The opinion
11/29/2021
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
September 8, 2021 Session
MIRACLE TENNEY EX REL. DESIRAE B. V. DANIEL PAUL
BULLINGTON
Appeal from the Chancery Court for Williamson County
No. 19CV-48110W Joseph A. Woodruff, Chancellor
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No. M2020-01432-COA-R3-CV
The father of a fourteen-year-old daughter appeals the propriety of two separate orders of
protection issued upon the mother’s petition for the protection of their daughter. Because
both orders of protection have expired, we dismiss the father’s challenges to the propriety
of the orders of protection on the basis of mootness and decline the father’s claim to recover
his attorney’s fees. Notwithstanding the dismissal of the father’s issues, the mother seeks
to recover the attorney’s fees and costs she incurred in defending the father’s appeal. The
Tennessee Supreme Court’s recent decision in New v. Dumitrache, 604 S.W.3d 1 (Tenn.
2020), makes it clear that the legislative mandate in Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-3-617(a)(1)
extends to the reasonable attorney’s fees and costs incurred on appeal by victims of
domestic abuse, even if the respondent’s challenge to the order of protection is no longer
justiciable. Accordingly, we hold that the mother is entitled to an award of the reasonable
attorney’s fees and costs she incurred in defending this appeal and remand this case for the
trial court to make the appropriate award.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Appeal Dismissed and Remanded
FRANK G. CLEMENT JR., P.J., M.S., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which W. NEAL
MCBRAYER, and KRISTI M. DAVIS, JJ., joined.
Adam A. Zanetis, Franklin, Tennessee, for the appellant, Daniel Paul Bullington.
Crystal M. Etue, Franklin, Tennessee, for the appellee, Miracle Tenney.
OPINION
Miracle Tenney (“Mother”) and Daniel Paul Bullington (“Father”) are divorced.
Pursuant to the parties’ 2019 divorce decree, Mother and Father shared custody of their
two minor children, including fourteen-year-old Desirae.
On August 28, 2020, while in Father’s care, Desirae experienced an emotional
episode. During the episode, Father applied corporal punishment on Desirae’s buttocks
with the use of his hand and his belt. Thereafter, on September 10, 2020, Mother filed a
petition for order of protection against Father on behalf of Desirae. On the same day, the
trial court granted Mother’s ex parte request for a temporary order of protection on behalf
of Desirae. After an evidentiary hearing on September 17, 2020, in which Father
participated, the trial court granted Mother’s petition for order of protection against Father
on behalf of Desirae. The one-year order of protection required, inter alia, that Father have
no contact with Desirae outside of therapy and that Father pay all court costs and fees
related to the case. Father appealed.
Significantly, the only remaining order of protection expired on September 17,
2021, prior to the parties presenting their oral arguments to this court on October 8, 2021.
ISSUES
Father raises three issues on appeal, summarized as follows:
1. Did the trial court err in granting the temporary order of protection?
2. Did the trial court err in granting the order of protection for one full
year?
3. Is Father entitled to his reasonable attorney’s fees under Tenn. Code
Ann. § 36-3-617?
Mother insists that Father’s first two issues should be dismissed as moot and that he
is not entitled to recover any of his attorney’s fees. She also contends that she is entitled to
her reasonable attorney’s fees under Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-3-617.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
“Determining whether a case is moot is a question of law.” Harriet Tubman
Dev./CHA v. Locklin, 386 S.W.3d 239, 242 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2012) (quoting All. for Native
Am. Indian Rts. in Tennessee, Inc. v. Nicely, 182 S.W.3d 333, 338–39 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2005)). We review all questions of law de novo with no presumption of correctness. See
Union Carbide Corp. v. Huddleston, 854 S.W.2d 87, 91 (Tenn. 1993). We review a trial
court’s findings of fact de novo with a presumption of correctness unless the preponderance
of the evidence is otherwise. See id.; Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d).
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ANALYSIS
I. FATHER’S CHALLENGE TO THE EXPIRED ORDERS OF PROTECTION
On appeal, Father challenges the trial court’s grant of both the ex parte temporary
order of protection and the one-year order of protection. The temporary order of protection
expired on September 17, 2020, contemporaneous with the issuance of the one-year order
of protection. The one-year order of protection expired on September 17, 2021. Thus,
neither order of protection remains in effect.
“A case must remain justiciable through the entire course of litigation, including
any appeal.” All. for Native Am. Indian Rts., 182 S.W.3d at 338 (citations omitted). A case
is no longer justiciable if it does not concern a “genuine, continuing controversy requiring
the adjudication of presently existing rights.” Id. (citing State v. Brown & Williamson
Tobacco Corp., 18 S.W.3d 186, 193 (Tenn. 2000); Ford Consumer Fin. Co. v. Clay, 984
S.W.2d 615, 616 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998)). Furthermore, this court routinely dismisses
appeals as moot when the disputed order of protection expires before the appeal is
considered. See, e.g., Anders v. Anders, No. W2017-00071-COA-R3-CV, 2018 WL
2174127, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2018); Winningham v. Strotter, No. 03A01-9112-CV-
00423, 1992 WL 94717, at *1 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 8, 1992).
Because both orders of protection Father challenges on appeal have expired,
Father’s first two issues are no longer justiciable. Therefore, these two issues are dismissed
on the basis of mootness.1
II. FATHER’S CLAIM FOR ATTORNEY’S FEES
Father contends he is entitled to recover, pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-3-
617(a)(2), the attorney’s fees he incurred in the trial court proceedings, as well as the fees
he incurred in pursuing this appeal. We respectfully disagree.
Father’s contention on this issue, as his argument is set forth in his brief, reads in
pertinent part:
1
In his Tenn. R. App. P. 27(c) Reply Brief, Father contends this appeal is justiciable under the
“public interest exception” to the mootness doctrine. Specifically, Father argues that this court’s
consideration of what constitutes reasonable corporal punishment is of public importance. However, Father
failed to raise this issue in his principal brief, the Brief of the Appellant, as required under Tenn. R. App.
P. 27(a) (“The brief of the appellant shall contain . . . (4) A statement of the issues presented for review[.]”).
Instead, Father erroneously attempted to raise the issue for the first time in his Reply Brief. See Tenn. R.
App. P. 27(c). Thus, we decline to consider application of the public interest exception on appeal.
Nevertheless, had Father properly raised the public interest exception to the mootness doctrine, we would
have concluded that this case fails to meets the requirements for invoking the public interest exception.
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Father would assert that he is entitled to his costs and expenses incurred,
which include his reasonable attorney fees and court costs. In order of
protection cases, if the trial court extends or issues an[] order of protection,
the respondent is responsible for all fees, costs, and attorney fees. Mother did
not retain counsel in this matter, but Father was required to pay all costs and
fees pursuant to statute. If the court does not extend or issue an order of
protection, a respondent may recover fees, costs, and attorney fees from the
petitioner. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-3-617(a)(2) et seq. However, there must
also be a finding, by clear and convincing evidence, that the petitioner was
not, “. . . a domestic abuse victim, stalking victim or sexual assault victim.”
Further there must be a finding that, “The petitioner knew that the allegation
of domestic abuse, stalking, or sexual assault was false at the time the petition
was filed.” If this Court finds that the order of protection should be
overturned on appeal, Father will meet the criteria of the order of protection
being denied. Necessarily, this would also meet the statutory criteria that the
minor child was not a domestic abuse victim.
(Citations omitted).
As Father acknowledges in his argument, “[i]f this Court finds that the order of
protection should be overturned on appeal, Father will meet the criteria of the order of
protection being denied.” Because this court has not found that the order of protection
should be overturned, Father is not entitled to recover the attorney’s fees he incurred in the
trial court or in this unsuccessful challenge to the propriety of the issuance of the two orders
of protection.
The foregoing notwithstanding, we acknowledge Father’s argument, which was first
raised in his Reply Brief, that his claim for attorney’s fees is not moot. We respectfully
disagree again. While this court has explained that “the expiration of the order of protection
‘does not moot a controversy over attorney’s fees already incurred,’” it has clarified that
“a claim for attorney’s fees [does] not resuscitate an otherwise moot case.” Honeycutt ex
rel. Alexander H. v. Honeycutt, No. M2015-00645-COA-R3-CV, 2016 WL 3662166, at *1
(Tenn. Ct. App. June 30, 2016) (emphasis added) (quoting McIntyre v. Traughber, 884
S.W.2d 134, 138 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1994)).
Unlike Honeycutt, where the appellant was ordered to pay the petitioner the
attorney’s fees she incurred in the trial court, see id. at *2, Father was not ordered to pay
any of Mother’s attorney’s fees because Mother was pro se.2 Accordingly, Father is not
2
“If the court, after the hearing on the petition, issues or extends an order of protection, all court
costs, filing fees, litigation taxes and attorney fees shall be assessed against the respondent.” Tenn. Code
Ann. § 36-3-617(a)(1) (emphasis added). Accordingly, the assessment of attorney’s fees is mandatory, if
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seeking relief from an order requiring him to pay the attorney’s fees Mother incurred in the
trial court. To the contrary, he is seeking an award to recover his own attorney’s fees. As
such, Father does not fall within the narrow exception to mootness afforded by Honeycutt.
See id. at *1 (“While a claim for attorney’s fees would not resuscitate an otherwise moot
case, the expiration of the order of protection ‘does not moot a controversy over attorney’s
fees already incurred.’”). Accordingly, Father’s claim for attorney’s fees does not
resuscitate his otherwise moot issues. See id.
For completeness, and in the event Father’s claim for attorney’s fees is not moot,
we have concluded that Father is not entitled to an award of attorney’s fees in either the
trial court or on appeal.
A respondent, like Father, who opposes the issuance of an order of protection is only
entitled to recover attorney’s fees in limited circumstances. Tennessee Code Annotated
§ 36-3-617(a)(2) provides, in relevant part:
(2) If the court does not issue or extend an order of protection, the court may
assess all court costs, filing fees, litigation taxes and attorney fees against the
petitioner if the court makes the following finding by clear and convincing
evidence:
(A) The petitioner is not a domestic abuse victim, stalking
victim, sexual assault victim, or victim of a felony
offense under title 39, chapter 13, part 1, 2, 3, or 5 and
that such determination is not based on the fact that the
petitioner requested that the petition be dismissed,
failed to attend the hearing or incorrectly filled out the
petition; and
(B) The petitioner knew that the allegation of domestic
abuse, stalking, sexual assault or felony offense under
title 39, chapter 13, part 1, 2, 3, or 5 was false at the time
the petition was filed.
(Emphasis added).
Because the trial court issued the ex parte temporary order of protection as well as
the one-year order of protection, the statute provides no relief for Father. Accordingly,
Father is not entitled to recover any of the costs or attorney’s fees he incurred in the trial
court. Similarly, because Father’s issues challenging the orders of protection have been
attorney’s fees were incurred by the successful petitioner; however, a court may not assess attorney’s fees
when no attorney’s fees were incurred.
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dismissed on the basis of mootness, he is not entitled to recover attorney’s fees incurred in
this appeal.
III. MOTHER’S ATTORNEY’S FEES ON APPEAL
Mother contends she is entitled to an award of reasonable costs and attorney’s fees
incurred in defending against this appeal pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-3-617(a)(1).3
We agree.
The trial court granted Mother’s ex parte petition for a temporary order and,
following a full evidentiary hearing, extended the order of protection for a period of one
year. Based on these facts, and assuming that we would not reverse the trial court’s
decisions to grant the orders of protection, Mother contends that her costs and attorney’s
fees must be taxed against Father. We agree.
Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-3-617(a)(1) provides, in pertinent part:
Notwithstanding any other law to the contrary, no domestic abuse
victim . . . shall be required to bear the costs, including any court costs, filing
fees, litigation taxes or any other costs associated with the . . . appeal or
enforcement of an ex parte order of protection, order of protection, or a
petition for either such order . . . . If the court, after the hearing on the
petition, issues or extends an order of protection, all court costs, filing fees,
litigation taxes and attorney fees shall be assessed against the respondent.
As a general rule, a claim for attorney’s fees on appeal is insufficient to render a
case justiciable if it is otherwise moot. See McIntyre, 884 S.W.2d at 138. In this case,
however, we are mindful of the strong legislative intent behind the enactment of Tenn.
Code Ann. § 36-3-617(a)(1) to provide victims of domestic abuse with “enhanced
protection from domestic abuse.” Stewart v. Stewart, No. E2000-01873-COA-R3-CV,
2001 WL 274097, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 20, 2001) (quoting Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-3-
618). Furthermore, we are guided by our Supreme Court’s recent determination that to
deny a victim of domestic abuse an award of attorney’s fees for defending against the
respondent’s pleadings on appeal “would frustrate legislative intent.” See New, 604 S.W.3d
at 22–23.
The ex-husband in New filed an untimely appeal to challenge a one-year order of
protection issued by the general sessions court that prohibited the plaintiff from having
contact with his ex-wife and minor child. Id. at 4–5. Because he failed to appeal the order
within ten days as required by law, the chancery court determined that it lacked subject
3
Mother was not represented by counsel in any of the trial court proceedings. Accordingly, she did
not incur attorney’s fees in the trial court.
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matter jurisdiction and dismissed the case. Id. at 10. Notwithstanding the lack of subject
matter jurisdiction, the chancery court awarded the ex-wife the attorney’s fees she incurred
in defending the appeal. Id. at 13.
On appeal, and after affirming the chancery court’s dismissal of the ex-husband’s
untimely appeal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, our Supreme Court considered
whether the chancery court lacked authority to award attorney’s fees. Id. at 20–23. The
most pertinent parts of the Court’s rulings read as follows:
As the United States Supreme Court has explained, requests for attorney’s
fees are “collateral” and have “a distinct and independent character from the
underlying suit.” Courts should view a request for attorney’s fees as an
“‘independent proceeding supplemental to the original proceeding and not a
request for modification of the original decree.’” So, while it is true that a
court lacking subject matter jurisdiction has no authority to issue orders on
the merits of the case, the court retains authority to adjudicate and grant a
request for attorney’s fees incurred in determining that it lacks jurisdiction.
. . . Here, the chancery court ruled that statutes entitle Mother to an award of
attorney’s fees. We agree with the chancery court that Tennessee Code
Annotated §§ 36-3-617 and -618 entitle Mother to an award of attorney’s
fees in this case. Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-3-618 declares:
The purpose of this part is to recognize the seriousness of
domestic abuse as a crime and to assure that the law provides
a victim of domestic abuse with enhanced protection from
domestic abuse. A further purpose of this chapter is to
recognize that in the past law enforcement agencies have
treated domestic abuse crimes differently than crimes resulting
in the same harm but occurring between strangers. Thus, the
general assembly intends that the official response to domestic
abuse shall stress enforcing the laws to protect the victim and
prevent further harm to the victim, and the official response
shall communicate the attitude that violent behavior is not
excused or tolerated.
In summary, the “legislative intent is to: (1) provide enhanced protection to
domestic abuse victims; (2) promote uniform law enforcement intervention
whether the crime is domestic or committed by strangers; and (3)
communicate a position of intolerance to domestic abuse perpetrators.” One
means the General Assembly chose to ensure that victims of domestic abuse
receive “enhanced protection” is to enact a statute that broadly declares that
domestic abuse victims should not be required to bear the financial burdens
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of legal action made necessary by a domestic abuse perpetrator. Tennessee
Code Annotated section 36-3-617 provides, in pertinent part, as follows:
Notwithstanding any other law to the contrary, no domestic
abuse victim, stalking victim or sexual assault victim shall be
required to bear the costs, including any court costs, filing fees,
litigation taxes or any other costs associated with the filing,
issuance, registration, service, dismissal or nonsuit, appeal or
enforcement of an ex parte order of protection, order of
protection, or a petition for either such order, whether issued
inside or outside the state. If the court, after the hearing on the
petition, issues or extends an order of protection, all court
costs, filing fees, litigation taxes and attorney fees shall be
assessed against the respondent.
This Court has not previously addressed the scope of this statute, but we
agree with the Court of Appeals that section 36-3-617 clearly authorizes
awarding attorney’s fees and costs incurred in obtaining an order of
protection or the extension of an order of protection, or in defending an
appeal involving the issuance or extension of an order of protection.
. . .
We agree with the chancery court that in the circumstances of this case
section 36-3-617(a)(1) authorizes awarding Mother attorney’s fees incurred
defending against Father’s pleadings in their entirety . . . . To deny Mother
an award of all her attorney’s fees for defending against Father’s pleading
would frustrate legislative intent. By enacting sections 36-3-617 and -618,
the General Assembly made clear that victims of domestic violence are not
to be burdened with the costs of obtaining or defending orders of protection
necessary to ensure their protection. As already noted, this Court’s prime
directive when interpreting statutes is to effectuate legislative intent and
reasonably construe statutes in a manner that is consistent with the language
used and that provides for a harmonious operation of the laws. “We [must]
presume that the legislature did not intend an absurdity.” We would frustrate
legislative intent and construct an inharmonious, illogical, and absurd
reading of section 36-3-617(a)(1) by holding, as Father contends, that a party
against whom an order of protection has been entered may avoid
responsibility for attorney’s fees by failing to appeal timely . . . . We find it
illogical and inconsistent with the declared legislative intent to interpret the
statute in a manner that would impose on Mother the legal costs of Father’s
litigation choices[.]
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Id. at 21–22 (footnotes omitted) (citations omitted).
Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-3-617(a)(1) clearly mandates that no domestic
abuse victim shall be required to bear the costs associated with the successful filing,
issuance, appeal, or enforcement of an order of protection. Moreover, our Supreme Court
decision in New makes it clear that this legislative mandate extends to the reasonable
attorney’s fees and costs incurred on appeal by such victims, even if the respondent’s
challenge to the order of protection is no longer justiciable. Therefore, we hold that Mother
is entitled to recover her reasonable attorney’s fees and costs incurred in defending against
this appeal. Accordingly, we remand for the trial court to make the appropriate award.
IN CONCLUSION
The issues raised by Father are dismissed as moot, and this matter is remanded to
the trial court for other proceedings consistent with this opinion. Costs of appeal are
assessed against Daniel Paul Bullington.
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FRANK G. CLEMENT JR., P.J., M.S.
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