HO

Interim Decision #3362

In re HO, Petitioner

In Visa Petition Proceedings

WAC 98 072 50493

Decided by the Associate Commissioner, Examinations, July 31, 1998.

(1) Merely establishing and capitalizing a new commercial enterprise and signing a commer-

cial lease are not sufficient to show that an immigrant-investor petitioner has placed his cap-

ital at risk. The petitioner must present, instead, evidence that he has actually undertaken

meaningful concrete business activity.

(2) The petitioner must establish that he has placed his own capital at risk, that is to say, he

must show that he was the legal owner of the invested capital. Bank statements and other

financial documents do not meet this requirement if the documents show someone else as the

legal owner of the capital.

(3) The petitioner must also establish that he acquired the legal ownership of the invested cap-

ital through lawful means. Mere assertions about the petitioner’s financial situation or work

history, without supporting documentary evidence, are not sufficient to meet this requirement.

(4) To establish that qualifying employment positions have been created, INS Forms I-9 pre-

sented by a petitioner must be accompanied by other evidence to show that these employees

have commenced work activities and have been hired in permanent, full-time positions.

(5) In order to demonstrate that the new commercial enterprise will create not fewer than 10

full-time positions, the petitioner must either provide evidence that the new commercial

enterprise has created such positions or furnish a comprehensive, detailed, and credible busi-

ness plan demonstrating the need for the positions and the schedule for hiring the employees.

ON BEHALF OF PETITIONER: JOHN L. SUN

3550 WILSHIRE BOULEVARD, SUITE 1250

LOS ANGELES, CA 90010-2413

DISCUSSION

The preference visa petition was approved by the Director,

California Service Center, who certified the decision to the Associate

Commissioner for Examinations for review. The decision of the director

will be reversed.

The petitioner seeks classification as an alien entrepreneur pur-

suant to section 203(b)(5) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C.

§ 1153(b)(5), The director determined that the petitioner had already invest-

206

Interim Decision #3362

ed the requisite amount of capital, apparently obtained through lawful

means. The director further found that, while the business had only two

employees at the time of her decision, the business plan called for at least

eight more employees within the next 12 months.

The petitioner has chosen not to respond.

Section 203(b)(5)(A) of the Act provides classification to qualified

immigrants seeking to enter the United States for the purpose of engaging

in a new commercial enterprise:

(i) which the alien has established,

(ii) in which such alien has invested (after the date of the enactment of the

Immigration Act of 1990) or, is actively in the process of investing, capital in an

amount not less than the amount specified in subparagraph (C), and

(iii) which will benefit the United States economy and create full-time employment

for not fewer than 10 United States citizens or aliens lawfully admitted for permanent

residence or other immigrants lawfully authorized to be employed in the United States

(other than the immigrant and the immigrant’s spouse, sons, or daughters).

The petitioner indicates that the petition is based on the creation of a

new business located in a targeted employment area, for which the required

amount of capital invested has been adjusted downward.

MINIMUM INVESTMENT AMOUNT

8 C.F.R. § 204.6(e) states, in pertinent part, that:

Targeted employment area means an area which, at the time of investment, is a rural

area or an area which has experienced unemployment of at least 150 percent of the

national average rate.

On December 18, 1997, King’s Wheel Corp. filed its articles of incor-

poration with the State of California. According to the petitioner, who is

the president, director, and chief executive officer of the corporation,

King’s Wheel will import steel and aluminum automobile wheels from

Taiwan and market them in the United States as a wholesaler. On

December 20, 1997, the petitioner signed a lease on behalf of King’s

Wheel for an “office and warehouse” located at 350 W. Artesia Boulevard

in Compton, California.

Compton is in Los Angeles County, and the most current information

available from the California Employment Development Department

indicates that all of Los Angeles County is an area of sufficiently high

unemployment to qualify as a targeted area. Therefore, the amount of

capital necessary to make a qualifying investment in this matter is

$500,000.

207

Interim Decision #3362

INVESTMENT OF QUALIFYING CAPITAL

8 C.F.R. § 204.6(e) states, in pertinent part, that:

Capital means cash, equipment, inventory, other tangible property, cash equivalents,

and indebtedness secured by assets owned by the alien entrepreneur, provided the alien

entrepreneur is personally and primarily liable and that the assets of the new commer-

cial enterprise upon which the petition is based are not used to secure any of the

indebtedness, ...

Commercial enterprise means any for-profit activity formed for the ongoing conduct

of lawful business including, but not limited to, a sole proprietorship, partnership

(whether limited or general), holding company, joint venture, corporation, business

trust, or other entity which may be publicly or privately owned. This definition

includes a commercial enterprise consisting of a holding company and its wholly-

owned subsidiaries, provided that each such subsidiary is engaged in a for-profit activ-

ity formed for the ongoing conduct of a lawful business. This definition shall not

include a non-commercial activity such as owning and operating a personal residence.

Invest means to contribute capital. A contribution of capital in exchange for a note,

bond, convertible debt, obligation, or any other debt arrangement between the alien

entrepreneur and the new commercial enterprise does not constitute a contribution of

capital for the purposes of this part.

8 C.F.R. § 204.6(j) states, in pertinent part, that:

(2) To show that the petitioner has invested or is actively in the process of investing

the required amount of capital, the petition must be accompanied by evidence that the

petitioner has placed the required amount of capital at risk for the purpose of generat-

ing a return on the capital placed at risk. Evidence of mere intent to invest, or of

prospective investment arrangements entailing no present commitment, will not suf-

fice to show that the petitioner is actively in the process of investing. The alien must

show actual commitment of the required amount of capital. Such evidence may

include, but need not be limited to:

(i) Bank statement(s) showing amount(s) deposited in United States business

account(s) for the enterprise;

(ii) Evidence of assets which have been purchased for use in the United States enter-

prise, including invoices; sales receipts; and purchase contracts containing sufficient

information to identify such assets, their purchase costs, date of purchase, and pur-

chasing entity;

(iii) Evidence of property transferred from abroad for use in the United States enter-

prise, including United States Customs Service commercial entry documents, bills of

lading and transit insurance policies containing ownership information and sufficient

information to identify the property and to indicate the fair market value of such prop-

erty;

(iv) Evidence of monies transferred or committed to be transferred to the new com-

208

Interim Decision #3362

mercial enterprise in exchange for shares of stock (voting or nonvoting, common or

preferred), Such stock may not include terms requiring the new commercial enterprise

to redeem it at the holder’s request; or

(v) Evidence of any loan or mortgage agreement, promissory note, security agree-

ment, or other evidence of borrowing which is secured by assets of the petitioner, other

than those of the new commercial enterprise, and for which the petitioner is personal-

ly and primarily liable.

On December 30, 1997, the sum of $515,000 was transferred from an

unidentified bank account to one of King’s Wheel’s business accounts at

Cathay Bank, and the business account was credited $514,995. On January

5, 1998, the petitioner obtained 500,000 of the one million authorized

shares of King’s Wheel; the petitioner indicates that these shares were in

exchange for $500,000.

Capital at risk

Even though the petitioner owns only half of the authorized shares in

King’s Wheel, he is the sole shareholder thus far. He is also the only officer

of the corporation. As such, the petitioner exercises sole control over the

corporation’s activities; whether the business proceeds according to plan or

whether, for example, the business returns the petitioner’s money is the peti-

tioner’s decision alone. Therefore, the petitioner cannot meet his at-risk

requirement by merely depositing funds into a corporate account.

The business plan indicates that sales would commence in three to six

months from the date of submission of the petition (January 12, 1998), yet

the petitioner has not undertaken the necessary preparations to meet this

deadline. The petitioner has not submitted evidence that King’s Wheel has

purchased inventory or office equipment. The petitioner has not shown that

he has entered into negotiations with potential suppliers of wheels abroad,

nor has he even identified who his potential suppliers are. The petitioner has

not provided evidence that he has identified or entered into negotiations

with potential buyers within the United States. The petitioner has not even

furnished evidence that he has contracted with the suppliers of local utili-

ties, such as the telephone or electric companies. The petitioner has not ade-

quately explained how the business will go about spending the $500,000

that have been placed into its account. Although the petitioner has signed a

lease for King’s Wheel’s showroom, the lease contains an escape clause at

section 14, allowing King’s Wheel to assign the lease or sublet the proper-

ty with consent from the landlord.

The regulations provide that a petition must be accompanied by evi-

dence that the petitioner has placed the required amount of capital at risk for

the purpose of generating a return on the capital placed at risk. A mere

209

Interim Decision #3362

deposit into a corporate money-market account, such that the petitioner

himself still exercises sole control over the funds, hardly qualifies as an

active, at-risk investment.1 Simply formulating an idea for future business

activity, without taking meaningful concrete action, is similarly insufficient

for a petitioner to meet the at-risk requirement. Before it can be said that

capital made available to a commercial enterprise has been placed at risk, a

petitioner must present some evidence of the actual undertaking of business

activity; otherwise, no assurance exists that the funds will in fact be used to

carry out the business of the commercial enterprise. This petitioner’s de

minimis action of signing a lease agreement, without more, is not enough.

Source of funds

8 C.F.R. § 204.6(j) states, in pertinent part, that:

(3) To show that the petitioner has invested, or is actively in the process of investing,

capital obtained through lawful means, the petitioner must be accompanied, as appli-

cable, by:

(i) Foreign business registration records;

(ii) Corporate, partnership (or any other entity in any form which has filed in any

country or subdivision thereof any return described in this subpart), and personal tax

returns including income, franchise, property (whether real, personal, or intangible),

or any other tax returns of any kind filed within five years, with any taxing jurisdiction

in or outside the United States by or on behalf of the petitioner;

(iii) Evidence identifying any other source(s) of capital; or

(iv) Certified copies of any judgments or evidence of all pending governmental civil

or criminal actions, governmental administrative proceedings, and any private civil

actions (pending or otherwise) involving monetary judgments against the petitioner

from any court in or outside the United States within the past fifteen years.

To show that he has invested his own capital obtained through lawful

means, the petitioner has furnished copies of bank statements showing that

as of December 12, 1997, he had NT$1,339,447 (less than US$41,0002) on

deposit at the Bank of Taiwan, and as of December 23, 1997, an individual

named “Ho Wang Chung-Chia, Theresa Wang” had NT$6,255,844.52

1

King’s Wheel has two accounts at Cathay Bank: the money-market account into which

the $514,995 were deposited and a commercial checking account containing $3,100. The

petitioner has not shown any activity in either account.

2

This figure assumes an exchange rate of NT$32.68 = US$1, which appears in the

materials submitted by the petitioner. The current exchange rate is closer to NT$34.27 =

US$1. WASHINGTON POST, July 21, 1998, at C10.

210

Interim Decision #3362

(US$191,427.31) on deposit at the First Commercial Bank. The petitioner

has also submitted a letter from the United World Chinese Commercial

Bank indicating that he holds 506,000 shares of capital stock in the bank,

and as of December 22, 1997, those shares were worth NT$30,866,000. A

letter from United Orthopedic Corporation states, “Mrs. Ho Wang Chung-

Chia, also known as Theresa Wang has invested N.T.$1,000,000 in United

Orthopedic Corp.” On December 19, 1997, Ms. Chung-Chia Ho Wang’s

single unit on the 11th floor of an 18-story, 147-unit condominium in

Taiwan was appraised at NT$6,502,348 (less than US$199,000).

The petitioner asserts that Chung-Chia Ho Wang is his wife; however,

he has submitted no documentation, such as a marriage certificate, to sub-

stantiate this claim.3 Even if Ms. Wang is the petitioner’s wife, and even if

her assets can be considered joint property, the petitioner has failed to estab-

lish the source of the funds transferred to the King’s Wheel money-market

account, totalling $515,000. Prior to the date of transfer, neither Taiwanese

bank account contained sufficient funds; in fact, the two accounts together

contained less than $250,000. Neither the petitioner nor Ms. Wang has sold

any shares of stock in the Taiwanese corporations, and Ms. Wang appears

still to own the condominium unit. As stated earlier, the wire-transfer

receipt does not reveal from what bank account(s) the funds originated.

Furthermore, while the petitioner claims to have been a medical doctor

in Taiwan, he has not presented any evidence of his having engaged in this

occupation, nor has he provided any documentation regarding his level of

income. The petitioner explains that, through his medical practice and invest-

ments, he has accumulated “liquid assets” of approximately US$1.4 million,

and therefore the source of his $500,000 is lawful. The above documentation

does not reflect $1.4 million in liquid assets; moreover, simply going on

record without supporting documentary evidence is not sufficient for pur-

poses of meeting the burden of proof in these proceedings. See Matter of

Treasure Craft of California, 14 I&N Dec. 190 (Reg. Comm. 1972).

EMPLOYMENT CREATION

8 C.F.R. § 204.6(j)(4)(i) states:

To show that a new commercial enterprise will create not fewer than ten

(10) full-time positions for qualifying employees, the petition must be

accompanied by:

(A) Documentation consisting of photocopies of relevant tax records, Form I-9, or

3

The real-estate appraisal indicates that Ms. Wang’s name changed to “Ho” after mar-

riage, but “Ho” is a common Chinese name.

211

Interim Decision #3362

other similar documents for ten (10) qualifying employees, if such employees have

already been hired following the establishment of the new commercial enterprise; or

(B) A copy of a comprehensive business plan showing that, due to the nature and pro-

jected size of the new commercial enterprise, the need for not fewer than ten (10) qual-

ifying employees will result, including approximate dates, within the next two years,

and when such employees will be hired.

8 C.F.R. § 204.6(e) states, in pertinent part:

Employee means an individual who provides services or labor for the new commercial

enterprise and who receive wages or other remuneration directly from the new com-

mercial enterprise...This definition shall not include independent contractors.

Full-time employment means employment of a qualifying employee by the new com-

mercial enterprise in a position that requires a minimum of 35 working hours per

week.

Qualifying employee means a United States citizen, a lawfully admitted permanent

resident, or other immigrant lawfully authorized to be employed in the United States

including, but not limited to, a conditional resident, a temporary resident, an asylee, a

refugee, or an alien remaining in the United States under suspension of deportation.

This definition does not include the alien entrepreneur, the alien entrepreneur’s spouse,

sons, or daughters, or any nonimmigrant alien.

As evidence that two positions have already been created, the petition-

er has submitted two Forms I-9 completed just three days prior to the date

he signed the Form I-526 petition. The business plan calls for the hiring of

eight employees within the next 12 months: a secretary, an accounting

clerk, a truck driver, two warehouse people, and three salespersons.

With respect to the two persons identified in the Forms I-9, the peti-

tioner has not explained what positions they occupy, and it is not known

whether they work full- or part-time or whether they work at all. Forms I-9

verify, at best, that a business has made an effort to ascertain whether par-

ticular individuals are authorized to work; they do not verify that those indi-

viduals have actually begun working. In the absence of such evidence as

paystubs and payroll records showing the number of hours worked, the peti-

tioner has not met his burden of establishing that he has created full-time

employment within the United States.

In addition, as the business plan fails to reveal what these two indi-

viduals do, it is not altogether clear that they would still be needed once

sales commenced and the business progressed beyond its “planning

stage.” The petitioner has not demonstrated that he has created permanent

employment.

According to 8 C.F.R. § 204.6(j)(4)(i)(B), if a petitioner has not already

met the employment-creation requirement, he must submit a comprehen-

sive business plan from which it is clear that the business will in fact require

212

Interim Decision #3362

10 qualifying employees within the next two years. To be “comprehensive,”

a business plan must be sufficiently detailed to permit the Service to draw

reasonable inferences about the job-creation potential. Mere conclusory

assertions do not enable the Service to determine whether the job-creation

projections are any more reliable than hopeful speculation.

A comprehensive business plan as contemplated by the regulations

should contain, at a minimum, a description of the business, its products

and/or services, and its objectives. The plan should contain a market

analysis, including the names of competing businesses and their relative

strengths and weaknesses, a comparison of the competition’s products

and pricing structures, and a description of the target market/prospective

customers of the new commercial enterprise. The plan should list the

required permits and licenses obtained. If applicable, it should describe

the manufacturing or production process, the materials required, and the

supply sources. The plan should detail any contracts executed for the

supply of materials and/or the distribution of products. It should discuss

the marketing strategy of the business, including pricing, advertising, and

servicing. The plan should set forth the business’s organizational struc-

ture and its personnel’s experience. It should explain the business’s

staffing requirements and contain a timetable for hiring, as well as job

descriptions for all positions. It should contain sales, cost, and income

projections and detail the bases therefor.4 Most importantly, the business

plan must be credible.

Certainly no astute investor would place half a million or a million

dollars into a business that he had not thoroughly researched. Creating a

comprehensive business plan as described above is normal practice for

any businessman seeking to operate a viable business. Without knowing

whether a business is feasible and has the potential for long-term sur-

vival, neither the petitioner nor the Service can reasonably conclude that

it will create permanent, full-time employment. It is not too onerous to

ask a petitioner who has not yet met the employment-creation require-

ment to submit to the Service a real business plan. Other administrative

agencies, such as the Small Business Administration, and private finan-

cial institutions routinely require the submission of detailed business

plans before extending loans to businesses. Permanent resident status is

no less significant a matter than a loan.

The petitioner’s four-page “business plan” is wholly inadequate and

fails to meet the petitioner’s burden of showing that he will create 10 per-

manent, full-time positions within the next two years.

4

The Service recognizes that each business is different and will require different infor-

mation in its business plan. These guidelines, therefore, are not all-inclusive.

213

Interim Decision #3362

CONCLUSION

The petitioner is ineligible for classification as an alien entrepreneur

because he has failed to establish that he has made an active, at-risk invest-

ment and has failed to clarify the source of his funds. The petitioner has fur-

ther failed to demonstrate clearly that his proposed business will result in

the requisite employment creation.

The burden of proof in these proceedings rests solely with the petition-

er. Section 291 of the Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1361. The petitioner has not met that

burden. Accordingly, the petition is denied.

ORDER: The decision of the director is reversed. The petition is

denied.

214

Interim Decision #3363

In re NEW YORK STATE

DEPT OF TRANSPORTATION, Petitioner

In Visa Petition Proceedings

EAC 96 063 51031

Designated by the Acting Associate Commissioner, Programs,

August 7, 1998

(1) An alien seeking immigrant classification as an alien of exceptional ability or as a mem-

ber of the professions holding an advanced degree cannot meet the threshold for a national

interest waiver of the job offer requirement simply by establishing a certain level of training

or education which could be articulated on an application for a labor certification.

(2) General arguments regarding the importance of a given field of endeavor, or the urgency

of an issue facing the United States, cannot by themselves establish that an individual alien

benefits the national interest by virtue of engaging in the field or seeking an as yet undiscov-

ered solution to the problematic issue.

(3) A shortage of qualified workers in a given field, regardless of the nature of the occupa-

tion, does not constitute grounds for a national interest waiver. Given that the labor certifica-

tion process was designed to address the issue of worker shortages, a shortage of qualified

workers is an argument for obtaining rather than waiving a labor certification.

ON BEHALF OF PETITIONER: Jill Nagy

Lee and LeForestier, P.C.

Box 1054

Second Street

Troy, NY 12180

DISCUSSION

The employment-based immigrant visa petition was denied by the

Director, Vermont Service Center, and is now before the Associate

Commissioner for Examinations on appeal. The appeal will be dismissed.1

The petitioner seeks to classify the beneficiary pursuant to section

203(b)(2) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1153(b)(2), as

1

This decision was originally entered on April 27, 1998. The matter has been reopened

on Service motion for the limited purpose of incorporating revisions for publication.

215