard. Harris ex-

plained to his grandmother that he had kicked his book bag across

the floor, so Cammon “picked [him] up and hung [him] from the

chalkboard.” When Cammon lifted him, Harris said that his head

struck a desk and almost “cracked open.”

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4 Opinion of the Court 20-13480

The following day, Davis confronted the school’s principal

about the incident. The principal admitted that he had witnessed

Harris hanging from the chalkboard. Harris’s teacher also admit-

ted in a written statement that she saw Harris hanging from the

chalkboard and told Cammon to “unhook” him. One of the stu-

dents in the classroom reported that this was not the first time

Cammon had hung Harris from the chalkboard.

Later, the principal said in a written statement that he heard

screaming coming from Harris’s classroom on the morning of the

incident. The principal peered through a window in the classroom

door and saw Harris “hanging from the bulletin board by his pant

belt loop.” The principal entered the classroom and told Cammon

to take Harris down. The principal wrote in his statement that

Harris’s teacher and the other students in the room were laughing

at Harris. The principal had previously received emails from par-

ents accusing Cammon of abusing or mistreating disabled students.

Cammon said in a written statement that the hanging inci-

dent was “nothing different than the other times.” Cammon dealt

with Harris “differently,” he wrote, because Harris “like[d] to get

physical when we were on the same plane.” Cammon also said in

his report that he “always lifted [Harris] above [him]” and “used to

lift him up and hold him but that got exhausting.”

Cammon prepared a second written statement for the

county sheriff. Cammon said that on the day of the incident he had

received a call to go to Harris’s classroom. When Cammon walked

into the classroom, Harris was on the ground “screaming and

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defiant.” Cammon “picked [Harris] up from the floor and went to

the board and elevated him.” According to Cammon, this was just

the “normal procedure” for calming Harris down.

The school launched an investigation and concluded that

Cammon had failed to use proper deescalation techniques and had

violated school policy. The school’s social services case manager

determined in a report that Cammon had “emotionally abused”

Harris. After the incident, Harris entered therapy and was diag-

nosed with posttraumatic stress disorder.

Harris 2 sued the school district and various school employ-

ees in their official and individual capacities, including Cammon, in

state court. He brought state law claims for assault and battery,

intentional infliction of emotional distress, and false imprisonment,

and section 1983 claims for violations of his Fourth, Eighth, and

Fourteenth Amendment rights. The defendants removed the case

to federal court.

Every defendant—besides Cammon—either successfully

moved to dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim, success-

fully moved for a judgment on the pleadings, or was voluntarily

dismissed. But Cammon took no action in the case and didn’t file

any responsive pleadings. The district court found that Cammon

2Even though Harris and Davis were both plaintiffs, for ease of reference, we

will refer to Harris to mean both of them.

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had been properly served and directed the clerk to enter a default

against him.

Harris moved for a hearing to determine damages as to

Cammon’s default. The district court denied the motion because

Harris had not moved for a default judgment. A default judgment

motion was necessary, the district court explained, because “a de-

faulted defendant is deemed to admit the plaintiff’s well-pleaded

allegations of fact” but is “not held to admit facts that are not well-

pleaded or to admit conclusions of law.”

Harris then filed a motion for default judgment. The district

court denied the motion because it provided no “analysis or argu-

ment” regarding “the legal sufficiency of the claims against Cam-

mon.” The district court gave Harris one “last opportunity” to file

a sufficient motion for default judgment.

Harris filed a second motion for default judgment. The dis-

trict court denied this motion because, like the first one, it was “de-

void of any analysis” showing that the complaint’s allegations were

legally sufficient. The district court ordered Harris to show cause

as to why his complaint against Cammon should not be dismissed

for failure to state a claim. Harris filed a brief arguing that his

claims against Cammon withstood rule 12(b)(6), entitling him to

default judgment.

The district court entered an order dismissing all but one of

the claims against Cammon. As to the state claims, the district

court concluded that the assault and battery claim failed because

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20-13480 Opinion of the Court 7

the complaint alleged only “conclusory statements.” The false im-

prisonment claim failed, the district court concluded, because the

complaint didn’t allege that Harris’s detention or restraint was un-

lawful. But the district court concluded that the complaint did state

a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress.

As to Harris’s federal claims, the district court concluded

that Cammon couldn’t be sued in his official capacity because the

state entity employing him—the school district—had been a party

to the suit. The district court then concluded that the section 1983

Fourth and Eighth Amendment claims against Cammon in his in-

dividual capacity failed because a claim of excessive corporal pun-

ishment has to be brought under the Due Process Clause of the

Fourteenth Amendment and not under the Fourth or Eighth

Amendments. Finally, the section 1983 Fourteenth Amendment

substantive due process claim failed, the district court concluded,

because Cammon acted with a “pedagogical objective” and his use

of force wasn’t obviously excessive.

The district court entered default judgment against Cam-

mon as to the intentional infliction of emotional distress claim.

The district court then held a hearing on damages and awarded

Harris $267,140.02. Harris now appeals from the district court’s

dismissal of the other claims in his complaint.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

We review de novo the district court’s sua sponte dismissal

of a complaint for failure to state a claim. Am. United Life Ins. Co.

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8 Opinion of the Court 20-13480

v. Martinez, 480 F.3d 1043, 1057 (11th Cir. 2007). A “complaint

must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a

claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556

U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S.

544, 570 (2007)). A plaintiff must plead “factual content that allows

the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is

liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. Our review has two steps:

we (1) “eliminate any allegations in the complaint that are merely

legal conclusions”; and (2) for any “well-pleaded factual allegations,

we assume their veracity and then determine whether they plausi-

bly give rise to an entitlement to relief.” Am. Dental Ass’n v. Cigna

Corp., 605 F.3d 1283, 1290 (11th Cir. 2010) (cleaned up).

III. DISCUSSION

Harris contends that the district court erred by stepping into

Cammon’s shoes and making legal arguments on his behalf. And

Harris argues that his complaint plausibly stated claims against

Cammon for assault and battery, false imprisonment, and viola-

tions of his Fourth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendment rights in

Cammon’s official and individual capacity.

The District Court’s Application of Rule 12(b)(6)

Harris first argues that the district court improperly

“stepped into the shoes” of Cammon and made legal arguments on

his behalf after he failed to answer the complaint.

Where a defendant has been properly served and defaults, a

plaintiff is not automatically entitled to entry of judgment. Rather,

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20-13480 Opinion of the Court 9

the plaintiff “must apply to the court for a default judgment.” Fed.

R. Civ. P. 55(b)(2). “While a defaulted defendant is deemed to ad-

mit the plaintiff’s well-pleaded allegations of fact, he is not held to

admit facts that are not well-pleaded or to admit conclusions of

law.” Cotton v. Mass. Mut. Life Ins. Co., 402 F.3d 1267, 1278 (11th

Cir. 2005) (cleaned up). “Entry of default judgment is only war-

ranted when there is ‘a sufficient basis in the pleadings for the judg-

ment entered.’” Surtain v. Hamlin Terrace Found., 789 F.3d 1239,

1245 (11th Cir. 2015) (quoting Nishimatsu Constr. Co. v. Houston

Nat’l Bank, 515 F.2d 1200, 1206 (5th Cir. 1975)).

We have interpreted this “sufficient basis in the pleadings”

standard “as being akin to that necessary to survive a motion to

dismiss for failure to state a claim.” Id.; see also Chudasama v.

Mazda Motor Corp., 123 F.3d 1353, 1370 n.41 (11th Cir. 1997) (“[A]

default judgment cannot stand on a complaint that fails to state a

claim.”). Thus, “a motion for default judgment is like a reverse

motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim,” requiring the district

court to assess the legal sufficiency of the claims. Id. Because the

district court was required to determine whether Harris’s com-

plaint stated a claim for relief before it could enter a default judg-

ment, it didn’t err in applying the standards of rule 12(b)(6) to his

complaint.

Assault and Battery

The district court dismissed Harris’s claim for assault and

battery because his complaint “fail[ed] the threshold requirement

of alleging the elements of [these] torts” and alleged only

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“conclusory statements.” Harris argues that he stated a claim for

assault and battery because Cammon “repeatedly hanged [Harris]

from a hook in front of students” and was later convicted of bat-

tery. 3

Under Georgia law, a “cause of action for battery will lie for

any unlawful touching, that is, a touching of the plaintiff’s person,

even if minimal, which is offensive.” Lawson v. Bloodsworth, 722

S.E.2d 358, 360 (Ga. Ct. App. 2012). “An offensive touching is one

which proceeds from anger, rudeness, or lust. The test is what

would be offensive to an ordinary person not unduly sensitive as

to his dignity.” Ellison v. Burger King Corp., 670 S.E.2d 469, 473

(Ga. Ct. App. 2008) (cleaned up). An assault, on the other hand, is

the “apprehension” of an imminent violent injury. Capitol T.V.

Serv., Inc. v. Derrick, 293 S.E.2d 724, 725 (Ga. Ct. App. 1982).

Here, Harris alleged in his complaint that Cammon battered

Harris by “lifting [Harris] above his head, hanging him on a chalk

board by his pants[,] and preventing him from moving,” which

“constitute[d] [a] battery.” Although the title to this count also re-

ferred to a “physical assault,” the body of the count didn’t allege

that an assault occurred. Nor did this count allege that Harris was

in “apprehension” of imminent violent or offensive contact. Thus,

Harris failed to state a claim for assault. See id.

3Cammon was convicted in state court of misdemeanor battery. That fact,

which was not alleged in the complaint, has no bearing on our analysis or the

sufficiency of Harris’s allegations.

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On the other hand, the complaint did allege that a battery

occurred when Cammon touched Harris by “lifting” him and

“hanging” him “by his pants.” Although Harris didn’t allege that

this touching was “offensive,” we can plausibly infer from these al-

legations that lifting an elementary school student and hanging him

by his pants in front of his laughing peers would be “offensive to an

ordinary person not unduly sensitive as to his dignity.” See Ellison,

670 S.E.2d at 471, 473 (holding that, because of “the relatively low

threshold required to prove battery,” a battery claim raised a jury

question where a restaurant manager put her hands around the

plaintiff’s neck and shook her three times).

But that’s not the end of the matter. Under Georgia’s con-

stitution, official immunity “protects an officer from personal lia-

bility arising from his performance of ‘official functions’ as long as

the officer did not act with ‘actual malice’ or ‘actual intent to cause

injury.’” Gates v. Khokhar, 884 F.3d 1290, 1304 (11th Cir. 2018)

(quoting Ga. Const. art. I, § 2, para. IX(d)). The doctrine of official

immunity “applies to an officer’s ‘discretionary actions taken

within the scope of his official authority.’” Id. (quoting Cameron v.

Lang, 549 S.E.2d 341, 344 (Ga. 2001) (alteration adopted)). A com-

plaint fails to state a claim under rule 12(b)(6), and official immun-

ity applies, where “[n]one of the facts alleged in the complaint sup-

port a plausible claim that” the defendant “acted with actual malice

or an actual intent to injure” the plaintiff. Id. at 1305. We conclude

that, as to the battery claim, Harris’s complaint failed to plausibly

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allege that Cammon acted with actual malice or the actual intent

to cause injury.

Actual malice is the “deliberate intention to do wrong.” Ad-

ams v. Hazelwood, 520 S.E.2d 896, 898 (Ga. 1999) (citation omit-

ted). Establishing actual malice to overcome official immunity is a

high bar; it’s “not established merely by showing that the defendant

acted with ‘ill will.’” Gates, 884 F.3d at 1304. “Nor does actual

malice encompass merely the reckless disregard for the rights and

safety of others.” Id. (citation and quotation marks omitted). And

“the phrase ‘actual intent to cause injury’—as used in Georgia’s of-

ficial immunity provision—means ‘an actual intent to cause harm

to the plaintiff, not merely an intent to do the act purportedly re-

sulting in the claimed injury.’” Id. (citation omitted).

Here, in using force on Harris in a botched attempt to con-

trol his behavior, Cammon was performing a discretionary action

within the scope of his official authority. See Griswold v. Collins,

734 S.E.2d 425, 427 (Ga. Ct. App. 2012) (“As a teacher, Collins was

required to exert discipline, control and supervision over the stu-

dents in her classroom, acts that this Court has held constitute dis-

cretionary acts involving the exercise of personal deliberation and

judgment.”). Thus, the question is whether Harris plausibly al-

leged that Cammon acted with actual malice or an actual intent to

injure him. See Gates, 884 F.3d at 1304.

“None of the facts alleged in the complaint support a plau-

sible claim that [Cammon] acted with actual malice or an actual

intent to injure [Harris], as those terms have been defined by the

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Georgia Supreme Court.” See id. Rather, Harris’s complaint es-

tablished that Cammon hung him up from the chalkboard in a mis-

guided attempt to restore order to the classroom. Cammon told

the police that because Harris was “on the floor screaming and de-

fiant,” he “elevated” Harris “to calm him down.” According to the

complaint, another school employee said that Harris “was having

a really hard time following instruction[s] and calming down,” and

was upset and “throwing his chair across the room.” And Harris

himself, his complaint alleged, said that Cammon lifted him up be-

cause he “was acting bad.” If anything, these allegations establish

a lack of malice; Harris alleged that Cammon hoisted him to disci-

pline him and calm him down, not to deliberately do wrong and

harm him.

Perhaps Cammon acted with “reckless disregard for the

rights and safety of others,” but that’s not enough to establish mal-

ice and overcome official immunity. See id. (citation and quotation

marks omitted). Because Harris didn’t plausibly allege that Cam-

mon acted with actual malice or the actual intent to injure him, the

doctrine of official immunity barred his claim. We therefore affirm

the district court’s dismissal of Harris’s battery claim.

False Imprisonment

Harris argues that the district court erred by dismissing his

claim for false imprisonment because his complaint “adequately

plead[ed] details” to make out this count. Under Georgia law, the

tort of false imprisonment “is the unlawful detention of the person

of another, for any length of time, whereby such person is deprived

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of his personal liberty.” Henley v. Payne, 945 F.3d 1320, 1330 (11th

Cir. 2019) (citing O.C.G.A. § 51-7-20).

Here, the complaint conclusorily alleged that Cammon

falsely imprisoned Harris “by unlawfully restraining him” but did

not allege or explain why this restraint was unlawful. All that Har-

ris alleged in his complaint was a legal conclusion and that isn’t

enough. See Snow v. DirecTV, Inc., 450 F.3d 1314, 1320 (11th Cir.

2006) (“[C]onclusory allegations, unwarranted deductions of facts

or legal conclusions masquerading as facts will not prevent dismis-

sal” (citation and quotation marks omitted)). Because the com-

plaint didn’t plausibly allege that Harris’s detention was unlawful,

we affirm the district court’s dismissal of this claim.

Official Capacity

The district court dismissed the section 1983 claims against

Cammon in his official capacity because the school district, Cam-

mon’s employer, was a party to the lawsuit. Harris argues that the

district court erred in doing so because the school district had

knowledge of Cammon’s “violent propensities,” Cammon used his

position as a paraprofessional to abuse Harris, and he “conspired”

with Harris’s teacher to punish the child.

Where a state official is sued under section 1983 in his or her

official capacity, “the suit is simply another way of pleading an ac-

tion against an entity of which [the state official] is an agent.” See

Busby v. City of Orlando, 931 F.2d 764, 776 (11th Cir. 1991) (cita-

tion and quotation marks omitted). These types of actions are

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therefore just “suits directly against” the municipality that employs

the state official. Id. “Because suits against a municipal officer sued

in his official capacity and direct suits against municipalities are

functionally equivalent, there no longer exists a need to bring offi-

cial-capacity actions against local government officials, because lo-

cal government units can be sued directly[.]” Id.

Here, because Harris sued the school district, Cammon’s

employer, his section 1983 claims against Cammon in his official

capacity were “functionally equivalent” to his claims against the

school district. See id. But the district court dismissed the section

1983 claims against the school district, and Harris doesn’t appeal

the dismissal of those claims. It was therefore appropriate to also

dismiss the section 1983 claims against Cammon in his official ca-

pacity. See id. (affirming directed verdict in favor of officers sued

in their official capacity where the municipality was also a party to

the case).

Harris also argues that because Cammon’s actions were ma-

licious, he wasn’t entitled to qualified immunity and official im-

munity under state law. But the fact remains that the section 1983

claims against him in his official capacity were redundant because

Harris brought these same claims against the school district. The

district court therefore correctly dismissed the section 1983 claims

against Cammon in his official capacity.

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16 Opinion of the Court 20-13480

Section 1983 Fourth and Eighth Amendment Claims

Harris argues that the district court erred by dismissing his

section 1983 Fourth Amendment claim because Cammon’s actions

were outrageous, exceeded the bounds of corporal punishment,

and therefore amounted to an illegal search and seizure. He simi-

larly argues that his section 1983 Eighth Amendment claim

shouldn’t have been dismissed because Cammon’s actions

“shock[ed] the moral sense of the community.”

But when “public school teachers or administrators impose

disciplinary corporal punishment,” the “pertinent constitutional

question is whether the imposition is consonant with the require-

ments of due process.” Ingraham v. Wright, 430 U.S. 651, 671

(1977) (concluding that “when public school teachers or adminis-

trators impose disciplinary corporal punishment, the Eighth

Amendment is inapplicable”); Neal ex rel. Neal v. Fulton Cnty. Bd.

of Educ., 229 F.3d 1069, 1075 (11th Cir. 2000) (“[E]xcessive corporal

punishment, at least where not administered in conformity with a

valid school policy authorizing corporal punishment as in Ingra-

ham, may be actionable under the Due Process Clause when it is

tantamount to arbitrary, egregious, and conscience-shocking be-

havior.”). As we said in Neal, this approach to school corporal pun-

ishment claims “ensure[s] that students will be able to state a claim

only where the alleged corporal punishment truly reflects the kind

of egregious official abuse of force that would violate substantive

due process protections in other, non-school contexts.” Id. at 1076.

Because we analyze a corporal punishment claim through the lens

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of due process, we affirm the dismissal of the Fourth and Eighth

Amendment section 1983 claims.

Section 1983 Fourteenth Amendment Substantive

Due Process Claim

Harris argues that the district court erred by dismissing his

section 1983 Fourteenth Amendment claim. He argues that his

complaint stated a substantive due process claim because hanging

a disabled child from a chalkboard “stretched far beyond the con-

cept of corporal punishment” and amounted to egregious and out-

rageous conduct.

Due process “protects individuals against arbitrary exercises

of government power, but only the most egregious official conduct

can be said to be arbitrary in the constitutional sense.” T.W. ex rel.

Wilson v. Sch. Bd. of Seminole Cnty., 610 F.3d 588, 598 (11th Cir.

2010) (citation and quotation marks omitted). Executive action is

arbitrary in the constitutional sense when it “shocks the con-

science.” Cnty. of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833, 845–46

(1998). Both we and the Supreme Court have “said repeatedly that

the Fourteenth Amendment is not a ‘font of tort law’ that can be

used, through section 1983, to convert state tort claims into federal

causes of action.’” Neal, 229 F.3d at 1074 (quoting Lewis, 523 U.S.

at 848).

“[E]xcessive corporal punishment” can violate due process

“when it is tantamount to arbitrary, egregious, and conscience-

shocking behavior.” Id. To state this claim, “the plaintiff must al-

lege facts demonstrating that (1) a school official intentionally used

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18 Opinion of the Court 20-13480

an amount of force that was obviously excessive under the circum-

stances, and (2) the force used presented a reasonably foreseeable

risk of serious bodily injury.” Id. “In determining whether the

amount of force used is obviously excessive, we consider the total-

ity of the circumstances. In particular, we examine: (1) the need

for the application of corporal punishment, (2) the relationship be-

tween the need and amount of punishment administered, and

(3) the extent of the injury inflicted.” Id. Whether a school em-

ployee’s use of force was “obviously excessive” is an “objective

matter”; we ask whether “the use of force was objectively reason-

able,” without regard to “the subjective intent of the school offi-

cial.” See Wilson, 610 F.3d at 599–600 (citation omitted). Here,

because we conclude that Cammon’s use of force wasn’t obviously

excessive, we don’t consider whether it “presented a reasonably

foreseeable risk of serious bodily injury.” See id. at 602.

Our decision in Wilson is illustrative. There, a fourteen-

year-old student named T.W. suffered from “developmental and

behavioral problems” and an anxiety disorder. 610 F.3d at 593. He

was placed in a class for students with autism. Id. at 594. T.W.’s

teacher “used physical force” and “restrained” the students when

disciplining them. Id. In one incident, this teacher (who weighed

300 pounds) “forced T.W. to the floor and pulled his right leg up

against the back of his left leg. [The teacher] held T.W. in this po-

sition for two to three minutes.” Id. at 595. In another incident,

the teacher “pulled T.W. up from his chair without sliding his chair

away from the table, which caused T.W.’s legs to hit the edge of

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the table.” Id. The teacher then “forced T.W. against the table,

held his arms behind his back, and placed her weight against his

back to hold him in that position. [The teacher] held T.W. in that

position for about three minutes, even though T.W. told [the

teacher] more than once that she was hurting him.” Id.

We concluded that, although the teacher’s actions were

“troubling,” T.W.’s substantive due process claim failed as a matter

of law. Id. at 593. As to the need for corporal punishment, we said

that the teacher’s use of force was “capable of being construed as

an attempt to restore order, maintain discipline, or protect T.W.

from self-injurious behavior.” Id. at 600 (quotation marks omit-

ted). As to the “relationship between the need for the use of force

and the amount of force administered,” we said that “the amount

of force at issue here was not totally unrelated to the need for the

use of force.” Id. at 601. Finally, as to the extent of the child’s in-

juries, “T.W. suffered only minor physical injuries,” we explained,

even though the teacher’s actions “aggravated T.W.’s develop-

mental disability, exacerbated his behavioral problems, and caused

symptoms of [posttraumatic] stress disorder.” Id. We concluded

that this discipline “was not so arbitrary and egregious as to support

a complaint of a violation of substantive due process.” Id. at 602.

We reach the same conclusion here. As to the need for the

use of force, Cammon saw that Harris was “on the floor screaming

and defiant.” Another school employee confirmed that Harris

“was having a really hard time following instruction[s] and calming

down,” and was “upset and throwing his chair across the room.”

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20 Opinion of the Court 20-13480

Harris himself told his grandmother that “I was acting bad, I was

kicking my book bag across the floor.” These circumstances estab-

lish that Cammon’s use of force was “capable of being construed as

an attempt to serve [the] pedagogical objectives” of “restor[ing] or-

der” and “maintain[ing] discipline.” See id. at 600 (citation and quo-

tation marks omitted).

Next, as to the relationship between the need for the use of

force and the amount of force used, “we cannot say that the

amount of force at issue here was totally unrelated to a need for

punishment.” See Peterson v. Baker, 504 F.3d 1331, 1337, 1340

(11th Cir. 2007) (concluding there was a relationship between the

force used and the need for punishment where a teacher choked a

“defiant” student). Harris “defiantly disobeyed” his teacher’s in-

structions leading up to the incident. See id. As noted, he was

“throwing his chair across the room” and “kicking [his] book bag

across the floor.” Although the disciplinary measures Cammon re-

sorted to were “inappropriate” and “we do not condone them,” we

cannot say that these measures were “totally unrelated” to the need

for order. See id.

Finally, as to the extent of the injuries, this “important fac-

tor” weighs heavily against Harris. See Wilson, 610 F.3d at 601.

Unlike Wilson, where the student suffered “minor physical inju-

ries” like “bruises,” id., the complaint doesn’t allege that Harris suf-

fered any physical injuries. Although Harris told his grandmother

that he hit his head when Cammon lifted him, she checked his head

“but didn’t see any bruises.” And there is no allegation that Harris

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20-13480 Opinion of the Court 21

“received medical treatment for any physical injuries.” See id. In

the absence of physical injuries, we cannot say that Cammon’s ac-

tions were obviously excessive. See Peterson, 504 F.3d at 1337

(concluding that choking a student until he lost his breath and sus-

tained bruises and a scratch on his neck “was not obviously exces-

sive” because “the extent of the student’s bodily injury was not se-

rious.”).

We are sensitive to the fact that Harris was diagnosed with

posttraumatic stress disorder. But even this “psychological injury”

and the “symptoms of [posttraumatic] stress disorder” that Harris

suffers from don’t alter our conclusion “that [Cammon’s] conduct

was not so arbitrary and egregious as to support a complaint of a

violation of substantive due process.” See Wilson, 610 F.3d at 602.

This case is simply not like those where we’ve held that cor-

poral punishment was obviously excessive. We have said that de-

stroying a student’s eyeball by smashing a heavy metal object into

his skull shocks the conscience. See Neal, 229 F.3d at 1071 (holding

that a student stated an excessive corporal punishment claim where

a coach hit him in the head with a “weight lock,” knocking his eye

“completely out of its socket” and leaving it “destroyed and dis-

membered.”). So does beating a student repeatedly with a metal

cane. See Kirkland ex rel. Jones v. Greene Cnty. Bd. of Educ., 347

F.3d 903, 904 (11th Cir. 2003) (affirming denial of qualified immun-

ity where a principal struck a student “with a metal cane in the

head, ribs and back, leaving a large knot on his head and causing

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22 Opinion of the Court 20-13480

him to suffer continuing migraine headaches.”). We cannot say the

same about briefly suspending a child in the air by his beltloop.

We reiterate that we “do not condone the use of force

against a vulnerable student.” See Wilson, 610 F.3d at 602. But, as

we have said, section 1983 does not convert the Due Process

Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment into a “font of tort law.” See

Lewis, 523 U.S. at 848. Our decision in this case “comports with

the Supreme Court’s mandate to remain vigilant in policing the

boundaries separating tort law from constitutional law.” Nix v.

Franklin Cnty. Sch. Dist., 311 F.3d 1373, 1379 (11th Cir. 2002). Be-

cause “no reasonable jury could conclude that [Cammon’s] use of

force was obviously excessive in the constitutional sense,” we af-

firm the district court’s dismissal of Harris’s substantive due pro-

cess section 1983 claim. See Wilson, 610 F.3d at 602.

IV. CONCLUSION

We affirm the district court’s order dismissing Harris’s com-

plaint for failure to state a claim.

AFFIRMED.