The opinion
[Cite as State ex rel. Miller v. Hamilton Cty. Bd. of Elections, 165 Ohio St.3d 13, 2021-Ohio-
831.]
THE STATE EX REL. MILLER v. HAMILTON COUNTY BOARD OF ELECTIONS
ET AL.
[Cite as State ex rel. Miller v. Hamilton Cty. Bd. of Elections,
165 Ohio St.3d 13, 2021-Ohio-831.]
Elections—Prohibition—Writ of prohibition sought to prevent board of elections
from placing mayoral candidate’s name on the May 4, 2021 primary-
election ballot—Relator failed to show that the board abused its discretion
or clearly disregarded applicable law by accepting candidate’s nominating
petitions with circulator statements that were not in the form of sworn
affidavits but did substantially comply with the nominating-petition form
prescribed by the city charter—Writ denied.
(No. 2021-0274—Submitted March 12, 2021—Decided March 18, 2021.)
IN PROHIBITION.
__________________
Per Curiam.
{¶ 1} Relator, Mark W. Miller, seeks a writ of prohibition barring
respondents Hamilton County Board of Elections and its members1 from placing
the name of respondent Aftab Pureval on the ballot as a candidate for mayor of
Cincinnati in the May 4, 2021 nonpartisan primary election. Miller claims the
board abused its discretion and clearly disregarded applicable law by denying his
protest of Pureval’s candidacy, because Pureval’s part-petitions did not include
sworn affidavits of the petition circulators, which Miller claims the Cincinnati City
Charter requires. Respondents and amicus curiae, the city of Cincinnati, counter
1. The respondent board members are Gwen L. McFarlin, Joseph L. Mallory, Charles H. Gerhardt
III, and Alex M. Triantafilou.
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that when all applicable sections of the charter are considered, Pureval’s petition
met the requirements. We agree, and we therefore deny the writ.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
{¶ 2} The Cincinnati City Charter provides that “candidates for mayor shall
be determined at a nonpartisan primary election to be held on the first Tuesday after
the first Monday in May.” Article IX, Section 1a, Cincinnati City Charter. To be
placed on the primary-election ballot, a mayoral candidate must submit a petition
to the board of elections. Article IX, Section 2, Cincinnati City Charter. Pureval
submitted his nominating petition, consisting of 76 part-petitions, to the board on
February 10, 2021.
{¶ 3} On February 24, the board received from Miller, a registered elector
in the city of Cincinnati, a written protest of Pureval’s petition under R.C.
3501.39(A). Miller’s protest letter alleged that under the Cincinnati City Charter,
circulator statements on part-petitions must be by sworn affidavit. The letter
claimed that Pureval’s part-petitions contained only unsworn circulator statements
and that the board should therefore reject his petition. On February 24, the board
set a protest hearing for March 2.
{¶ 4} At the hearing, the board heard arguments from counsel for Miller and
counsel for Pureval. The latter argued that the Cincinnati City Charter prescribes a
form of petition that Pureval’s part-petitions complied with; that under R.C.
3501.38(L), Pureval’s petition could not be rejected, because he obtained his
petition forms from the board within 90 days of the filing deadline; and that all the
other mayoral candidates had used the same forms. These last two claims were
based on unsworn factual assertions made by Pureval’s attorney.
{¶ 5} The board’s counsel then advised that Pureval needed only to
“substantially compl[y]” with the charter and that his petitions (as well as those of
the other mayoral candidates) did substantially comply. The board voted
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unanimously to deny the protest, without comment. The board then certified
Pureval and five other mayoral candidates to the ballot.
{¶ 6} Miller filed this prohibition action on March 3. We ordered expedited
briefing, see 161 Ohio St.3d 1457, 2021-Ohio-574, 164 N.E.3d 454, which is now
complete. The city of Cincinnati filed an amicus curiae brief in support of the
board.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Threshold Issues
{¶ 7} Pureval asserts four threshold arguments. We reject all four.
1. S.Ct.Prac.R. 12.02’s Affidavit Requirements
{¶ 8} Pureval first argues that we must dismiss the cause because the
affidavit accompanying the complaint does not comply with S.Ct.Prac.R. 12.02(B),
which states that a complaint in an original action “shall be supported by an
affidavit specifying the details of the claim,” S.Ct.Prac.R. 12.02(B)(1). The
affidavit “shall be made on personal knowledge, setting forth facts admissible in
evidence, and showing affirmatively that the affiant is competent to testify to all
matters stated in the affidavit.” S.Ct.Prac.R. 12.02(B)(2). “We have routinely
dismissed original actions, other than habeas corpus, that were not supported by an
affidavit expressly stating that the facts in the complaint were based on the affiant’s
personal knowledge.” State ex rel. Hackworth v. Hughes, 97 Ohio St.3d 110, 2002-
Ohio-5334, 776 N.E.2d 1050, ¶ 24.
{¶ 9} Miller’s complaint was accompanied by an affidavit in which his
attorney, Curt C. Hartman, declares that Hartman “has personal knowledge of the
factual allegations above and such allegations are true and accurate.” Pureval
argues that the affidavit is insufficient because it is devoid of specific details or
admissible facts and contains no information establishing that Hartman is
competent to testify to the matters alleged in the complaint.
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{¶ 10} We rejected a similar argument in Wellington v. Mahoning Cty. Bd.
of Elections, 117 Ohio St.3d 143, 2008-Ohio-554, 882 N.E.2d 420. In that case,
the relator’s affidavit “state[d] that he ha[d] ‘reviewed the facts contained in the
foregoing Petition for Writ of Prohibition, and affirm [sic] that they are accurate
based on my personal knowledge.’ ” Id. at ¶ 16. We reasoned:
By specifying in his affidavit that he swore to the accuracy
of the facts in the petition and stating that those facts are based on
his personal knowledge, Sheriff Wellington satisfied the rule
because his petition—as verified by his affidavit—specified the
details of his claim, set forth facts admissible in evidence, and
affirmatively established that he is competent to testify to the
material facts—i.e., he filed a protest challenging Aey’s candidacy
for sheriff, and the board denied the protest at the conclusion of a
hearing at which he testified and presented evidence. He did not
need to repeat these same statements in his affidavit, which already
verified the truth of these statements.
Id. at ¶ 19.
{¶ 11} Similarly, here, the complaint specifies the details of the claim, sets
forth admissible facts, and establishes Hartman’s competency to testify to the
material facts, as he was present for and involved in the protest proceedings. We
will not dismiss the complaint for failure to comply with S.Ct.Prac.R. 12.02.
2. Laches
{¶ 12} Pureval next argues that Miller’s claim is barred by the doctrine of
laches. “The elements of laches are (1) unreasonable delay or lapse of time in
asserting a right, (2) absence of an excuse for the delay, (3) knowledge, actual or
constructive, of the injury or wrong, and (4) prejudice to the other party.” State ex
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rel. Polo v. Cuyahoga Cty. Bd. of Elections, 74 Ohio St.3d 143, 145, 656 N.E.2d
1277 (1995).
{¶ 13} Miller filed his complaint one day after the board rejected his protest.
Pureval does not, however, challenge Miller’s delay in the context of this case.
Rather, he asserts that Miller’s true challenge is not to Pureval’s candidacy but to
the board’s interpretation of the Cincinnati City Charter, which he claims has been
consistent since 2001. He therefore argues that Miller unreasonably delayed for 20
years, without excuse—causing prejudice to Pureval by making this case an
expedited election matter.
{¶ 14} We reject this argument, which ignores such questions as whether
Miller had knowledge of the board’s longstanding interpretation or was eligible to
challenge it before he protested Pureval’s petition. Moreover, despite the potential
for broader implications, the subject matter of this prohibition action is the board’s
rejection of Pureval’s 2021 mayoral petitions, see R.C. 3501.39(A). Because Miller
filed this action one day after the board rejected his protest, we find that laches does
not bar his claim.
3. Unclean Hands
{¶ 15} Pureval next argues that Miller’s claim is barred by the doctrine of
unclean hands. Pureval argues that Miller has, without explanation, singled him
out by challenging his petition but not those of the other mayoral candidates who
used the same forms. He argues that this calls Miller’s motives into question and
amounts to discriminatory targeting.
{¶ 16} Pureval cites no authority for applying the equitable doctrine of
unclean hands in this prohibition action. We have, however, occasionally
recognized its potential applicability in mandamus actions. See State ex rel.
Morgan v. New Lexington, 112 Ohio St.3d 33, 2006-Ohio-6365, 857 N.E.2d 1208,
¶ 53, quoting State ex rel. Albright v. Haber, 139 Ohio St. 551, 553, 41 N.E.2d 247
(1942) (“On rare occasions, we have recognized that ‘while mandamus is
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considered a legal remedy, equitable principles often govern its issuance, and it
may be denied to those who do not come before the court with clean hands’ ”).
{¶ 17} In any event, “the doctrine of unclean hands requires a showing that
[the relator] engaged in reprehensible conduct, not merely negligent conduct,” State
ex rel. Columbus Coalition for Responsive Govt. v. Blevins, 140 Ohio St.3d 294,
2014-Ohio-3745, 17 N.E.3d 578, ¶ 12, yet the record here is undeveloped on the
question of Miller’s motivations. We find that the doctrine of unclean hands does
not bar Miller’s claim.
4. Failure to Join Necessary Parties under Civ.R. 19(A)
{¶ 18} Finally, Pureval argues that we must deny Miller’s requested relief
for failure to join necessary parties under Civ.R. 19(A). He argues that the equal-
protection clauses of the Ohio and United States Constitutions would prohibit the
selective enforcement of the Cincinnati City Charter, instead requiring the rejection
of all mayoral petitions if his is rejected. He therefore argues that complete relief
cannot be accorded in this action without joinder of the other five mayoral
candidates.
{¶ 19} However, Pureval’s equal-protection argument is undeveloped, and
he has not established that this court (as opposed to the board) would be able—let
alone required—to reject petitions that were not protested before the board under
R.C. 3501.39(A). As the scope of this prohibition action is limited to whether the
board abused its discretion by rejecting the protest to Pureval’s petition, we will not
dismiss the complaint for failure to join parties necessary to accord complete relief.
B. Elements of the Prohibition Claim
{¶ 20} To be entitled to a writ of prohibition, Miller must prove that the
board exercised quasi-judicial power, that it lacked the authority to do so, and that
he lacks an adequate remedy in the ordinary course of the law. State ex rel. Keith
v. Lawrence Cty. Bd. of Elections, 159 Ohio St.3d 128, 2019-Ohio-4766, 149
N.E.3d 449, ¶ 5. Miller lacks an adequate remedy due to the proximity of the May
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4 election. State ex rel. Tam O’Shanter Co. v. Stark Cty. Bd. of Elections, 151 Ohio
St.3d 134, 2017-Ohio-8167, 86 N.E.3d 332, ¶ 15.
1. Quasi-Judicial Power
{¶ 21} “Quasi-judicial authority is the power to hear and determine
controversies between the public and individuals that require a hearing resembling
a judicial trial.” State ex rel. Wright v. Ohio Bur. of Motor Vehicles, 87 Ohio St.3d
184, 186, 718 N.E.2d 908 (1999). Miller argues that the board exercised quasi-
judicial power by hearing and rejecting his protest, which was brought pursuant to
R.C. 3501.39(A), noting our observation that “R.C. 3501.39(A) requires a board of
elections to conduct a quasi-judicial hearing on a petition protest,” State ex rel.
Barney v. Union Cty. Bd. of Elections, 159 Ohio St.3d 50, 2019-Ohio-4277, 147
N.E.3d 595, ¶ 12.
{¶ 22} The board conceded in its answer and acknowledged at the protest
hearing that it was exercising quasi-judicial power. However, Pureval argues that
the board did not exercise quasi-judicial power, because it did not consider sworn
testimony at the hearing. And in its brief, the board appears to hedge on its previous
admission. On the one hand, it cites our statement that “[a] board of elections
exercises quasi-judicial power when it ‘conducts a protest hearing pursuant to
statute,’ ” Keith at ¶ 6, quoting State ex rel. Save Your Courthouse Commt. v.
Medina, 157 Ohio St.3d 423, 2019-Ohio-3737, 137 N.E.3d 1118, ¶ 29. On the
other hand, the board allows that quasi-judicial proceedings “generally involve the
taking of sworn testimony.”
{¶ 23} Our recent opinions have included statements such as, “A board of
elections exercises quasi-judicial authority when it makes a decision regarding a
protest after a mandatory hearing that includes sworn testimony.” E.g., Barney at
¶ 12; see also State ex rel. Meyer v. Warren Cty. Bd. of Elections, ___ Ohio St.3d
___, 2020-Ohio-4863, ___ N.E.3d ___, ¶ 9, citing Barney at ¶ 12. And in Save
Your Courthouse, we stated:
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When a public entity takes official action but does not
conduct proceedings akin to a judicial trial, prohibition will not
issue. For example, a board of elections did not exercise quasi-
judicial authority when it denied an election protest, because it did
not consider sworn testimony, receive documents into evidence, or
in any other fashion “conduct a hearing sufficiently resembling a
judicial trial.”
Id. at ¶ 27, quoting State ex rel. Baldzicki v. Cuyahoga Cty. Bd. of Elections, 90
Ohio St.3d 238, 242, 736 N.E.2d 893 (2000).
{¶ 24} However, we took care to clarify in Baldzicki that the protest at issue
was not brought pursuant to any statute, distinguishing it from “statutory protests
requiring quasi-judicial proceedings.” Baldzicki at 242. And as the statement
quoted above indicates, we have acknowledged that sworn testimony is one—but
not the only—indicator that a hearing resembled a judicial trial.
{¶ 25} As we have noted on many occasions, R.C. 3501.39(A)(2) requires
the board to conduct a quasi-judicial hearing. E.g., State ex rel. Wright v. Cuyahoga
Cty. Bd. of Elections, 120 Ohio St.3d 92, 2008-Ohio-5553, 896 N.E.2d 706, ¶ 9
(“This is not a case involving written protests against petitions or candidacies,
which would have required quasi-judicial proceedings. Cf. R.C. 3501.39(A)(1) and
(2)” [emphasis sic]); State ex rel. Upper Arlington v. Franklin Cty. Bd. of Elections,
119 Ohio St.3d 478, 2008-Ohio-5093, 895 N.E.2d 177, ¶ 16 (“Here, R.C.
3501.39(A)(2) required that the board of elections conduct a quasi-judicial hearing
on relators’ protest”); State ex rel. Cooker Restaurant Corp. v. Montgomery Cty.
Bd. of Elections, 80 Ohio St.3d 302, 306, 686 N.E.2d 238 (1997) (“a board of
elections, like a board of revision, is a quasi-judicial body when it considers
protests”); State ex rel. Harbarger v. Cuyahoga Cty. Bd. of Elections, 75 Ohio St.3d
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44, 45, 661 N.E.2d 699 (1996) (“A protest hearing in election matters is a quasi-
judicial proceeding”); State ex rel. Thurn v. Cuyahoga Cty. Bd. of Elections, 72
Ohio St.3d 289, 291, 649 N.E.2d 1205 (1995) (“Since R.C. 3501.39 required a
hearing which in some respects resembled a judicial trial, the board exercised quasi-
judicial authority in denying Thurn’s protest and deciding to place the proposed
ordinances on the ballot”).
{¶ 26} The secretary of state’s Election Official Manual likewise advises
boards that “[w]hen resolving a protest, a board is acting in a quasi-judicial
capacity.” Secretary of State Directive 2021-08, Section 1.04, Ohio Election
Official Manual, at 12-10 available at https://www.sos.state.oh.us/globalassets
/elections/directives/2021/dir2021-08-ch12.pdf [https://perma.cc/K62T-3522].
The secretary’s guidelines for “Acting in a Quasi-Judicial Capacity” advise boards
to “[p]lace anyone who will provide testimony under oath” and that decisions
should be “based on evidence provided to the board at the hearing and information
the board may retain on its own, such as voter registration information.” Secretary
of State Directive 2021-02, Section 1.03, Ohio Election Official Manual, at 2-32,
available at https://www.sos.state.oh.us/globalassets/elections/directives/2021/
dir2021-02-ch02.pdf [https://perma.cc/3E8T-S8M2].
{¶ 27} The board was doubtless under an obligation to conduct a quasi-
judicial hearing. Pureval’s attorney offered factual statements at that hearing. The
board failed to adhere to the secretary’s directive to place him under oath; however,
as the attorney pointed out at the hearing, he referred to facts that were documented
by information retained by the board. We conclude that under these circumstances,
the board conducted a hearing sufficiently resembling a judicial trial such that it
was exercising quasi-judicial power.
2. Lack of Authority
{¶ 28} The issue whether the board lacked authority hinges on whether it
“acted fraudulently or corruptly, abused its discretion, or clearly disregarded
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applicable law.” State ex rel. Brown v. Butler Cty. Bd. of Elections, 109 Ohio St.3d
63, 2006-Ohio-1292, 846 N.E.2d 8, ¶ 23. There is no allegation of fraud or
corruption here.
{¶ 29} Miller argues that the board abused its discretion and disregarded
applicable law by denying his protest, because the Cincinnati City Charter requires
circulator statements on mayoral petitions to be sworn affidavits, yet the statements
on Pureval’s part-petitions were unsworn statements made on penalty of elections
falsification. We reject this argument and conclude that the board did not abuse its
discretion or clearly disregard applicable law, because the charter prescribes a form
demonstrating what constitutes an affidavit for purposes of the circulator-statement
requirement and Pureval’s part-petitions substantially complied with the charter’s
prescribed form.
{¶ 30} The Cincinnati City Charter sets forth specific requirements for
mayoral and council elections in the city. With respect to mayoral-candidate
petitions, the charter states the following: “to each separate [petition] paper there
shall be attached an affidavit of the circulator thereof stating that each signature
thereto was made in the circulator’s presence and is the genuine signature of the
person whose name it purports to be.” Article IX, Section 2, Cincinnati City
Charter.
{¶ 31} Miller argues that “affidavit” means a statement sworn before an
officer authorized to administer oaths, citing Toledo Bar Assn. v. Neller, 102 Ohio
St.3d 1234, 2004-Ohio-2895, 809 N.E.2d 1152, ¶ 10, and State ex rel. Johnson v.
Ohio Adult Parole Auth., 95 Ohio St.3d 463, 2002-Ohio-2481, 768 N.E.2d 1176,
¶ 5. However, those cases were applying provisions of the Ohio Revised Code.
{¶ 32} The Cincinnati City Charter provides, “[T]he provisions of the
general election laws of the state shall apply to all such elections except as provision
is otherwise made by this charter.” (Emphasis added.) Article IX, Section 1,
Cincinnati City Charter. The charter does not expressly define “affidavit.”
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However, Article IX, Section 3a of the charter sets forth a prescribed form of
petition for mayoral candidates. Section 3a states that the “form of the nominating
petition papers shall be substantially as follows,” and the circulator statement of the
form that follows reads:
Statement of Circulator
I, _______ [name of circulator of petition], declare under
penalty of the election falsification laws of the state of Ohio that I
am a qualified elector of the city of Cincinnati; that I reside at the
address appearing below my signature; that this petition paper
contains _____(number) signatures; that I witnessed the affixing of
every signature; and that every signature is to the best of my
knowledge and belief the signature of the person whose signature it
purports to be.
Signed: _____
Address: _____
Date: _____
(Brackets sic.) Article IX, Section 3a, Cincinnati City Charter. The form clearly
does not provide for a circulator statement in the manner of a sworn affidavit, but
rather one that is styled after the form set forth in R.C. 3513.261.
{¶ 33} “[W]hen construing city charters, we apply general rules of statutory
interpretation.” State ex rel. Harris v. Rubino, 155 Ohio St.3d 123, 2018-Ohio-
3609, 119 N.E.3d 1238, ¶ 19. One of these rules is that we do not simply consider
words in isolation, but consider the text as a whole. Vossman v. AirNet Sys., Inc.,
159 Ohio St.3d 529, 2020-Ohio-872, 152 N.E.3d 232, ¶ 14. Pureval, the board, and
the city all argue that Section 2 and Section 3a must be read in pari materia and that
when read together, it is clear that Section 3a provides the wording and the form of
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the “affidavit” required by Section 2. We agree. It would be nonsensical to read
the charter otherwise—for example, as requiring both a sworn affidavit and a nearly
identical circulator statement made under penalty of elections falsification. Miller
argues that State ex rel. Ditmars v. McSweeney, 94 Ohio St.3d 472, 764 N.E.2d 971
(2002), controls this issue. In Ditmars, we held that the Columbus City Charter
required circulator statements in the form of sworn affidavits. Id. at 474-475.
However, in Ditmars, the charter did not define “affidavit” or contain a prescribed
petition form. Id. Because Section 3a of the Cincinnati City Charter includes a
prescribed petition form clarifying the meaning of the affidavit requirement set
forth in Section 2, we conclude that Ditmars is inapplicable.
{¶ 34} Pureval’s part-petitions included circulator statements substantially
in the form prescribed in Section 3a of the Cincinnati City Charter. We therefore
conclude that the board did not abuse its discretion by rejecting Miller’s protest.
III. CONCLUSION
{¶ 35} Based on the foregoing, we deny the writ.
Writ denied.
O’CONNOR, C.J., and DEWINE, DONNELLY, STEWART, and BRUNNER, JJ.,
concur.
KENNEDY, J., concurs in judgment only.
FISCHER, J., dissents.
_________________
The Law Firm of Curt C. Hartman and Curt C. Hartman, for relator.
Joseph T. Deters, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and David T.
Stevenson and Jesse K. Daley, Assistant Prosecuting Attorneys, for respondent
Hamilton County Board of Elections.
McTigue & Colombo, L.L.C., Donald J. McTigue, and Derek S. Clinger;
and Katz, Teller, Brant & Hild, Peter J. O’Shea, and Evan T. Nolan, for respondent
Aftab Pureval.
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Andrew W. Garth, City Solicitor, Emily Smart Woerner, Deputy City
Solicitor, and Erica Faaborg, Assistant City Solicitor, urging denial of the writ for
amicus curiae, city of Cincinnati.
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