CARON INTERNATIONAL

Interim Decision #3085

MATTER OF CARON INTERNATIONAL, INC.

In Visa Petition Proceedings

LIN 88 144 0002

Decided by Commissioner on October 28, 1988

(1) In order to establish a person has preeminence in business, a petitioner must

demonstrate that the person has skills and recognition in business substantially

above that ordinarily encountered. The fact that a beneficiary is well known for

achievements in his or her field is an important aspect of preeminence.

(2) Not every person who owns or manages a business or holds a high position in a

business is considered preeminent. Success or outstanding performance in busi-

ness alone is not the same as preeminence.

(3) General managerial occupations such as theca of vice-president are normally not

considered to be professional endeavors requiring specific academic degrees. A

manager is not considered to be a member of the professions unless he or she is

qualified for, and intends to work in, a professional occupation requiring the at-

tainment of such a degree.

(4) Certain occupations may be in transition from nonprofessional to professional

status. In such cases, employers may be able to establish a position is professional

in nature by demonstrating that the higher standard of a specific baccalaureate-

level degree has been consistently required for the more complex positions within

their organizations.

(5) Substantial academic course work in a professional field combined with profes-

sional experience and achievement may be considered equivalent to a bachelor's

degree. While there are a number of colleges and universities in the United States

which give credit towards a degree based on experience, none will grant a bacca-

laureate degree based on a person's experience alone.

(6) The Immigration and Naturalization Service may, in its discretion, use as adviso-

ry opinions statements from universities, professional organizations, or other

sources submitted in evidence as expert testimony. However, where an opinion is

not hi accord with other information or is in any way questionable, the Service is

not required to accept or may give less weight to that evidence.

ON BEHALF OF PETITIONER Joseph Minsky

Minsky, Feiertag, McCormick & Hallagan

122 South Michigan Avenue, Suite 1800

Chicago, Illinois 60603

This is an appeal from the adverse decision of the director,

Northern Regional Service Center. The appeal will be sustained.

Interim Decision #3085

The petitioner is a manufacturer and dyer of hand knitting and

industrial yarns. It seeks to classify the beneficiary as a nonimmi-

grant of distinguished merit and ability pursuant to section

101(a)(15)(H)(i) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C.

§ 1101(a)(15)(H)(i) (1982), based on its intent to employ him as its

vice-president of manufacturing.

The director determined the petitioner had failed to establish

that the proposed position is within the professions or requires a

person of distinguished merit and ability. The director also found

the petitioner had failed to establish that the beneficiary has at

least a bachelor's degree or its equivalent or that he is preeminent

in his field of endeavor.

On appeal, counsel asserts the proposed position is professional,

and the beneficiary has attained professional status even though

he does not have a bachelor's degree. Counsel also asserts the bene-

ficiary is preeminent in the field of textile manufacturing.

As noted by the director, distinguished merit and ability may be

established in either of two ways. Persons classifiable as profession-

als based on their academic credentials within the meaning of sec-

tion 101(a)(32) of the Act are classifiable as aliens of distinguished

merit and ability. Matter of Essex Cryogenics Industries, Inc., 14

I&N Dec. 196 (D.A.C. 1972). Matter of General Atomic Company, 17

I&N Dec. 532 (Comm. 1980). Also, aliens of prominence, renown, or

preeminence in their field of endeavor are classifiable as aliens of

distinguished merit and ability. Matter of Shaw, 11 I&N Dec. 277

(D.D. 1965).

In 1970, the Immigration and Nationality Act was amended to

permit the temporary entry to the United States of "H-1" nonim-

migrants to perform services which are either temporary or perma-

nent in nature. The House Committee Report which accompanied

the legislation, H.R. Rep. No. 851, 91st Cong., 2d Seas., reprinted in

1970 U.S. Code Cong. & Ad. News 2750, 2752-53, stated:

Distinguished merit and ability implies a degree of skill and recognition substan-

tially above that ordinarily encountered to the extent that a person so described

is prominent or has a high level of education in his field of endeavor. (Emphasis

added.)

Careful review of the record of proceeding in the light of the

above administrative case law and legislative history reflects the

petitioner has not established the beneficiary is eligible for "H-1"

classification based on membership in the professions. However,

the petitioner has established the beneficiary is eligible for this

classification based on prominence or preeminence as a business

executive. Similarly, the petitioner has not established that the

proposed position is within the professions but has established that

Interim Decision #3085

the proposed position requires a prominent or preeminent business

executive.

MEANING OF PROFESSIONAL POSITION

The Supreme Court interpreted the term "profession" in United

States v. Laws, 163 U.S. 258 (1896), in which it adopted the follow-

ing meaning of "profession" from the Century Dictionary:

The word implies professed attainments in special knowledge, as distinguished

from mere skill, a practical dealing with affairs, as distinguished from mere study

or investigation; and an application of such knowledge to uses for others, as a vo-

cation, as distinguished from its pursuit for its own purposes.

Id. at 266. The Court concluded that a "chemist who places his

knowledge acquired from a study of the science to the use of

others, as he may be employed by them" is "engaged in. the prac-

tice of a profession." Id.

The Supreme Court's interpretation of the term "profession" as

requiring knowledge or learning, as opposed to mere skill, was af-

firmed in subsequent case law. See .Pizarro v. District Director of

United States IAN Serv., 415 F.2d 481 (9th Cir. 1969); Javier v. Im-

migration RE Naturalization Service, 335 F. Supp. 1391 (N.D. Ill.

1971); Buckley v. Gibney, 332 F. Supp. 790 (S.D.N.Y. 1971); Yau v.

District Director of U.S. Immigration & Nat. Serv., 293 F. Supp. '717

(C.D. Cal. 1968); Abbott v. United States, 151 F. Supp. 929 (Ct. Cl.

1957).

The term "profession" is defined by example in section 101(a)(32)

of the Act. That section states:

The term "profession" shall include but not be limited to architects, engineers,

lawyers, physicians, surgeons, and teachers in elementary or secondary schools,

colleges, academies, or seminaries.

The clearest common denominator for professional standing is at

least a baccalaureate degree awarded for academic study in a spe-

cific discipline or narrow range of disciplines. This requirement is

explained in numerous Immigration and Naturalization Service

precedent decisions dating back to 1966. E.g., Matter of Portugues

Do Atlantico Information Bureau, Inc., 19 I&N Dec. 194 (Comm.

1984); Matter of Ahmed, 12 MEN Dec. 498 (R.C. 1967); Matter of Pa-

lanky, 12 I&N Dec. 66 (R.C. 1966); Matter of Shin, 11 I&N Dec. 686

(D.D. 1966). It is also well established that some professions (for ex-

ample, those of physicians, surgeons, psychologists, and librarians)

require advanced degrees. Matter of Pizarro, 12 I&N Dee. 527 (RC.

1967); Matter of Shih, 11 I&N Dec. 847 (D.D. 1966).

For a job to be considered within the professions, it is not enough

that a petitioner desires to employ a person with a degree. The

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Interim Decision #3085

degree requirement must be an industry standard in parallel posi-

tions among similar firms and institutions- In addition, it must be

shown. the employer normally imposes this requirement.

The referenced definition of "profession" cited in United States v.

Laws, supra, recognized that "as the applications of science and

learning are extended to other departments of affairs, other voca-

tions also receive the name" profession. Id. at 266. The Service also

acknowledged this fact in Matter of Shin, supra, in stating that

"the vocations included in the term 'profession' in our modern

highly industrialized society are constantly expanding, consistent

with the greater knowledge and specialized training that such a so-

ciety demands." Id. at 687. R is noteworthy that in Matter of Pan-

ganiban, 13 I&N Dec. 581 (D.A.C. 1970); and Matter of Michael

Hertz Associates, 19 I&N Dec. 558 (Comm. 1988), the Service accord-

ed professional recognition to occupations it had previously held to

be nonprofessional.

The Service also recognizes that some occupations may be in

transition from nonprofessional to professional status. In these

transitional occupations, it may be possible for some employers to

establish the professional nature of positions by demonstrating that

they have consistently required the higher standard of a specific

baccalaureate or advanced degree for the more complex positions

within their organizations.

BENEFICIARY'S PROPOSED POSITION IS NOT

PROFESSIONAL

In this proceeding, the petitioner has failed to establish that the

proposed position of vice-president of manufacturing in its organi-

zation actually requires at least a specific baccalaureate-level aca-

demic degree. In fact, general managerial occupations such as

those of vice president are normally not considered to be profes-

-

sional endeavors requiring specific academic degrees. A manager is

not considered to be a member of the professions unless he or she

is qualified for, and intends to work in, a professional occupation

requiring the attainment of such a degree.

Matter of Ling, 13 I&N Dec. 35 (R.C. 1968), holds that "business

administration" is a general term including both professional and

nonprofessional activities. The Department of Labor's Occupational

Outlook Handbook (1988-89) gives, on page 26, the following infor-

mation about the qualifications and training of general managers

and top executives:

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Interim Decision #3085

The educational background of managers and top executives varies as widely as

the nature of their diverse responsibilities. Most general managers and top execu-

tives have a bachelor's degree in liberal arts or business administration. Their

major often is related to the departments they direct—for example, accounting for

a general manager of finance or computer science for a general manager of data

processing. Graduate and professional degrees are common. Many managers in

administrative, marketing, financial, and manufacturing activities have a mas-

ter's degree in business administration. Managers in highly technical manufactur-

ing and research activities often have a master's or doctoral degree in an engi-

neering or scientific discipline . . . . In some industries, such as retail trade, com-

petent individuals without a college degree may become general managers.

While the recent edition of the Occupational Outlook Handbook

reflects that higher education is becoming increasingly prevalent

among rnanagers and executives, it does not establish that at least

a baccalaureate-level degree in a specific major or even a narrow

range of majors is required for all or most occupations within this

broad field. Further, mere first-line supervision of ordinary produc-

tion work or very general management activities do not qualify as

professional.

On appeal, counsel submits three letters from universities which

he asserts demonstrate that the position of vice-president of manu-

facturing in the textile industry requires a person with a baccalau-

reate degree. Additionally, counsel submits a letter from the Amer-

ican Yarn Spinners Association, Inc. in support of this proposition.

This Service may, in its discretion, use as advisory opinions state-

ments from universities, professional organizations, or other

sources submitted in evidence as expert testimony. Nevertheless,

since the Service is responsible for making the final determination

regarding a beneficiary's eligibility for the benefit sought, where

an opinion is not in accord with other information or is in any way

questionable, the Service is not required to accept or may give less

weight to that evidence.

The above letters do not establish the proposed position of vice-

president of manufacturing with this petitioner is within the pro-

fessions. One of the university letters admits, "To proceed without

formal textile education is definitely possible, but even more years

of manufacturing experience in the field is required." The other

two university letters indicate the position of vice-president of man-

ufacturing is "normally filled" by people with college degrees, but

this does not mean the degrees are actually necessary. Similarly,

the letter from the American Yarn Spinners Association does not,

in fact, state a specific academic degree is actually the minimum

prerequisite for the position of vice-president of manufacturing in

the textile industry.

1 7(15

Interim Decision #3085

Together, the three university letters allow for a relatively broad

range of major fields of study as prerequisites to the position of

vice-president of manufacturing, not a specific major or narrow

range of majors. The majors cited in the three letters are (1) busi-

ness or engineering; (2) mechanical engineering, chemical engineer-

ing, textile science, textile chemistry, or industrial management; (3)

textile management and technology.

Some textile manufacturing firms may be able to establish a

need for vice-presidents of manufacturing or other managers with

at least baccalaureate-level degrees in one or more of the fields

mentioned in the university letters. In this case, counsel asserts the

new yarn manufacturing technology requires that the beneficiary

have knowledge of the "long-fibre system" and understand the

complexities of modern machinery. Counsel also asserts the pro-

posed duties relate to the development of recently installed coin-

puterized systems.

However, the record does not demonstrate specifically how the

proposed duties are so specialized and complex that a university-

educated person is actually necessary. Nor has the petitioner estab-

lished the beneficiary would be personally involved in unusually

complex duties such as training, trouble -shooting complex equip-

ment or systems problems, or negotiating complicated counteracts

which would make professional knowledge and background virtual-

ly indispensable.

The proposed position, which reports directly to the president, is

the top manufacturing position in the company. According to the

petitioner's organizational chart, several managers report to this

position. The duties of the proposed position do not appear materi-

ally different from the general duties normally performed by a

vice-president which, as noted above, are usually not considered

professional.

The petitioner asserts the last person employed in the proposed

position had a B.S. degree from Maine Maritime Academy and ex-

tensive experience in the textile industry. As noted by the director,

since this degree is not related to the textile industry, the individ-

ual's experience is what qualified him for the position. It therefore

appears the position can be performed successfully by an experi-

enced person whose education and training are not equal to a bac-

calaureate degree in a specialized area.

Counsel argues the proposed position is within the professions be-

cause the incumbent must supervise managers who have either

bachelor's or master's degrees. However, the petitioner has not es-

tablished the proposed duties involve significant supervision or

796

Interim Decision #3085

quality review over the work of professional employees so as to

make the holding of professional credentials mandatory.

According to counsel, positions under the direct supervision of

the vice -president of manufacturing are professional, including the

chief industrial engineer, the production planning manager, and

the corporate purchase manager. Counsel bases his conclusion that

these three occupations are within the professions on the fact that

they are classified as "professional and kindred" in the Dictionary

of Occupational Titles (4th ed. 1977) ("DOT").

While industrial engineers are normally considered to be profes-

sional, a reference in the DOT is not enough to establish the pro-

fessional nature of an occupation. The Department of Labor occu-

pational classification system and the DOT categorization of an oc-

cupation as professional and kindred or as being within a profes-

sional subject field are not directly related to consideration as to

whether a position requires a member of the professions as defined

in section 101(aX32) of the Act.

Citing Matter of Sun, 12 I&N Dec. 535 (D.D. 1966), counsel as-

serts that the proposed position is classifiable as professional based

on the complexity of its duties and its level of responsibility. Coun-

sel states that in Matter of Sun the Service "held that the vocation

of hotel manager is a profession based on the complexity of the

duties involved, not the existence of a degree." This interpretation,

however, takes the conclusion in Sun out of context.

Matter of Sun, supra, clearly notes the requirement for profes-

sional standing of "training gained only by an extended course of

specialized instruction and study of at• least the baccalaureate

level." Id. at 536. Although it concludes that the vocation of hotel

manager in its more complex form involving certain duties for a

large hotel may be considered a profession, it also concludes that

"the beneficiary, by virtue of his specialized high-level education in

the field of hotel management and his experience in that field is

qualified as a member of that profession." Id. Matter of Sun is dis-

tinguishable from this case because the petitioner here has not

demonstrated a specific academic degree is required to perform the

proposed occupation.

Finally, counsel also cites Hong Kong T.V. Video Program, Inc. v.

Ilchert, 685 F. Supp. 712 (N.D. Cal. 1988), in support of his assertion

that the proposed position is classifiable as professional based on

the complexity of its duties and its level of responsibility. As the

Service does not consider itself bound by this decision outside of

the Northern District of California, it is not necessary to examine

the impact of that decision on this case.

Interim Decision #3085

BENEFICIARY'S WORK EXPERIENCE IS NOT EQUIVALENT

TO A DEGREE

Counsel argues the beneficiary is a rare person whose work expe-

rience qualifies him as a member of the professions. Counsel as-

serts the beneficiary's certificate in textile dyeing from City and

Guilds of London Institute certifies him as a professional dyer, and

he has performed services at a professioraal level for the past 8

years.

It is noted the beneficiary has 24 years of work experience. It is

also noted that, according to an evaluation of the beneficiary's for-

eign education, he has the equivalent of a high school diploma in

the United States plus completion of additional high school-level

work and 5 semester hours of undergraduate credit.

In several instances, this Service has recognized persons as mem-

bers of the professions with less than the normally required aca-

demic degrees. Matter of Yaakov, 18 MN Dec. 203 (R.C. 1969);

Matter of Arjani, 12 I&N Dec. 649 (R.C.. 1967); Matter of Bien-

kowski, 12 I&N Dec. 17 (D.D. 1966); Matter of Devnani, 11 I&N Dec.

800 (Acting D.D. 1066). The cited cases all share factors in common.

In these cases, the beneficiaries had extensive formal academic edu-

cation, as well as other professional attainments.

While there are a number of colleges and universities in the

United States which now give credit towards a degree based on ex-

perience, none will grant a baccalaureate degree based on a per-

son's experience alone. Organizations such as the Council for the

Advancement of Experiential Learning and several universities in-

dicate that the substitution of experience for college-level credit is

generally based on evaluation of the applicant's research papers

and an extensive portfolio by professors who teach that course or

based on an examination. Several universities, however, have ad-

vised that there is no one-to-one substitution of a certain number of

years of experience for a certain amount of college credit.

In Matter of Portugues Do Atlantico Information Bureau, Inc.,

supra, the Service reiterated the proposition that substantial aca-

demic course work in a professional field combined with profession-

al experience and achievement may be considered equivalent to a

bachelor's degree. The Service rejected the concept that experience

is necessarily the same as education or that it may be accepted on

parity with academic preparation for the professions.

A combination of education and experience may be considered

equivalent to a professional degree, but usually only when a sub-

stantial amount of specialized academic course work is combined

f70Q

Interim. Decision #3085

with employment and training which are documented as conveying

to the employee professional knowledge and competency. Normally,

this competeney is further demonstrated by professional recogni-

tion such as the employee's membership in professional organiza-

tions or associations requiring minimum professional standards for

admission as a member. Evidence of this nature has not been intro-

duced into this proceeding.

The beneficiary has not completed any apprenticeship. The only

advanced education or training he has received is that resulting in

his being awarded one certificate in dyeing for study at the commu-

nity college level.

The positions held by the beneficiary include assistant in a dis-

patch department, dyer, and employee in a department for yarn

spinning, twisting, and finishing. He subsequently became shift su-

pervisor in this department, then department head, and ultimately

factory manager. In 1980, he assumed the position of general man-

ager of another company. In ass, he was promoted to the position

of production director of that and a related company.

The record shows the beneficiary has worked his way up to a

prominent executive position, but much of his employment was in

ordinary production work or first-line supervision of other workers.

The record does not demonstrate the beneficiary's employment has

conveyed to him the theoretical and practical application of special-

ized knowledge required at the professional level of an occupation.

The beneficiary is a member of three committees in the Confed-

eration of British Wool Textiles Limited. As indicated later, the

beneficiary's membership on these committees is one of the factors

considered in making the determination that he is a preeminent

business person, but it does not demonstrate he is a member of the

professions. This is because the record does mot establish that this

organization is a professional, as opposed to a trade, organization

or that membership in this organization requires at least a specific

academic degree or its equivalent.

BENEFICIARY QUALIF'thS FOR "H-1" CLASSIFICATION

BASED ON PREEMINENCE

Counsel's assertion that the beneficiary is preeminent in the

field of textile manufacturing is supported by the record. While the

term "preeminence" was used for "H-1" classification in Matter of

Shaw, supra, the term "prominent" was used in connection with

distinguished merit and ability in the 1970 House Committee

Report cited above. The terms "prominent" and "preeminent" are

Interim Decision # 3085

now used interchangeably to describe aliens of distinguished_ merit

and ability.

Preeminence requires the showing of "paramount rank, dignity,

or performance." Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (Mer-

riam-Webster 1986). Matter of Shaw, supra, which relates to an en-

tertainer, contains criteria by which a beneficiary's distinguished

merit and ability may be measured. This status may be evaluated

through critical reviews, contractual arrangements, and/or remu-

neration.

Some of the criteria for determining whether a business person

is preeminent in his or her field may, of necessity, be somewhat

different from those for an entertainer. In order to establish a

person has preeminence in business, a petitioner must demonstrate

that the person has skills and recognition in business substantially

above that ordinarily encountered. See Matter of Shaw, supra. Con-

versely, not every person who owns or manages a business or holds

a high position in a business is considered preeminent. Moreover,

as pointed out in Shaw, the burden of proof to establish eligibility

for "H-1" classification on preeminence grounds is upon the peti-

tioner.

There have not been any prior Service precedent decisions for-

mally recognizing preeminent business persons. Nonetheless, there

is nothing in law, regulation, or precedent decisions to preclude ap-

proval of "H-1" petitions for persons who are preeminent in busi-

ness.

During the beneficiary's 24 years of work experience in the field

of yarn manufacturing in the textile industry, he has worked his

way up to a top production management position with a major tex-

tile manufacturer where his responsibilities include the manage-

ment and control of five production units and two plants. The bene-

ficiary also has a significant record of unusual achievement in tex-

tile manufacturing.

For example, the beneficiary is a long-standing member of three

of the most important committees in the Confederation of British

Wool Textiles Limited, namely the Training Counsel, the Quality

Management Steering Committee, and the Fibre, Textile, and

Clothing Industries Fire Safety Committee. Additionally, several of

the beneficiary's peers in the textile industry (one of whom is the

Secretary of the Textile Institute) have attested to his preeminence

in his field. The record documents that these individuals are "men

of distinction and StuLure within the industry" whose voices are

"heard within the major textile groups in the UK . . . and within

the major textile educational establishments, such as the 'Textile

Institute!'

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Interim Decision *3085

According to the petitioner, the beneficiary "turned around a

company facing a bankruptcy situation, until it is now the largest

and most successful textile firm of its kind in Europe." The peti-

tioner states the company for which the beneficiary is employed

"was the one that most successfully weathered the storm of over-

whelming imports from the Far East, and they did it primarily

through the development of new technology." The petitioner also

states the beneficiary "was the person responsible for this dramatic

success."

This information is corroborated by one of the beneficiary's

peers, a managing director of another company, who states that

the beneficiary was responsible for his employer's "outstanding in-

crease in production and the highering of quality standards," and

the beneficiary "has become pre-eminent in his field with the de-

velopment of New Tee yarns." He also states that the beneficiary's

employer "has become one of the U.K.'s leading producers of acryl-

ic and wool spun yarns for . . . quality, service and fashion and

much of the credit for this company's performance is due to .. .

[the beneficiary's] work."

The fact that a beneficiary is well known for achievements in his

or her field is an important aspect of preeminence. It must be kept

in mind that success or outstanding performance in business alone

is not the same as preeminence.

The beneficiary in this proceeding is well known in the textile

industry. After an unsuccessful search in the United States, a Brit-

ish recruitment consultant for textile firms throughout the world

located the beneficiary. According to the consultant, "in no in-

stance was there a candidate who had achieved the success" the

beneficiarY had achieved. The consultant refers to the beneficiary's

recognition by "colleagues, contemporaries and competitors," "the

contribution he has made to the industry and the esteem with

which others acknowledge his pre-eminence." The consultant as-

serts further that the beneficiary "is pre emin

- ' ant within the indus-

try and represents his company at senior levels whenever his capa-

bilities are needed. His company is known throughout the industry,

and . . . [the beneficiary] is known wherever worsted spinning is

discussed."

Not only is the beneficiary found to be a preeminent business

person, but the proposed position of vice-president of manufactur-

ing with this petition is found to be exceptional nature requiring

preeminence in management of textile manufacturing. The record

clearly demonstrates that the beneficiary, due to his uncommon

ability in the management of textile manufacturing, now holds a

Interim Decision #3085

position abroad requiring preeminence, and he has been offered

such a position in the United States.

The petitioner, with gross annual sales of approximately $90 mil-

lion, states that it is the largest manufacturer of yarns for con-

sumer markets in the United States and a growing supplier of in-

dustrial yarns. The proposed position, the petitioner's top manufac-

turing position, is critical for the petitioner's successful perform-

ance. The petitioner emphasizes its need for the beneficiary's un-

usual expertise in order to compete effectively with other firms.

The incumbent of the proposed position would be directly respon-

sible for approximately 725 employees at the petitioner's largest fa-

cility located in Rochelle, Illinois, as well as indirectly responsible

for the rest of the petitioner's approximately 1,350 employees. Fur-

ther, the salary of approximately $100,000 per year plus benefits

valued at $52,000 offered the incumbent, considered in conjunction

with the other factors, supports a finding that the proposed posi-

tion requires a preeminent business person.

ORDER: The appeal is sustained. The decision of the director

is withdrawn, and the petition is approved.

on'