holding that when the record shows that a school administrator had lawful justifications for taking an action, the plaintiff must present precedent that illustrates a reasonable administrator in the defendant’s position would know that such an action was not objectively reasonable
How later courts described this case
- holding that when the record shows that a school administrator had lawful justifications for taking an action, the plaintiff must present precedent that illustrates a reasonable administrator in the defendant’s position would know that such an action was not objectively reasonable
- noting that when parties do not dispute that the defendants were acting in a discretionary capacity, the burden shifts to the plaintiff to illustrate qualified immunity is inapplicable
- “For the law to be clearly established, the law must have earlier been developed in such a concrete and factually defined context to make it obvious to all reasonable government actors, in the defendant’s place, that ‘what he is doing’ violates federal law.” (internal quotation marks omitted)
- “The parties do not dispute that Johnson and Crutchfield were acting in a discretionary capacity. Accordingly, the burden shifts to Sherrod to show that Johnson and Crutchfield are not entitled to qualified immunity.”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
[PUBLISH]
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
____________________
FILED
No. 10-11804 U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
____________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
JAN 23, 2012
D.C. Docket No. 9:07-cv-80217-DTKH JOHN LEY
CLERK
CURTIS SHERROD,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
versus
DR. ARTHUR JOHNSON,
Defendant - Appellant.
____________________
No. 10-11876
____________________
D.C. Docket No. 9:07-cv-80217-DTKH
CURTIS SHERROD,
Individually and on behalf of Surya Sherrod,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
versus
GLORIA CRUTCHFIELD,
Defendant - Appellant.
__________________________
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
__________________________
(January 23, 2012)
Before TJOFLAT and MARTIN, Circuit Judges, and DAWSON,*1District Judge.
PER CURIAM.
Curtis Sherrod filed this action against the defendants pursuant to 42 U.S.C.
§ 1983 claiming that he was terminated as a teacher and employee of the Palm Beach
County School District in retaliation for exercising his First Amendment rights. At
all relevant times, Arthur Johnson was Superintendent of Schools, and Gloria
Crutchfield served as Principal of Roosevelt Middle School where Sherrod was
employed at the time of his termination.
For the reasons that follow, we REVERSE and instruct the district court to
grant Johnson and Crutchfield summary judgment based on qualified immunity.
I. Background.
Sherrod, a public high school history teacher, alleged that a series of unlawful
transfers, unwarranted suspensions and subsequent termination between October 23,
*The Honorable Robert T. Dawson, United States District Judge for the Western District
of Arkansas, sitting by designation.
2
2003 and May 19, 2004, were in retaliation for exercising his First Amendment right
to free speech by criticizing the School Board and District employees on matters of
public concern.
Sherrod was employed by the District as a history teacher beginning in 1993.
Beginning in 2001, Sherrod began voicing his concern through various letters and
appearances at school board meetings that the District was not in compliance with a
state statute mandating infusion of African and African-American history into the
District’s history curriculum.
After an unsatisfactory performance evaluation in May 2002, the District
placed Sherrod on a remedial teaching performance plan or “site assistance plan”
(SAP), and during the 2002-2003 and 2003-2004 academic years transferred Sherrod
various times to different positions in numerous schools within the District.
On August 14, 2002, Sherrod filed his initial § 1983 suit (Sherrod I) against the
District and others alleging these transfers were in retaliation for his criticisms of the
District in connection with the infusion statute.
During the fall of 2003, the District transferred Sherrod to Roosevelt Middle
School to teach seventh grade geography where Gloria Crutchfield was Principal.
Crutchfield testified during Sherrod I that while she was initially impressed with
Sherrod as a teacher, she later began receiving complaints from parents about his
3
excessive work assignments and deviations from the curriculum. After meeting with
Sherrod to discuss these and other concerns, to include her observation of
unsupervised students outside his classroom, Crutchfield gave Sherrod an
unsatisfactory performance evaluation.
On February 9, 2004, Crutchfield recommended Sherrod’s termination to
Johnson based on his failure to correct “performance deficiencies”. On February 25,
2004, Johnson adopted the recommendation and notified Sherrod of his intent to
recommend termination to the School Board. On May 4, 2004, Johnson filed a formal
petition with the School Board recommending Sherrod’s termination. At a public
meeting on May 19, 2004, where Sherrod spoke on his own behalf, the School Board
accepted Johnson’s recommendation and voted to terminate Sherrod’s contract.
Sherrod appealed to the Division of Administrative Hearings which appointed
an Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) to review the School Board’s decision. After
conducting an evidentiary hearing, the ALJ recommended Sherrod’s termination
which the School Board adopted. Sherrod appealed this ruling to the Fourth District
Court of Appeals which reversed the termination on November 8, 2006, finding that
Fla. Stat. Section 1012.32(4)(c)(2003) required the School Board to base a decision
to terminate primarily on student performance on annual tests. The Fourth District
remanded the case to the School Board for further proceedings consistent with this
4
order. Sherrod v. Palm Beach County School Board, 963 So.2d 251 (Fla. 4th DCA
2006).
In February 2006, Sherrod’s 1983 action (Sherrod I) proceeded to trial with the
School District as the sole remaining defendant. The jury found in favor of Sherrod
on his First Amendment retaliation claim. However, the district court vacated and set
aside the verdict finding insufficient evidence to support Monell liability. This Court
sua sponte dismissed Sherrod’s appeal from that judgment as untimely and denied his
separately filed appeal from a post-judgment order denying a motion for new trial
based on newly discovered evidence. Sherrod v. Palm Beach County School Dist.,
237 Fed. Appx. 423 (11th Cir. 2007).
On March 8, 2007, Sherrod filed a second § 1983 suit (Sherrod II) alleging (1)
equal protection violations based on the School Board’s failure to implement the
infusion statute; (2) a First Amendment retaliation claim against the School Board
and various individual teachers and administrators involved in the decision to transfer
and terminate him; (3) due process violations based on Principal Crutchfield’s alleged
failure to formally observe his performance in classroom or allow him to complete his
SAP before recommending termination, and defendant school board attorneys’
alleged failure to alert him to an employment/address change of a former school
district employee, Vice Principal Christine Hall (Olympic Heights), before and during
5
trial proceedings in Sherrod I.
The District Court dismissed Sherrod II with prejudice based on res judicata.
On appeal, this Court reversed and remanded finding that certain claims that arose
after October 24, 2003, (the date the third and final amended complaint was filed in
Sherrod I), survived res judicata, including Sherrod’s First Amendment retaliation
claims against Crutchfield and Johnson, which are the subject of this appeal. Sherrod
v. School Board of Palm Beach County, 272 Fed. Appx. 828 (11th Cir. 2008).
Following remand, Sherrod filed his fourth and final amended complaint on
May 18, 2009, which included his First Amendment claim against Johnson,
Crutchfield and the School Board based on his allegation that the defendants’
decision to terminate him was in retaliation for his “outward criticisms” after October
24, 2003, of the District’s inadequate implementation of the infusion statute.
Specifically, Sherrod alleged:
(1) 12-23-03 - Superintendent Johnson directs involuntary transfer of
Sherrod from Roosevelt Full Service Center to Roosevelt Middle
School, where he is placed under “watchful eye” of Principal
Crutchfield;
(2) 2-9-04 - Principal Crutchfield, working in coordination with
Superintendent Johnson, recommends termination of Sherrod in alleged
retaliation for his repeated public criticism of District’s poor
implementation of African and African American history infusion
statute;
6
(3) 2-19-04 - Superintendent Johnson, adopting recommendation of
Principal Crutchfield, recommends termination of Sherrod to School
Board;
(4) 5-19-04 - Following public hearing at which Mr. Sherrod speaks on
his own behalf, School Board accepts Superintendent Johnson’s
recommendation, suspends plaintiff without pay and terminates his
employment.
On March 18, 2010, in ruling on cross-motions for summary judgment, the
district court denied Johnson and Crutchfield’s motion finding genuine issues of
material fact on whether their proffered reasons for recommending Sherrod’s
termination were pretextual. The district court further found that Johnson and
Crutchfield were not entitled to qualified immunity. On April 20, 2010, the District
Court denied Johnson and Crutchfield’s motion to amend this order finding res
judicata did not bar Sherrod’s First Amendment retaliation claim against them.
Johnson and Crutchfield appealed contending the District Court erred in
finding that Sherrod’s First Amendment retaliation claims against them are not barred
by res judicata and denying them qualified immunity. As the Court finds the district
court erred in denying Johnson and Crutchfield summary judgment based upon
qualified immunity, we do not address the res judicata issue.
II. Discussion.
This Court has jurisdiction to hear this interlocutory appeal of the denial of
7
qualified immunity as the issue involves the determination of whether the official’s
conduct violated clearly established law. Stanley v. City of Dalton, Ga., 219 F.3d
1280, 1286 (11th Cir. 2000). We review the district court’s denial of summary
judgment based upon qualified immunity de novo, resolving all issues of material fact
in favor of the plaintiff. Oliver v. Fiorino, 586 F.3d 898, 901 (11th Cir. 2009).
Qualified immunity offers complete protection for individual public officials
performing discretionary functions “insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly
established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have
known.” Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982). The parties do not dispute
that Johnson and Crutchfield were acting in a discretionary capacity. Accordingly,
the burden shifts to Sherrod to show that Johnson and Crutchfield are not entitled to
qualified immunity.
For the law to be clearly established, the law “must have earlier been developed
in such a concrete and factually defined context to make it obvious to all reasonable
government actors, in the defendant’s place, that ‘what he is doing’ violates federal
law.” Lassiter v. Alabama A&m Univ. Bd. of Trustees, 28 F.3d 1146, 1149 (11th Cir.
1994)(en banc)(quoting Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 640 (1987). State
officials can act lawfully even when motivated by a dislike or hostility to certain
protected behavior. See Mt. Healthy v. Doyle, 429 U.S. 274 (1979). Where the
8
record shows public officials would have acted as they did even if they had lacked
discriminatory intent, such actions are lawful. Id. at 286-87. In Foy v. Holston, 94
F. 3d 1528 (11th Cir. 1996), this Court acknowledged that “[u]nless it, as a legal
matter, is plain under the specific facts and circumstances of the case that the
defendant’s conduct - despite his having adequate lawful reasons to support the act -
was the result of his unlawful motive, the defendant is entitled to immunity.” Id. at
1535.
The District Court concluded that Johnson and Crutchfield “had fair notice that
the termination of a public school teacher for publicly calling the School Board to
task for allegedly violating a state law requiring African and African-American
history infusion into the District’s world history curriculum was unconstitutional.”
The District Court further found that “no rational jury could conclude that it was
objectively reasonable for defendants to believe that the termination of a public
school teacher as a consequence of his vocal criticism of the school board’s
compliance with state law governing history curriculum content would not violate the
employee’s clearly established First Amendment rights.”
A proper analysis of Johnson and Crutchfield’s entitlement to qualified
immunity is not whether they knew that terminating Sherrod in retaliation for
protected speech was lawful, but rather whether terminating him based upon all the
9
information available to them at the time, to include any knowledge of his protected
speech, was objectively reasonable. See Stanley, supra, at 1294. In Foy, we noted
that the presence of a jury issue about a defendant’s improper intent does not
necessarily preclude qualified immunity. Foy, 94 F.3d at 1533. We explained that
“[w]here the facts assumed for summary judgment purposes in a case involving
qualified immunity show mixed motives (lawful and unlawful motivations) and
preexisting law does not dictate that the merits of the case must be decided in
plaintiff’s favor, the defendant is entitled to immunity.” Id. at 1535.
The facts in the record show lawful justifications for recommending Sherrod’s
termination. On May 16, 2002, Plaintiff received an unsatisfactory evaluation at
Olympic Heights from Vice-Principal Christine Hall, with seven areas of concern.
As a result, Sherrod was placed on a remedial teaching performance plan. While at
Roosevelt Middle School, Crutchfield began to receive complaints from parents about
excessive work assignments and deviations from the curriculum. Further, on one
occasion, Crutchfield observed unsupervised students standing outside Sherrod’s
classroom. After consulting with Sherrod, Crutchfield gave him another
unsatisfactory evaluation.
Plaintiff failed to present any precedent, and the Court is aware of none, to
suggest that a reasonable principal and superintendent armed with the knowledge they
10
possessed, to include the unsatisfactory performance reviews, would know they could
not recommend and/or adopt a recommendation to terminate Sherrod. Accordingly,
Johnson and Crutchfield are entitled to qualified immunity.
III. Conclusion.
Based on the foregoing, we hereby REVERSE the district court and instruct the
district court to grant Johnson and Crutchfield summary judgment based on qualified
immunity.
11