The opinion
Interim Decision #2485
MATTER OF BLAB
In Deportation Proceedings
A-18487421
Decided by Board August 2, 1974 and October 31, 1974
Decided by Attorney General March 10, 1976
(1) Although ilunily ties will ordinarily result in favorable exercise of administrative
discretion under section 245 of the Immigration and Nationality Act, they neither must
nor should do so where it appears that the alien has engaged in a course of deception
designed to produce those very ties.
(2)Where respondent in application for nonimmigrant visitor's visa made misleading and
incomplete statementd to the consular officer concerning his intentions in coming to the
United States, the whereabouts of his parents and the nature of his employment in the
Philippines, even though such misrepresentations did not amount to fraud or misrepre-
sentation within the meaning of section 212(a)(19) of the Aet (Matter of S— and B-
C , 0 I. & N. Dec. 486 (A.G. 1051)), relief under section e.45 was denied notwithstand-
—
ing the fact that respondent has a U.S. citizen spouse, because such equity does not
overcome the adverse impact of respondent's misrepresentations in applying for entry
into the United States.
(3) Matter of Arai, 13 L & N. Dec. 494 (BIA 1970) reaffirmed.
CHARGE:
Order: Act of 1952—Section 241(a)(2) (8 U.S.C. 1251(a)(2)]—Nonimmigrant visitor—
remained longer than permitted
ON BEHALF OF RESPONDENT: ON BEHALF OF SERVICE:
John M. Weir, Esquire Sam Bernsen
483 Castro Street General Counsel
San Francise), California 94114 Paul C. Vincent
Appellate Trial Attorney
BEFORE THE BOARD
(August 2, 1974)
On April 18, 1973, an immigration judge found • the respondent
deportable as charged, granted him the privilege of voluntary depar-
ture, ordered his deportation to the Republic of the Philippines, in the
event of his failure to depart when and as required, denied Ida applica-
tion for permanent residence status under section 245 of the Immigra-
tion and Nationality Act, in the exercise of administrative discretion,
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Interim Decision #2485
and certified the case to us for final decision. The immigration judge's
decision will be affirmed.
The respondent, a 38-year-old male native and citizen of the Philip-
pines, was admitted to the United States at Honolulu, Hawaii, as a
visitor, on or about September 21, 1970. On November 13, 1972, he was
granted the privilege of departing voluntarily from the United States on
or before November 28, 1972, without the issuance of an order to show
cause. He failed to depart within the specified time. His deportability
under section 241(a)(2) of the Immigration and Nationality Act has been
established by clear, convincing, and unequivocal evidence.
On March 18, 1973, the respondent married a woman who obtained
United States citizenship a month later, and who, thereafter, filed a visa
petition to accord him immediate relative status. That petition was
approved.
At the hearing before the immigration judge, the respondent applied
for adjustment of his status to that of a permanent resident, under
section 245 of the Immigration and Nationality Act. The immigration
judge denied that relief in the exercise of administrative discretion, but
granted the respondent's alternative application for the privilege of
voluntary departure.
The respondent was adopted by a couple when he was only one and a
half years old (Tr., p. 23). His adoptive parents have resided in the
United States for many years (Tr., p. 22). They are United States
citizens. In his correspondence with them, he discussed with them the
matter of a visa petition to be filed by them on his behalf after his entry
into the United States (Tr., p. 22). When he filed his nonimmigrant visa
application with the American Consul in Manila he disclosed none of the
foregoing facts. On the contrary, he stated in his application that
neither of his parents was in the United States, and that he planned to
stay in the United States for 35 days. For the benefit of the American
Consul he described himself as a "supervisor" with Star-Lite Philip-
pines, Inc. (Exhibit 3, Visa Application, Form FS-257a). Actually, he
was doing some contract work for that company (Tr. p. 27) after a
regular eight-hour working day with the Mitsui Corporation which
employed him as a draftsman (Tr., p. 25).
The record further shows that the respondent came to the United
States from the Philippines to get away from his family, that is, from his
wife and their four minor children (Tr., p. 18). He came here with the
intention to divorce his wife (Tr., p. 19), to remarry in the United States
(Tr., p. 19), and to stay here. When he applied for his nonimmigrant visa
with the American Consul he stated that his purpose was to take a
"pleasure trip" (Exhibit 3, Form FS-257a). He did not reveal his true
plans.
The respondent's adoptive parents filed a fourth-preference visa peti-
627
Interim Decision #2485 .
tion for him. However, during the times here pertinent, no visa num-
bers were available for natives of the Philippines who were within the
fourth-preference class. Eventually, the respondent's adoptive parents
withdrew thia visa petition which they had filed on his behalf (Tr., p. 21).
They have had no contacts with him for at least a year (Tr., p. 11).
The respondent has managed to carry out his preconceived plans. He
went to Nevada for two months (Tr., p. 16), secured a divorce from his
wife, who was, and still is, in the Philippines, and married his present
wife, who was then a lawful permanent resident of the United States.
The immigration judge is convinced that that kind of conduct should
preclude the granting of adjustment of status. Not finding any unusual
and appealing circumstances present, he denied the application for
section 245 relief. We fully agree.
We are quite aware of the difficulties which confront immigration
judges in matters of this kind. As in all other matters which involve the
exercise of administrative discretion, the immigration judge's decision
will depend, and must be based, on the facts of the particular case. In
voicing his concern, this immigration judge has added that the respon-
dent's case is one of many in which aliens are proceeding in a similar
fashion, abandoning their families and causing tribulations to their
dependents. While the facts of record amply support the denial of this
respondent's application for section 245 relief, we emphasize that no
decision' should ever rest, or even give the slightest appearance of
resting, upon generalizations derived from evaluations of the actions of
members of any group of aliens. Every adjudication must be on a
case-by-case basis. Were we to promulgate overly strict guidelines, we
would, in erect, infringe upon the immigration judge's discretionary
authority. Thus, the guidelines which we adopted have of necessity
been general, and'not specific.
In Matter of Ortiz-Prieto, 11 I. & N. Dec. 317 (BIA 1965), we em-
phasized that:
.. the applicable statute does not contemplate that all aliens who meet the required
legal standardi will be granted adjustment of status to that of a permanent resident
since the grant of an application for adjustment of status is a matter of discretion and of
administrative grace. not mere eligibility; discretion must be exercised by the Attorney
General even though statutory prerequisites have been met."
In Matter of Arai, 13 I. & N. Dec. 494 (BIA 1970), we attempted to
clarify the language which we had used in Ortiz-Prieto, supra. We
stated the following:
"It is difficult and probably inadvisable to set up restrictive guide lines for the exercise
of discretion. :Problems which may arise in applications for adjustment must of necessity
be resolved on an individual bisis. Where adverse factors are present in a given
application, it may be necessary for the applicant to offset these by a showing of unusual
or even outstanding equities. Generally, favorable factors such as family ties, hardship,
628
Interim Decision #2485
length of residence in the United States, etc., will be considered as countervailing
factors meriting favorable exercise of administrative discretion. In the absence of
adverse factors, adjustment will ordinarily be granted, still as a matter of discretion."
It appears that there is a need for further clarification.
Whenever an alien applies for discretionary relief in immigration
matters, he bears the burden of showing why administrative discretion
should be favorably exercised. Thus, an alien who, at a hearing held
before an immigration judge, applies for adjustment of his status to that
of a lawful permanent resident, has the burden of establishing that the
requested relief should be granted in the exercise of discretion, 8 qR
242.17(d); Chen v. Foley, 385 F.2d 929 (C.A. 6, 196'7), cert. denied 393
T.J.S. 838; Thomaidis v. INS, 431 F.2d 711 (C.A. 9, 1970), cert. denied
401 U.S. 954; Matter of Ortiz-Prieto, supra.
Where an alien and the alien's spouse have been living apart for many
years, the marriage has existed, in name only, the alien visits in. the
United States, enters into a bona fide marriage with an American citizen
or lawful permanent resident after a divorce from the foreign spouse,
and becomes the beneficiary of an approved visa petition, and there are
no adverse factors present, the alien's application for adjustme4t of
status is not likely to present any problems. However, those are not the-
facts in the case that is now before us; Here the respondent's scheme
precludes the favorable exercise of admims ' • trative discretion. The pro-
visions of the Immigration and Nationality Act are supposed to favor
the reuniting of families. It would be unreasonable .to ascribe to Con-
gress an intention to promote the breakup of aliens' marriages abroad.
We reject, as erroneous, any interpretation of the Arai standards which
would require a grant of adjustment of status in every case in which the
alien has succeeded in negotiating a marriage to a United States citizen
or to a lawful permanent resident alien. Specifically, we emphasize that
immigration judges are not required to disregard the abandonment of an
alien's spouse and children in every case in which the alien has, in this
country, divorced the spouse, and has remarried here. Remarriage in
this country does not excuse all else. Matter of Tayeb, 12 I. & N. Dec.
739 (BIA 1968).
Even the privilege of voluntary departure is not to be had for the
mere asking. Under the provisions of section 244(e) of the Immigration
and Nationality Act, an alien who applies for that privilege has to
"establish to the satisfaction of the Attorney General that he is, and his
been, a person of good moral character for at least five years im-
mediately preceding his application for voluntary departure under this
subsection." In Matter of Gamboa, 14 L & N. Dec. 244 (BIA 1972), we
mentioned a few of the factors which will be considered when an applica-
tion for the privilege of voluntary departure has been made. , Adjust-
ment of status is a much higher form of discretionary relief than a grant
629
Interim Decision #2485
of voluntary departure. While the provisions of section 245 of the Act,
unlike those of section 244(e), do not specifically require that the alien
have been a :person of good moral character during a certain period of
time, an alien's . good moral character or lack thereof is an important
factor.
Adjustment of status under section 245 of the Act was not designed to
supersede the regular consular visa-issuing processes or to be granted
in non -meritorious cases. Chen v. Foley, supra. An applicant who meets
the objective prerequisites for adjustment of status is in no way entitled
to that relief. Jarecha v. INS, 417 F.2d 220 (C.A. 5, 1969). That relief is
extraordinary inasmuch as it dispenses with ordinary immigration pro-
cedures. Chen v. Foley, supra. We therefore held in Matter of Ortiz-
Prieto, supra, and affirm, that the extraordinary discretionary relief
provided in section 245 of the Act can only be granted in meritorious
cases, and that the burden is always upon the alien to establish that his
application for that relief merits favorable consideration. See also San-
tos v. INS, 375 F.2d 262 (C.A. 9, 1967); Diric v. INS, 400 F.2d 658 (C.A.
9, 1968), cert. denied 394 U.S 1015.
In Matter cfArdi, supra, at page 496, we had stated the following: "In
the absence of adverse factors, adjUstment will, ordinarily be granted,
still as a mat:4r of discretion." That stateinent should not be misinter-
preted as im?Iying that adjustment of status must be granted in the
absence of major adverse factors, or that the Service has the burden of
showing that the alien is not entitled to adjustment of status. Adjust-
ment of statue pursuant to section 245 of the Immigration and Na-
tionality Act may be granted where the alien has established that
favorable exercise of discretion is warranted.
The immigration judge's decision was correct. It will be affirmed.
ORDER: The decision of the immigration judge denying the respon-
dent's application for permanent resident status under section 245 of the
Immigration and Nationality Act is affirmed.
Further order: Pursuant to the immigration judge's order, the re-
spondent is permitted to depart from the United States voluntarily
without expense to the Government within 30 clays from the date of this
order or any extension beyond that time as may be granted•by the
district director, and under such conditions as the district director shall
direct.
Further order: In the event of the respondent's failure to depart when
and as required, the privilege of voluntary departure shall be with-
drawn without further notice or proceedings, and the following order
shall thereupon become immediately effective: the respondent shall be
deported from the United States to the Republic of the Philippines on
the charge contained in the order to show cause.
680
Interim Decision #2485
Maurice A. Roberts, Chairman, Dissenting:
I respectfully dissent from the decision of the majority. In the guise of
"clarification", the Board today recedes from the general (and, in my
view realistic) criteria laid down in Matter of Arai, 13 I. & N. Dec. 494
(MA! 1970). In doing so, it opens the door to the vague standards which
prevailed in our pre-Arai formulations. In my estimation, denial of
section 245 adjustment is not warranted on this record, either on the
basis articulated by the immigration judge or on the somewhat different
rationale advanced by the majority of this Board.
The respondent is a 40-year-old, married male alien, a native and
citizen of the Philippines, who was admitted to the United States as a
nonimmigrant visitor on or about September 21, 1970 and remained
longer than permitted. He left behind in the Philippines his wife and
four minor children. He and his wife had had various differences and
before he left the Philippines he had made up his mind to divorce her in
the United States, as there is no divorce in the Philippines (Tr. pp. 11,
18, 19, 20). On arrival, he stayed with his adoptive parents, United
States citizens, who had adopted him in the Philippines when he was a
year and a half old. A few weeks after arrival, he met Rufina Agcaoili, a
native of the Philippines, who was then a permanent resident and is now
a citizen of the United States_ She became his "girl friend," and after
obtaining a divorce from his wife in Reno, Nevada, respondent and
Rufina were married on March 18, 1973. The bona fides of that marriage
is not disputed' (Tr. p. 35). On the approval of Rufina's immediate
relative visa petition in his behalf, the respondent became eligible for
adjustment of status under section 245 of the Immigration and Na-
tionality Act.
At the deportation hearing, respondent's deportability was not seri-
ously disputed and he applied for section 245 adjustment. The immigra-
tion judge apparently found him to be statutorily eligible for the relief
sought, but denied it in the exercise of discretion and certified his
decision to the Board for review. The immigration judge apparently
concluded' that the respondent had had a preconceived intent to remain
here when he applied for his nonimmigrant visa. This adverse factor, he
concluded, was not sufficiently counterbalanced by "unusual and appeal-
ing , circumstances" to warrant a grant of relief. The precise basis for his
unfavorable exercise of discretion was stated as follows (opinion, pp.
2-3):
This type of case, and there are many of them, distresses me more than any other
kind I am required to hear. The word has gotten around that if an alien marries a citizen
or permanent resident he can stay. Indeed, in the instant case, the respondent admitted.
that when he came to the United States it was with the intention of divorcing his wife
and remarrying so he would not have to leave. Consequently each time I am confronted
with an application for permanent residence in such a case, I feel that if I grant it, my
631
Interim Decision #2485
decision will serve to encourage other aliens to desert their families abroad and that, in
part, I will be responsible. I am cognizant of the fact if an alien is forced to leave the
United Staten, it will result in a hardship to his wife here, but I cannot overlook the
tribulations to which he has subjected his overseas family.
If applications in such cases were to be denied except where there are unusual and
appealing circumstances present, it might help to ameliorate the problem. However, it
is not one that acting individually, I can resolve. It is more a policy question to which the
Board of Immigration Appeals should address itself. Accordingly, although I shall deny
the application because I do not find any unusual or appealing circumstances present, I
shall certify the case to the Board of Immigration Appeals for final decision.
The immigration judge's failure to make specific fact findings leaves
me somewhat in the dark as to just what he meant when he referred to
"[Oils type of case" and "such cases", in which he believes denial of
relief should be the rule. I can only infer that the immigration judge
concluded that respondent's case followed the factual pattern of many
other cases which he had adjudicated and which had distressed him. In
those pattern cases, presumably, the alien without justification dis-
rupted an otherwise viable marriage and deserted his wife and children
in the Philippines with the intent of coming to the United States in the
guise of a nonimmigrant visitor, obtaining a quick divorce here, and
promptly marrying a United States citizen whose visa petition in his
behalf would pave the way for section 245 adjustment. If the immigra-
tion judge thus appraised the respondent's situation, the record does not
support the appraisal.
On the record, it is not at all clear, that the break-up of respondent's
first marriage was attributable to fault on respondent's part. The record
does not clearly develop who was at fault. The respondent testified that
he and his first wife had had "varying differences" and that he came to
the United States "to avoid trouble with her family" (Tr. p. 11); that
"she prefers to live with her parents and I don't like it so I have to
leave—live away from them" (Tr. p. 18); that his relationship with his
former wife in the Philippines was not very good (Tr. p. 20); that his
return to her would cause him the same "mental anguish" (Tr. p. 21).
Conceivably, the break-up .of the marriage could have been attributable
to fault on the part of respondent's wife. Conceivably, the respondent
may have been fully justified as a matter of law in leaving her. Con-
sequently, unless we are to say that it is completely immaterial that the
wife may have been solely responsible for the failure of the marriage, if
this question is one which is relevant in the grant or denial of discretion-
ary relief, it should have been developed of record. Certainly, the
evidence does not support a finding that the respondent without justifi-
cation disrupted an otherwise viable marriage for the purpose of achiev-
ing permanent residence in the United States.
Similarly, the record does not support the notion that the respondent
deserted and failed to support his children. The respondent testified
632
Interim Decision #2485
that he sent money periodically to his wife and children in the Philip-
pines (Tr. pp. 13-15). The divorce decree required him to send $25
monthly for the support of each child and $50 for his first wife. He
testified he complied fully (Tr. pp. 14-15) and the immigration judge did
not accept the trial attorney's suggestion that respondent be required to
submit cancelled checks to prove such . compliance (Tr. p. 15). The
immigration judge apparently concluded that discretionary denial was
warranted even if respondent could prove compliance. The immigration
judge justified his disregard for the hardship to respondent's citizen wife
because "I cannot overlook the tribulations to which he has subjected his
overseas family" (Opinion, p. 3). The record is devoid of evidence of such
tribulations.
In thus making fact findings and drawing conclusions based on mat-
ters outside the administrative record, the immigration judge repeated
a pattern already manifested in other cases involving Filipino applicants
for section 245 adjustment. In Matter of Salvador, file A-17207299
(unreported), the same immigration judge stated:
"By now, everyone dealing with such matters is aware that aliens from the Philippines
will engage in any fraud to get here and will do anything to stay. Attorneys have
repeatedly informed me that 'when they are consulted by aliens who have been told to
leave the United States they inform them that unless they are married to citizens or
permanent residents, nothing can be done for them. The advice sivenby such attorneys
is quite accurate and results in cases like this.
In the San Francisco district we have been inundated with cases of aliens who have
obtained their visitor's visas by fraud and who have gotten married after they were told
they must leave the United States. When an alien enters into a marriage forced by the
knowledge that he must otherwise return to the Philippines, it may reasonably be
inferred that such marriage will last only long enough for permanent resident status to
be acquired. There may be a hardship to a spouse to require an alien to leave the United
States in those few cases where the marriages are bona fide; but this should not be the
overriding consideration. The Board of Immigration Appeals has recognized that unless
there is adherence to the policy of requiring departure, effective administration of the
immigration laws can be seriously impeded. Matter of AI, 3 I. & N, Dec. 490.
The inning' ration laws should not be administered in such fashion as to encourage an
alien to perpetuate a fraud on the Government so he can get here and then, instead of
punishing him, reward him with permanent resident status. It will only assure that
more and more aliens will engage in such frauds. Indeed, it has long since produced that
result. The saddest of these eases are those like the instant one in which the adininistra-
tion of the law has caused aliens to forsake their wives and children in the Philippines."
See also Matter of Macapinlae, file A-18988654 (unreported), in which
the same immigration judge stated:
"By now, everyone dealing with such matters is aware that aliens from the Philippines
will engage in any fraud to get here and will, do anything to stay. Attorneys have
repeatedly informed me that when they are consulted by aliens who have been told to
leave the United States they inform them that unless they are married to citizens or
permanent residents, nothing can be done for them. The advice given by 'such attorneys
is quite accurate and results in cases like this.
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Interim Decision #2485
In the San Francisco District we have been inundated with cases of aliens who have
obtained their visitor visas by fraud and who have gotten married after they were told
that they must leave the United States. When such an alien marries it is undoubtedly a
continuation of the fraud and the 'marriage lasts only long enough for permanent
resident status to be acquired. There may be a hardship to a spouse to require an alien
to leave the Uni ;ad States in those few cases where the marriages are bona fide; but this
should not be the overriding consideration. The immigration laws should not be ad-
ministered in such fashion as to encourage an alien to perpetrate a fraud on the
government so ne can get here and then, instead of punishing him, reward him with
permanent resident status. It will only insure that more and more aliens will engage in
such frauds. Inc eed, it has long since produced that result. The saddest of these cases
are those like the instant one in which the administration of the law has caused the
desertion of wives and children in the Philippines. In this ease there was fraud in
obtaining the visitor's visa, a wife and eight children in the Philippines were deserted,
and the respondent married after he was told to leave the United States. He should be
deported."
In Mar Gong v. Brownell, 209 F.2d 448 (C.A.9, 1954), in reversing a
judgment and remanding for new findings, the court stated (at app. 450,
453):
"What has canoed thin court considerable difficulty in the application of the rule just
mentioned, is the fact that the trial court in directing the preparation of findings in favor
of the defendant, filed an extensive opinion which creates the impression that the •
findings are predicated upon considerations other than the evidence given in this
particular cam.• (p. 450).
*****
"The situation here is in many respects similar to that which confronted us in
Takehara v. Miles, supra, in which we reversed ajudgment of the trial court denying a
similar application for adjudication of citizenship for the reason that we were convinced
that the trial court in making its findings had done so in reliance upon considerations
which in our opinion should have carried no weight in that particular case. Similarly we
think that the ccurt here should not have given weight to its experiences, unfortunate
as they may has e been, in other cases, in arriving at its findings with respect to the
appellant. Each case should be allowed to stand upon its own bottom." (p. 453).
It seems to me that the immigration judge here, in exercising ad-
ministrative discretion unfavorably to the respondent, improperly gave
weight to his experiences in other cases involving Filipinos in arriving
at his findings with respect to the respondent. The immigration judge's
conclusion that the respondent left his wife without cause and deserted
his children is not supported by the evidence of record. Reversal would
be warranted on this basis even if there were no other. But there is
another.
I call attention to the immigration judge's foregoing lapse, not in
disparagement of the immigration judge, who is a keen observer and a
good lawyer, but to underscore the need for objective standards in
exercising administrative discretion. Mere eligibility for the relief
sought is, of course, merely one of the elements; discretion must still be
exercised. The immigration judges (and the members of this Board on
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Interim Decision #2485
appeal) wield awesome power in exercising administrative discretion.
Where, as here, a deportable alien is married in good faith to a United
States citizen wife and is eligible to have his status adjusted so that he
can remain here with her permanently, our discretionary determination
can either permit them to remain united or tear them apart. There are
thirty-one immigration judges throughout the United States and five
members of the Board. Unless some objective standards are laid down
for the exercise of administrative discretion, decisions could be based on
our own unfettered and subjective notions. An intolerant immigration
judge could deny relief to aliens whose cultural patterns, moral stan-
dards, or life style differed from his own. A hostile or xenophobic
immigration judge could vent his spleen on aliens he personally con-
sidered offensive without articulating the actual basis for his decision.
Unless standards are laid down which are not illusory and can be
uniformly applied, we depart from even-handed justice and the rule of
law.
The criteria which we have announced from time to time in our
reported pre-Arai decisions have not been meaningfully adequate and
have been the subject of extensive criticism. See, e.g., Sofaer, Judicial
Control of Informal Discretionary Adjudication and Enforcement, 72
Col. L. Rev. 1293 (1972); Ameeriar v. INS, 438 F.2d 1028 (C.A. 3,
1971).
We held at an early date that an alien to whom a nonquota visa was
available abroad and who entered as a nonimmigrant with the intention
of obtaining section 245 adjustment, thereby circumventing the consular
visa-issuing process, should be denied adjustment in the exercise of
discretion, Matter of Garcia-Castillo, 10 I. & N. Dec. 516, 790 (BIA,
1964). Where the intention to remain here permanently was formulated
after nonimmigrant entry, we authorized adjustment, Matter of Bar-
rios, 10 I. & N. Dec. 172 (BIA 1963). In the face of circumvention of the
consular visa-issuing process, we held that "substantial equities" should
be required before discretion should be favorably exercised, Matter of
Rubio-Vargas, 11 I. & N. Dec. 167 (BIA 1965). In Matter of Ortiz-
Prieto, 11 I. & N. Dec. 317 (BIA 1965), we went further and sustained
the denial of relief in the exercise of discretion to an eligible alien who
had acted in good faith because there were no "outstanding equities" in
his case. In Matter of Leger, 11 I. & N. Dec. 796 (BIA 1966), we stated,
"There must be outstanding equities" in his case. In Matter of Leger, 11
I. & N. Dec. 796 (BIA 1966), we stated, "There must be outstanding
equities, in a general meritorious case, to warrant [the grant of adjust-
ment]." In Matter of Ramirez, 12 I. & N. Dee. 78 (BIA 1967), we held
that section 245 adjustment "should only be granted in meritorious
cases."
Because of growing discontent with the illusory standards theretofore
635
Interim Decision #2485
announced, a more meaningful criterion was attempted in Matter of
Arai, 13 I. & N. Dec. 494 (BIA 1970). Clarifying and modifying the
language of Matter of Ortiz-Prieto, supra, we set forth the following
superseding guide-lines:,
"It is difficult and probably inadvisable to set up restrictive guide lines for the
exercise of discretion. Problems which may arise in applications for adjustment of status
must of necessity be resolved on an individual basis. Where adverse factors are present
in a given application, it may be necessary for the applicant to offset those by a showing
of unusual or oven outstanding equities. Generally, favorable factors such as family
ties, hardship, length of residence in the United States, etc., will be considered as
countervailing factors meriting favorable exercise of administrative discretion. In the
absence of adverse factors, adjustment will ordinarily be granted, still as a matter of
discretion," (Emphasis supplied).
These standards have proved to be generally satisfactory. Most of the
immigration judges have evinced little difficulty in accepting them (as
they are bound to do) and in applying them. I see no sound reason to
recede from those standards, in the guise of "clarifying" them, and going
back to the former illustory standards. The Board today affirms (Opin-
ion, p. 7) the Ortiz-Prieto holding that section 245 relief can only be
granted in "meritorious" cases. A requirement that a case be "meritori-
ous" is illusory unless the term is defined. Without further guide lines to
determine which case is meritorious and which case is not, it is left to
each immigration judge to make this value judgment of the basis of his
own subjective notions.
Thus, one immigration judge may consider a case lacking in merit if
the alien has divorced his spouse abroad, regardless of who was at fault.
Another may find an absence of merit only if the break-up of the
marriage was attributable to the alien applying for section 245 relief.
Another may focus instead on the bona-fides of the marriage to the
United States citizen spouse and the effect upon that marriage of the
alien's enforced departure. Conceivably, some immigration judge might
conclude that a case is meritorious if the grant of section 245 adjustment
will help to ir aintain the integrity of the American marriage, even
though the alien's prior conduct was such as would, standing alone,
warrant denial. In my estimation, it is more in keeping with the Con-
gressional intent underlying such remedial measures to focus on the
needs of the American family.
The favorable exercise .of administrative discretion in behalf of a
section 245 applicant whose prior conduct may have been less than
acceptable does not necessarily constitute approval of such conduct.
Good moral character is not a statutory prerequisite to the issuance of
an immigrant 'Ilea or to entry into the United States. Neither is good
moral character a statutory requirement for section 245 eligibility. We
have held that in determining whether to exercise administrative dis-
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Interim Decision #2485
cretion favorably in behalf of an eligible alien, we may properly consider
his moral character as a relevant factor. The courts have sustained us in
this view. It by no means follows, however, that the favorable exercise
of discretion constitutes an endorsement of all the alien's prior conduct.
If that were so, we could hardly grant relief to any alien whose prior
conduct we consider immoral or otherwise improper.
In granting discretionary relief to an eligible alien who has otherwise
erred, we do so despite his transgression. Far from approving his
misconduct, our grant of relief is a discretionary determination that
there are factors present which, on balance, warrant forebearance even
in the face of the adverse factors. That was the consideration underlying
the rule we enunciated in Matter of Arai, supra, which I have under-
scored in the excerpt quoted above. I think that was a good rule and that
it is a mistake to recede from it in favor of the vague and illusory
standard that the case be "meritorious."
The respondent is living with and supporting his United States citizen
wife. This was not a contrived, last-minute relationship. The respondent
and his wife met shortly after his arrival in 1970 and were married on
March 18, 1973, shortly after his divorce from his first wife. The bona-
fides of the marriage is not disputed. Respondent is contributing $150 a
month for the support of his children and former wife in the Philippines.
If he were outside the United States now, he could readily obtain an
immigrant visa and return to the United States for permanent resi-
dence, since an immigrant visa is immediately available to him. Thus, at
a minimum, the net effect of denying section 245 relief will be to require
the expenditure of funds needed for a round trip to the Philippines and
for the respondent's maintenance there pending issuance of the visa.
With stated exceptions not here applicable, section 245 was designed to
obviate the need for such departure and return by an alien to whom a
visa is thus readily available. The respondent's departure will disrupt,
temporarily at least, his marriage to a United States citizen and will cost
much money. It will not, in any event, restore him to his family in the
Philippines. Such a harsh result is not required to vindicate the integ-
rity of our visa-issuing process.
The Board today not only reestablishes the vague pre-Arai standards
but asserts a new and regressive notion: "The provisions of the Immi-
gration and Nationality Act are supposed to favor the reuniting of
families." (Opinion, p. 6; emphasis in original). This novel hypothesis,
with its emphasis on reuniting, downgrades the notion that the immi-
gration laws are also intent on uniting (i.e., not separating) existing
family units. The implication is that Congress was concerned only with
relief for aliens abroad who already had an American family member
(i.e., reuniting an already-existing family) and not with aliens already
here whose American family member was acquired after entry. The
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Interim Decision #2485
cases do not support this thesis. See, e.g., INS v. Errico, 385 U.S. 214
(1966). The statute there involved was liberally construed in light of the
Congressional policy of uniting families. It is interesting to note that
both aliens there involved acquired their American families after entry.
The statutory provision there involved, section 241(f) of the Act, is not
discretionary but mandatory. It bars the deportation of aliens who
obtained visas or entry by fraud if they have the necessary familial ties
to American citizens or legally resident aliens. Can it be imagined that
Congress intended to be less generous in the case of an American citizen
whose alien spouse already has visa eligibility?
Congress has indicated its desire to keep family units together by
allowing otlerwise ineligible aliens to enter or remain in the United
States with close relatives who are citizens or resident aliens. The
Board now twists this beneficient policy into one that results in the
denial of relief to eligible aliens in order to force them to join (or to
discourage them from leaving) their family members abroad. Whatever
dubious validity such a policy might have in cases where the eligible
alien is still free to rejoin his family members abroad, it can have no
justification in a situation such as the present one, where the family tie
abroad has 'seen completely severed and the alien is now part of a bona
fide American family unit. I find it hard to believe that Congress
intended the immigration laws to be enforced in such a way as to break
up the American family unit out of compassion for the disrupted foreign
family unit, especially when it is clear, in a realistic sense, that the
foreign family unit cannot again be made whole. Such a result is destruc-
tive. It injures the American citizen without at the same time helping
the disrupted family abroad. Congress could never have intended such a
result.
For the ±bregoing reasons, I would sustain the appeal and grant
respondent's application for adjustment under section 245.
Louisa Wilson, Member, Dissenting!
I concur in the opinion of the Chairman and would sustain the appeal
and grant the respondent's application for adjustment of status under
section 245 of the Immigration and Nationality Act.
BEFORE THE BOARD
(October 31, 1974)
The Board being evenly divided as to the nature of the order to be
entered on the Service's motion, the motion will be denied without
opinion. The Chairman believes that the case should be referred to the
Attorney General for review under 8 CFR 3.1(h)(ii).
ORDER: The motion is denied.
638
Interim Decision #2485
Further order: The record is referred to the Attorney General for
review pursuant to 8 CFR 3.1(h)(ii).
BEFORE THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
(March 10, 1976)
This matter was referred to me for review pursuant to 8 CFR §
2.1(h)(ii)(1975) by the then Chairman of the Board of Immigration
Appeals. In the proceedings below, respondent was found to have
overstayed his nonimmigrant visitor's visa and, accordingly, -to be
deportable under Section 241(a)(2) of the Immigration and Nationality
Act (hereinafter referred to as the "Act"), 8 U.S.C. § 1251(a)(2). He was
granted permission by the immigration judge to depart voluntarily from
the United States in lieu of deportation. During his hearing before the
immigration judge, respondent submitted an - application under Section
245 of the Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1255, for adjustment of his status to that of an
alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence based upon his mar-
riage to an American citizen. That application was denied as a matter of
discretion. The Board of Immigration Appeals unanimously agreed that
respondent was deportable and, in a divided decision, affirmed the
immigration judge's denial of Section 245 relief: In the event respondent
failed to depart when and as provided, the Board ordered him deported _
The respondent, Pedro Calija Blas, is a 41-year-old male citizen of the
Philippines. He was admitted to the United States as a nonimmigrant
visitor on or about September 21, 1970. The length of stay proposed in
his visa application was thirty-five days. On November 13, 1972, re-
spondent was granted the privilege of departing voluntarily from the
United States on or before November 28, 1972, without the issuance of
an order to show cause, but failed to depart within the specified time.
When respondent came to the United States, he left behind in the
Philippines a wife and four minor children. He and his wife had had
various differences and, before leaving the Philippines; he decided to
obtain a divorce in the United States (Tr. at 11, 18, 19, 20), there being
no provision for divorce in the Philippines. He further hoped to remarry
in the United States following his divorce. and to remain in this country
(Tr. at 19).
On his arrival, respondent stayed with his adoptive parents, United
States citizens, who had adopted him in the Philippines when he was a
year and a half old. The deportation hearing developed that he had
communicated with them _prior to coming to the United States with a
view to having them submit a petition for his permanent residence (Tr.
at 18, 20, 22). Although the record is unclear, it appears that they did
file a petition to accord him immediate relative status which was ap-
proved on May 31, 1972. This petition, however, appears never to have
639
Interim Decision #2485
matured into adjustment to permanent resident status,' and because of
disagreement growing out of his upcoming divorce and remarriage, his
adoptive parents subsequently withdrew their petition, and approval
was revoked cn November 8, 1972.
A few weeks after arrival, respondent met Rufina Agcaoili, a native
of the Philipp ines, who was then a permanent resident and is now a
citizen of the United States. She became his "girl friend." In early 1973, -
respondent ob.:ained a divorce from his wife in Reno, Nevada. On March
18, 1973, respondent and Rufina were married. The bona fides of that
marriage is nct in question (Tr. at 35). Respondent's present wife has
filed an immediate relative visa petition in his behalf, and that petition
has been approved.
When he applied for his visitor's visa, respondent stated that the
purpose of his visit was simply a "pleasure trip." He gave no indication
of his intention to obtain a United States divorce while here, nor of his
intention to visit his adoptive parents. He stated in his application that
his "parents" were not in the United States, and that he was employed
as a "Supervisor" by Starlite-Philippines, Inc. in Manila. While respon-
dent's natural parents were not in the United States, his adoptive
parents, as noted above, were, and he intended to visit them. Further-
more, the record reveals that while respondent did contract work for
Starlite at theta, he worked a regular eight hour day as a draftsman for
-
the Mitsui Corporation. While none of these facts, if revealed, would
legally have barred his entry into the United States as a visitor, his
misrepresentations taken together created the impression that his ties
to the Philippines were significantly stronger than they were in fact.
Inasmuch as those ties would bolster the likelihood that respondent
would leave the United States and return to the Philippines when his
visa expired, Lis failure to disclose fully the facts relating to his back-
ground and intentions may have enhanced the likelihood that a nonim-
migrant visa would be issued.
The omissions discussed above, my view of the quality of which will
be elaborated upon infra, are serious when viewed in light of the
totality of the circumstances of this case. However I conclude that they
do not amount to fraud or willful misrepresentation of a material fact so
as to preclude eligibility for a. visa under Section 212(a)(19) of the Act, 8
U.S.C. 1182(a)(19). See Matter of 3— and B—C—, 9 I. & N. Dee. 436
(A.G. 1961). Therefore, I find respondent eligible for adjustment of
status under Section 245.
While respondent meets the statutory requirements for adjustment of
status, the immigration judge, and the Board on appeal, denied that
The Board of 1:mmigration Appeals found that during the times here pertinent the
fourth preference quota for the Philippines into which the petition of his step-parents put
respondent was oversubscribed.
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Interim Decision #2485
relief in the exercise of administrative discretion. The appropriateness
of the Board's decision is now before me.
The Board has held that Section 245 does not contemplate-
. . . that all aliens who meet the required legal standards will be granted adjustment of
status to that of a permanent resident since the grant of an application for adjustment of
status is a matter of discretion and of administrative grace, not mere eligil3ility;
discretion must be exercised by the Attorney General even though statutory prerequi-
sites have been met.
Matter of Ortiz Prieto, 11 I. & N. Dec. 317 (BIA 1965); see Santos V.
INS, 375 F.2d 262 (C.A. 9, 1967). Discretion does not, however, imply a
decision without standards or that standards perceived as generally
applicable should remain the private beacon of the decision-maker.
Rather when a balance of positive and adverse factors can be struck in
general terms which, while retaining flexibility, provides both a
touchstone for future decision-making and a focus for future argument
by parties involved, such a determination should be expressed, dissemi-
nated, and maintained unless and until subsequently shown to be
unworkable or unjust. See Sofa,er, Judicial Control of Informal Discre-
tionary Adjudication and Enforcement, 72 Colum. L. Rev. 129p (1972);
Roberts, The Exercise of Administrative Discretion Under the Immi-
gration Laws, 13 San Diego L. Rev. 144 (1975); Davis, Administrative
Law Taut (1972) Ch. 4. Such guidelines were advanced by the Board
with respect, to Section 245 petitions in Matter of Arai, 13 I. & N. Dec.
494 (BIA 1970):
It is difficult and probably inadvisable to set up restrictive guide lines for the exercise
of discretion. Problems which may arise in applications for adjustment of status must of
necessity be resolved on, an individual basis. Where adverse factors are present in a
given application, it may be necessary for the applicant to offset these by a showing of
unusual or even outstanding equities. Generally, favorable factors Such as family ties,
hardship, length of residence in the United States, etc., will be considered as counter-
vailing factors meriting favorable exercise of administrative discretion. In the absence
of adverse factors, adjustment will ordinarily be granted, still as a matter of discretion.
Procedurally, this statement by the Board does not establish rigid rules
which deny to immigration judges the flexibility necessary to . carry out
their duty to analyze sensitively the competing factors in each particular
case. It does, however, call for an explanation when certain con-
siderations which would ordinarily be' regarded as significant are not
dispositive. In requiring such an explanation, the Arai standard
adopted by the Board attempts to move toward greater equity in the
exercise of discretionary adjustment authority.
Substantively, with regard to the spousal relation at issue here, the
standard is consistent with the special solicitude which the courts, in
other contexts, have found appropriate in treating marital affairs. Cf.
Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479, 486 (1965); Loving v. Virginia,
641
Interim Decision #2485
388 U.S. 1, 12 (1967). Likewise Congress has indicated that in the area
of immigration law, close family ties are to be accorded special signifi-
cance. See Sections 201, 203, 212(i), 241(f) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. §§ 1151,
1153, 1182(i), 1251(f). Although adjustment is not necessarily available
on a simple showing of eligibility, that showing, particularly where
eligibility carries with it its own strong equities, as with immediate
relative status, can have a positive influence on the exercise of discre-
tion and in the absence of adverse circumstances should prevail. 2
Although an application for adjustment based on immediate relative
status is thus initially appealing, the quality of the case presented can be
undercut. Most damaging, of course, is the presence of factors raising
doubts as to the bona fides of the underlying relationship between the
alien and the citizen. No substantial factors of this nature appear in this
case. The record is as assessed by the immigration judge:
From what I can see of this case, the marriage is apparently a bona fide one. In that
respect it *lifers from a number that I've had. I believe we have no cause at least to
suspect that the marriage is not a bona fide one.
(Tr. at 35).
The immigration judge and a majority of the Board, however, have
advanced two other policy considerations believed by both to outweigh
any equities favoring preservation of respondent's present marriage
through adjustinent of his status. The record does indicate that respon-
dent entered the United States with the intention of divorcing his wife
who remained in the Philippines. It also indicates that he came to this
country harbouring hopes that arrangements could be made which
would allow him legally to stay. Specifically, he hoped that either re-
marriage to an American citizen or an adjustment petition filed by his
adoptive parents would lead to permanent residence (Tr. at 19-20). The
immigration judge and the majority of the Board found that in pursuing
his plans, respondent did not reveal relevant facts to the American
Consul at the time of his visa application. The judge and a majority of
the Board were of the opinion that to grant adjustment under these
circumstances would be to condone fraud in the visa process and to
promote the abandonment of a foreign spouse -and children.
Primary emphasis in both the trial judge's opinion and in the prevail-
ing appellate opinion is placed upon the view that adjustment on the
facts of this case would constitute unjustified complicity in the aban-
donment of respondent's former wife and children. But a denial of
adjustment will not restore Blas to his family. He is now legally di-
vorced. He has been away from the Philippines for more than four
2 As pointed out in Chairman Roberts' dissent in this case, the equities in preserving a
current bona fide marriage are no less simply because that marriage occurred after entry
into the United States.
642
Interim Decision #2485
years. The foreign family unit cannot again be made whole, and respon-
sibility for precipitation of its dissolution is by no means clear. In sum,
this record does not support denial of adjustment for the purpose of
vindicating respondent's former marriage. 3
Although both the immigration judge and a majority of the appellate
board relied primarily on the effect of adjustment upon the foreign
marriage, both made findings concerning, and offered as a subsidiary
ground for denial of adjustment, respondent's misleading responses in
seeking his initial visitor's visa. These factual distortions, noted above,
served, and appear to have been intended to serve, to mislead immigra-
tion officials concerning the true nature and purpose of respondent's
desire to enter the United States. I conclude therefore that those
responses, in the context presented by this case, warrant denial of
respondent's Section 245_ application.
In reaching this conclusion, I am mindful of the general balance struck
by Congress in the deportation context between the equities of im-
mediate relative status and the deleterious systemic consequences of
condoning fraud in the procurement of entry documents. Section 241(f)
of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1251(f), states:
The provisions of this section relating to the deportation of aliens within the United
States on the ground that they were excludable at the time of entry as aliens who have
sought to procure, or have procured visas or other documentation, or entry into the
United States by fraud or misrepresentation shall not apply to an alien otherwise
admissible at the time of entry who is the spouse, parent or a child of a United States
citizen or of an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence.
While this provision offers no relief to those whose fraud concealed an
independent substantive ground for deportation, it does waive deporta-
tion based on the act of fraud itself when after-acquired family ties are
raised. Reid v. INS, 420 U.S. 619 (1975).
Section 241(f) is not, of course, specifically applicable to Section 245
adjustment determinations. Furthermore, on the peculiar facts of this
case, it is my opinion that it does not control the exercise of my discre-
tion. Here the misleading omissions which occurred, while not rising to
the level of actual fraud, were in furtherance of a concerted plan calcu-
lated to produce the equity which respondent now asserts should
support favorable exercise of administrative discretion—to wit, an
American marriage. Such conscious construction of an equity must in
the nature of things dilute the quality of that equity and abate its ability
to counterbalance the adverse impact of actions committed to produce
it. Although family ties will ordinarily result in favorable exercise of
Section 245 administrative discretion, it is my opinion that they neither
3 As all five members of the Board of Immigration Appeals were quick to point out, only
the facts of this case are relevant to its decision. Generalizations concerning any group of
aliens or judgments formed on the basis of factsin other cases are altogether out of place.
643
Interim Decision #2485
must nor should do so where it appears that the alien has engaged in a
course of deception designed to produce those very ties. Since this case
presents no alternative affirmative equities sufficient to overcome the
' adverse impact of respondent's misrepresentations in applying for entry
to this country, the denial of respondent's Section 245 application was
appropriate.
For the reasons stated above, the order of the Board of Immigration
Appeals denying respondent's application for permanent resident
status, permitting respondent to depart voluntarily from the United
States, and, should respondent fail to. so depart, providing for his
deportation :s affirmed.