The opinion
11/12/2021
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT JACKSON
August 19, 2021 Session
CYNTHIA LAWRENCE v. THOMAS LAWRENCE
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Shelby County
No. CT-002895-17 Mary L. Wagner, Judge
___________________________________
No. W2020-00979-COA-R3-CV
___________________________________
In this post-divorce case, the trial court granted Appellee/Wife’s petition to modify
paragraph 4(A)(d) of the parties’ Marital Dissolution Agreement (“MDA”) on its finding
of mutual mistake. The trial court declined to: (1) reform paragraph 4(A)(e) of the MDA;
(2) find Appellant/Husband in contempt of the MDA for failure to reimburse Wife for
certain college expenses of the parties’ son; (3) hold Husband in contempt for his alleged
failure to satisfy his support obligations; and (4) award Wife her attorney’s fees under the
MDA. Because there was no mutual mistake, we reverse the trial court’s reformation of
paragraph 4(A)(d) of the MDA. The trial court’s orders are otherwise affirmed, and Wife’s
motion for appellate attorney’s fees is denied.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court
Reversed in Part; Affirmed in Part; and Remanded
KENNY ARMSTRONG, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which ARNOLD B. GOLDIN
and CARMA DENNIS MCGEE, JJ., joined.
S. Denise McCrary and William L. Bomer, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant, Thomas
Humphrey Lawrence.
Mitchell D. Moskovitz and Aubrey L. Brown, Jr., Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellee,
Cynthia Lawrence.
OPINION
I. Background
Appellant/Husband Thomas Humphrey Lawrence and Appellee/Wife Cynthia
Lawrence were married on August 19, 1989. The parties have four children; at the time of
divorce, the children were 20, 18, 14, and 12 years old respectively. On July 7, 2017, Wife
filed a petition for divorce in the Circuit Court for Shelby County (“trial court”). On July
12, 2018, the parties participated in successful mediation. Prior to the mediation, Husband
made a written settlement offer in a letter dated July 3, 2018. On July 9, 2018, Husband
sent Wife’s counsel another letter advising of an error in the July 3, 2018 letter regarding
the amount of Husband’s withdrawals from his 401(k). This letter advised and provided
proof that the actual amount of the withdrawals was $298,588.64, not the $250,000.00
referenced in the July 3, 2018 letter. The mediator used this letter as a basis to arrive at a
“Mediated Agreement,” making notations on the letter to reflect the parties’ evolving
agreements, see infra. The parties signed off on the letter with the mediator’s notations as
the “Mediated Agreement.” From the “Mediated Agreement,” the parties prepared a MDA.
The MDA was reviewed and approved by counsel for both parties and executed and filed
with the trial court on July 17, 2018. On July 18, 2018 the parties were divorced. The
MDA was incorporation into the Final Decree of Divorce.
Post-divorce, several issues arose. As is relevant to this appeal, on March 22, 2019,
Wife filed an Amended Petition to “Correct Clerical Mistake and to Construe Marital
Dissolution Agreement Regarding Former Wife’s Interest in Former Husband’s 401(K)
Account . . . and Former Wife’s Petition for Scire Facias for Citation for Civil Contempt
and for Specific Performance and Money Judgment for Breach of Contract,” wherein she
alleged, among other things, that there were “clerical mistakes” in paragraph 4 of the MDA
regarding the division of marital property. On April 1, 2019, Husband filed a response to
Wife’s Petition, which was heard on January 16, 2020. A number of stipulated exhibits
were admitted into evidence including the parties’ “Mediated Agreement.” On February
5, 2020, the trial court entered an Order on Wife’s Amended Petition. As is relevant to this
appeal, the trial court: (1) reformed paragraph 4(A)(d) of the parties’ MDA on its finding
of mutual mistake; (2) declined to reform paragraph 4(A)(e) of the MDA; (3) entered
judgment for Wife in the amount of $1,631.88 for Husband’s alimony arrears; (4) declined
to find Husband in contempt for failure to pay certain college expenses for the parties’
child; (5) awarded Wife attorney’s fees under the MDA, but reserved ruling on the amount
of same.
On March 4, 2020, Husband filed a Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 59.04 motion
to alter or amend the Judgment entered on February 5, 2020; Wife opposed the motion. On
May 21, 2020, the trial court held a hearing on Husband’s Motion. The trial court noted
that its prior order of February 5, 2020 was interlocutory and subject to modification at any
time before it became final and elected, in its discretion, to address each of Husband’s
contentions and to more fully explain its findings. The trial court’s order from the May 21,
2020 hearing was entered on June 23, 2020. Therein, the trial court: (1) declined to alter or
amend its order of February 5, 2020 with regard to reformation of paragraph 4(A)(d) of the
MDA; (2) amended its February 5, 2020 order to deny Wife judgment for Husband’s
alimony arrears; (3) otherwise affirmed its February 5, 2020 order; and (4) denied the
parties’ requests for attorney’s fees under the MDA. Husband appeals.
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II. Issues
Husband raises several issues in his appellate brief. After reviewing Husband’s
arguments, however, it is clear that the gravamen of his issues involves the trial court’s
reformation of paragraph 4(A)(d) of the parties’ MDA. Accordingly, we restate the issue
as: Whether the trial court erred in reforming paragraph 4(A)(d) of the parties’ MDA on
the ground of mutual mistake.
In the posture of Appellee, Wife raises the following additional issues for review:
1. Did the trial court err by refusing to correct the clerical, mathematical
mistake in Paragraph 4(A)(e) of the parties’ Marital Dissolution Agreement?
2. Did the trial court err by refusing to require Husband to pay for the cash
equivalent of a dorm room and meal plan as required by Paragraph 8 of the
parties’ Marital Dissolution Agreement?
3. Did the trial court err by allowing Husband to offset obligations required
by the Marital Dissolution Agreement and Permanent Parenting Plan with
payments made pursuant to a Consent Order on Temporary Support?
4. Should Husband be required to pay Wife’s attorney fees and suit expenses
from the trial court and on appeal?
III. Standard of Review
The parties’ respective issues involve only the trial court’s interpretation and
enforcement of their MDA. In Tennessee, MDAs are treated as contracts and are subject
to the rules governing construction of contracts. See Barnes v. Barnes, 193 S.W.3d 495,
498 (Tenn. 2006); Honeycutt v. Honeycutt, 152 S.W.3d 556, 561 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003).
In Pitt v. Tyree Organization Ltd., 90 S.W. 3d 244 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002), this Court
explained that
[t]he cardinal rule in the construction of contracts is to ascertain the intent of
the parties. Bradson Mercantile, Inc. v. Crabtree, 1 S.W.3d 648, 652 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 1999) (citing West v. Laminite Plastics Mfg. Co., 674 S.W.2d 310
(Tenn. Ct. App. 1984)). If the contract is plain and unambiguous, the
meaning thereof is a question of law, and it is the Court’s function to interpret
the contract as written according to its plain terms. Id. (citing Petty v. Sloan,
197 Tenn. 630, 277 S.W.2d 355 (Tenn. 1955)). The language used in a
contract must be taken and understood in its plain, ordinary, and popular
sense. Id. (citing Bob Pearsall Motors, Inc. v. Regal Chrysler-Plymouth,
Inc., 521 S.W.2d 578 (Tenn. 1975)). In construing contracts, the words
expressing the parties’ intentions should be given the usual, natural, and
ordinary meaning. Id. (citing Ballard v. North American Life & Cas. Co.,
667 S.W.2d 79 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1983)). If the language of a written
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instrument is unambiguous, the Court must interpret it as written rather than
according to the unexpressed intention of one of the parties. Id. (citing Sutton
v. First Nat. Bank of Crossville, 620 S.W.2d 526 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1981)).
Courts cannot make contracts for parties but can only enforce the contract
which the parties themselves have made. Id. (citing McKee v. Continental
Ins. Co., 234 S.W.2d 830 (Tenn. 1950)).
Id. at 252.
IV. Analysis
A. Paragraph 4(A)(d) of the MDA
As noted above, at the close of mediation, the parties signed off on a “Mediated
Agreement,” which includes the mediator’s notations, to-wit:
7. Although disputed, and in my opinion not a viable element of recover
y in this case,
Mr. Lawrence will designate a $70,000.00 figure as dissipat
ion in this case, one-
otChalf of which or ;37.505).Q0. Mr. Lawrence will transfer
ette.zemainder of his 401(k) account. Counsel for Wife shall
to Mrs. Lawrence the
prepare the QDRO
jte vit.) Sa.,
Wrfe's expense. Additionally, Mr. Lawrence will pay P
Lawrence for the loan and withdrawal he took out against the o Mrs.
1.1'8.)588 co Lt-
'
401(k)to fund this
litigation in the total arnount of $.2867{4/4040. Husband will also
pay to Wife one-
half(%)of the value of the gold and silver at National Security
& Trust that existed
at the time of mediation or $80,722.04. Mr. Lawrence will
pay the surn of the
dissipation figure, the 401(k) loan/withdrawal and the gold
and silver at National
Security & Trust or $243,222.04 to Mrs. Lawrence in monthly
payments of
$10,134.25 over a twenty-four (24) rnonth period beginning thirty
(30)days after
the entry of the Final Decree of Divorce.
Paragraph 4(A)(d) of the parties’ MDA was drafted based on the foregoing section of the
“Mediated Agreement.” This paragraph of the MDA states:
As a division of marital property, Wife will also receive the sum of
$298,588.64 representing one-half of a claimed dissipation by Husband, one-
half of the value of the gold and silver at National Security and Trust that
existed at the time of the mediation, and further representing loans Husband
made and a withdrawal he took out of his 401(K). Such sum shall be paid
over a twenty-four (24) month period in equal installments commencing on
the first day of the first month following the entry of the Final Decree.
Accordingly, Husband shall pay to Wife the sum of $14,441.19 each month
for a period of 24 months . . . .
In its February 5, 2020 order, the trial court found that the parties agreed that the
foregoing section of the MDA contained a drafting mistake:
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Both parties admit that there was a mistake in drafting this provision. Wife
contends that the mistake was that $298,588.64 represented the amount that
Wife was to receive for the loans and withdrawals Husband made from his
401(k) and therefore, she was only to receive a total of $267,516.36.
Regardless, again, both parties admit mistake. Husband, however, is not
seeking reformation.
To resolve this alleged error, the trial court employed the doctrine of mutual mistake to
reform paragraph 4(A)(d). The Tennessee Supreme Court recently addressed the equitable
remedy of reformation on the ground of mutual mistake:
Courts have jurisdiction under Tennessee law to reform written
instruments to accurately reflect the parties’ agreement. Battle v. Claiborne,
133 Tenn. 286, 180 S.W. 584, 587 (1915) (citation omitted); Sikora v.
Vanderploeg, 212 S.W.3d 277, 287 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006) (citing Greer v.
J.T. Fargason Grocer Co., 168 Tenn. 242, 77 S.W.2d 443, 443–44 (1935);
Tenn. Valley Iron & R.R. Co. v. Patterson, 158 Tenn. 429, 14 S.W.2d 726,
727 (1929)). Reformation is an equitable remedy “by which courts may
correct a mistake in a writing ‘so that it fully and accurately reflects the
agreement of the parties.’” Lane v. Spriggs, 71 S.W.3d 286, 289 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 2001) (quoting 22 Tenn. Jur. Rescission, Cancellation and Reformation
§ 46 (1999)).
A court may reform an instrument to correct a mutual mistake.
Sikora, 212 S.W.3d at 286 (citing Alexander v. Shapard, 146 Tenn. 90, 240
S.W. 287, 291-94 (1922); Cromwell v. Winchester, 39 Tenn. 389, 390-91
(1859)); Lane, 71 S.W.3d at 289 (citing Williams v. Botts, 3 S.W.3d 508,
509 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999)). Mutual mistake “is a mistake common to all the
parties to the written contract or the instrument or in other words it is a
mistake of all the parties laboring under the same misconception.” Collier v.
Walls, 51 Tenn. App. 467, 369 S.W.2d 747, 760 (1962). A party seeking to
reform a contract because of mutual mistake must show by clear and
convincing evidence that:
(1) the parties reached a prior agreement regarding some aspect
of the bargain; (2) they intended the prior agreement to be
included in the written contract; (3) the written contract
materially differs from the prior agreement; and (4) the
variation between the prior agreement and the written contract
is not the result of gross negligence on the part of the party
seeking reformation.
Sikora, 212 S.W.3d at 287-88 (footnotes omitted) (citing 7 Corbin on
Contracts § 28.45 at 283; 27 Williston on Contracts §§ 70:19 at 256, 70:23
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at 264-65).
Trent v. Mountain Commerce Bank, 606 S.W.3d 258, 263 (Tenn. 2020).
In finding mutual mistake and reforming the parties’ MDA, the trial court
specifically held:
The clear and unambiguous terms of the Marital Dissolution Agreement state
that Husband will pay to Wife a sum representing one-half of the value of
the gold and silver, one-half of the value of the dissipation, and the loans
Husband made and a withdrawal he took out of his 401(k). While the term
“one-half” modifies the gold and silver and the dissipation, it does not appear
in the language identifying the loan and withdrawal from the 401(k). It is
admitted that the total amount of the withdrawal and loans was $298,588.64.
This is in fact the amount entered into the Marital Dissolution Agreement for
total payment from all three categories, further demonstrating this mistake.
Further, Wife was to receive the entirety of Husband’s 401(k). It is logical
that to effectuate her receipt of 100% of this asset that she would additionally
receive 100% of the loans or withdrawal that he made from the account.
***
The Court finds that, based upon clear and convincing evidence, the
parties agreed that Wife was to receive one-half of the dissipation amount
($37,500), one-half of the value of gold and silver at National Security and
Trust ($80,722.04), and the total amount of the loans or withdrawal from
Husband’s 401(k) ($298,588.64). Thus, the total amount Wife was to receive
is $416,810.68. Per the agreement, this amount is to be paid in twenty-four
monthly increments or at the rate of $17,367.11 per month. Accordingly, the
Marital Dissolution Agreement shall be reformed as such and Wife is entitled
to a judgment in the amount of $88,666.56 representing the deficiency in
payments made from August 2018 through January 2020 ($4,925.92 for 18
months).
On appeal, Wife contends that the trial court’s reformation of paragraph 4(A)(d)
was correct. However, Husband disagrees. As set out in his appellate brief, Husband
argues that:
Admittedly, there is an immaterial math error in the first line [of the
“Mediated Agreement”] where one-half of $70,000 is shown as $37,500 and
not $35,000. This is a nonissue for either party as neither sought correction
or alteration but rather accepted the $37,500. However, what is clear with all
due respect to the trial court (what the Court improperly failed to consider in
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the context of reformation), is that this paragraph reflects the parties’
intended agreement and Former Husband intended to pay $125,000 or one-
half of the total loan of $250,000. However, [the mediator] altered the
numbers pursuant to the parties’ agreement that Former Husband would pay
$149,294.32, which is one-half of the total amount of the loan of
$298,588.64. As the paragraph states, one-half of the dissipation is $37,500.
The $298,588.64 figure being inserted by [the mediator] represented the then
current total amount of the loan(s)/withdrawal(s) (not $250,000), and
$149,294.32 representing one-half of that current amount (not $125,000).
Third, Former Husband will pay $80,722.04 as one-half of the value of the
gold and silver at National Security and Trust. What is clear is that whatever
the total number is, Former Husband is agreeing to pay, and Former Wife is
agreeing to accept, three items, in addition to the remainder of the 401(K),
namely: (1) one-half dissipation - $37,500, (2) one-half of the
loan(s)/withdrawal(s) from 401(K) - $149,294.32, and (3) one-half the value
of the gold and silver at National Security and Trust - $80,722.04. These
three items mathematically will equal a sum certain. That number is
$267,516.36, certainly not $416,810.68 as the trial court ruling determined.
***
Admittedly, and frankly inexplicably, when the MDA got drafted and
signed off on by the parties and their counsel, what was clearly intended to
be the number $267,516.36 (representing one-half of the 401(K)
loan(s)/withdrawal(s), dissipation and gold) was replaced in the MDA
paragraph 4(A)(d) as the $298,588.64 sum certain to be paid Former Wife.
From their respective positions concerning the trial court’s reformation of the MDA,
it is clear that although the parties concede that a mistake was made in the drafting of the
MDA, they do not agree on what that mistake was. In seeking affirmance of the trial court’s
reformation of paragraph 4(A)(d), we infer that Wife is of the opinion that the parties
agreed that she would receive the full amount of Husband’s withdrawal from the 401(k),
i.e., $298,588.64. Husband, however, maintains that the parties agreed that Wife would
receive only one-half of the withdrawn amounts, i.e., $149,294.32. In short, Wife
ostensibly argues that there was no mistake in the MDA, and Husband contends that the
MDA awarded Wife twice the agreed upon amount for his withdrawals from the 401(k).
Stated another way, there is no mutual mistake in this case. As the Tennessee Supreme
Court explained, a “mutual mistake” “is a mistake common to all the parties to the written
contract or the instrument or in other words it is a mistake of all the parties laboring
under the same misconception.” Trent, 606 S.W.3d at 263 (citing Collier, 369 S.W.2d at
760) (emphases added). “Reformation is an equitable remedy ‘by which courts may correct
a mistake in a writing so that it fully and accurately reflects the agreement of the parties.’”
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Id. (citation omitted). Here, the parties do not agree concerning whether Wife was to
receive the full amount of Husband’s 401(k) withdrawal, or whether she was to received
one-half of that amount. In this regard, the parties are not “laboring under the same
misconception.” In the absence of a mutual mistake, the remedy of reformation is not
available, and the trial court erred in reforming paragraph 4(A)(d) of the parties’ MDA.
In the absence of mutual mistake, the trial court’s ability to modify the MDA to
comport with the “Mediated Agreement,” or to otherwise look beyond the four corners of
the MDA, is limited by the parole evidence rule. Parole evidence is only admissible to
remove a latent ambiguity. Ward v. Berry & Assoc. Inc., 614 S.W.2d 372 (Tenn. Ct. App.
1981). However, if the language of a written instrument is unambiguous, the court must
interpret it as written rather than according to the unexpressed intention of one of the
parties. Pitt, 90 S.W. 3d at 252 (citation omitted). A contract is not ambiguous merely
because the parties have different interpretations of the contract’s various provisions,
Cookeville Gynecology & Obstetrics, P.C. v. Southeastern Data Systems, 884 S.W.2d
458, 462 (Tenn. 1994) (citing Oman Constr. Co. v. Tennessee Valley Authority, 486 F.
Supp. 375, 382 (M.D. Tenn. 1979)), nor can this Court create an ambiguity where none
exists in the contract. Id. (citing Edwards v. Travelers Indem. Co., 300 S.W.2d 615, 617–
18 (Tenn. 1957)).
As set out in context above, paragraph 4(A)(d) of the MDA contemplates that Wife
will receive a sum certain of $298,588.64 payable in twenty-four monthly installments of
$12,441.19. A sum certain is not ambiguous. Furthermore, the MDA clearly and
unambiguously states that the $298,588.64 represents “one-half of a claimed dissipation
by Husband, one-half of the value of the gold and silver at National Security and Trust that
existed at the time of mediation, and further represent[s] loans Husband made and a
withdrawal he took out of his 401(k).” There is no ambiguity as the MDA clearly states
that the $298,588.64 represents the sum total of Wife’s interest in the dissipation, the gold
and silver, and the withdrawals from the 401(k). Although the parties may have
contemplated some other arrangement or amounts in their “Mediated Agreement,” the
plain and unambiguous language used in the MDA governs the interpretation of their
contract. If the contract is plain and unambiguous, the meaning thereof is a question of
law, and it is the Court’s function to interpret the contract as written according to its plain
terms. Pitt, 90 S.W.3d at 252 (citing Petty, 277 S.W.2d at 355). As such, under paragraph
4(A)(d), Wife is entitled only to a total of $298,588.64 (not $416,810.68), and Husband is
to pay the $298,588.64 in twenty-four monthly payments of $12,441.19. Accordingly, we
reverse the trial court’s reformation of paragraph 4(A)(d) of the MDA.
B. Paragraph 4(A)(e) of the MDA
Paragraph 4(A)(e) of the parties’ MDA provides, in its entirety, as follows:
Wife shall receive one-half the value of the remaining gold in the total
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approximate amount of $320,625 (Wife’s one-half portion shall equal
$128,250.00). The parties acknowledge that Husband shall cause the gold to
be transferred from Switzerland to the United States as soon as possible, and,
upon receipt of such gold, Husband will use these funds to borrow against
the gold in order to pay to Wife the sum of $128,250.00. . . .
Citing the fact that $128,250.00 is not one-half of $320,625.00, Wife petitioned the trial
court, pursuant to Rules 60.01 and 60.02 of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure, to
correct the alleged clerical mistake to award her $160,312.50 (one-half of $320,625.00).
The trial court denied Wife’s petition, finding, in relevant part:
Like paragraph 4[(A)](d), Wife contends that this paragraph also contains a
mistake that should be reformed. Contrary to Paragraph 4[(A)](d), there is
not clear and convincing proof of a mistake meeting the required elements
for reformation. Husband submits that the parties’ agreed to a sum certain
for Wife to receive. Unlike paragraph 4[(A)](d), this paragraph clearly
reflects a sum certain without any other indications. Husband asserts that
they agreed to a sum certain due to the requirements of him securing the gold
from Switzerland and then obtaining the loan to fund his payment and the
possibility of fluctuations in the price of the gold. Accordingly, Wife has not
shown, by clear and convincing evidence, that reformation of this provision
is appropriate. Wife’s Petition as to paragraph 4[(A)](d) is denied.
Wife’s argument that she is entitled to one-half of $320,625.00, i.e., $160,312.50 as
opposed to the $128,250.00 stated in the MDA, ignores the modifying language “total
approximate amount.” By including this adjectival phrase to modify the $320,625.00, the
parties clearly expressed their intent that the $320,625.00 is not a sum certain. Rather, the
$320,625.00 is a mere approximation. The only sum certain in paragraph 4(A)(e) of the
MDA is the $128,250.00 amount. As discussed above, a sum certain is not ambiguous.
By giving full effect to all clauses and words in the parties’ contract, the clear and
unambiguous language shows the parties’ intent that Wife’s portion of this marital asset
“shall equal $128,250.00,” and that Husband will “pay to Wife the sum of $128,250.00.”
As such, the trial court did not err in denying Wife’s petition to reform or otherwise modify
the $128,250.00 amount.
C. Paragraph 8 of the MDA
Paragraph 8 of the MDA provides, in relevant part:
BENEFITS FOR ADULT CHILDREN. Husband shall provide the
following benefits for the parties’ adult children.
***
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B. In the event the parties’ children attend college immediately after high
school . . . Husband agrees to pay one hundred percent of the tuition, books,
sorority/fraternity fees, the cash equivalent of a dorm room and meal plan,
and reasonable college fees for [the parties’ children] . . . .
It is undisputed that the parties’ eldest son attended college but lived with Wife for
the Fall 2018 and Spring 2019 semesters. Wife petitioned the trial court alleging that
Husband was in civil contempt of paragraph 8 of the MDA and requested specific
performance and judgment against Husband based on his alleged failure to pay to Wife the
“cash equivalent of dorm room and meal plan” for the Fall 2018 and Spring 2019 semesters,
when the parties’ son lived with Wife. The trial court denied Wife’s petition. In its
February 5, 2020 order, the trial court stated:
Wife contends that Husband is required to pay to her the cash
equivalent of the cost of the dorm room and meal plan [for the parties’ son]
while he attended [college] and lived with her. The Court has reviewed the
language of the Marital Dissolution Agreement. The provision regarding
college expenses is clear when read in whole. Wife cannot separate out only
one sentence to the exclusion of the remaining provision. Section 8 is clear
and unambiguous that Husband is contractually obligating himself to pay for
college expenses and college related expenses for the benefit of the adult
children. These are obligations that, absent this agreement, Husband would
not be obligated to pay. The provision repeatedly uses the term expenses.
Black’s Law Dictionary defines “Expenses” as “an expenditure of money,
time, labor, or resources to accomplish a result.” Further, it is clear from the
terms of this provision that the beneficiaries of [Paragraph] 8 are the parties’
adult children. It is not intended to provide further support for Wife.
Therefore, the clear and unambiguous provisions within [Paragraph] 8 state
that Husband is responsible for payment of college expenses incurred by the
adult children.
While Wife asserts that she incurred additional expenses for the adult
child to reside in her home, there is no proof that the adult child incurred
living expenses equivalent to dorm room and meal plan. Consequently,
Husband does not owe this amount to Wife and is therefore, not in contempt
of Court. Moreover, even if expenses incurred by Wife were collectible
under this provision, which the Court does not find they are, there is no proof
as to the amount of any expenses incurred from which the Court could issue
judgment.
Additionally, while the Court does not find this provision ambiguous
and therefore, does not look outside the four corners of the Agreement, if the
provision was ambiguous the Court could consider evidence outside the four
corners of the Agreement. If the Court did so, the Court would credit
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Husband’s testimony that the terms “cash equivalent” referred to payment
for a living expense such as an apartment that would replace the cost of a
dorm room and meal plan. Again, the incurrence of such expense would be
necessary.
The trial court’s order is well reasoned. The plain and unambiguous language of paragraph
8 clearly indicates that Husband’s agreement to pay college expenses inured to the benefit
of the children and not to Wife, i.e., “Husband shall provide the following benefits for the
parties’ adult children.” (Emphasis added). The MDA further states that “Husband
agrees to pay one hundred percent of the tuition, books, sorority/fraternity fees, the cash
equivalent of a dorm room and meal plan, and reasonable college fees for [the parties’
children].” There is no language in the MDA to indicate that Husband is to pay or
reimburse Wife for any of the enumerated expenses. Rather, he undertakes “to pay”
directly the expenses incurred by the children during the course of their college careers.
Furthermore, the MDA conditions Husband’s obligation to pay these expenses “upon each
child’s executing all documents necessary for the Father to obtain all information on the
child’s grades, transcript, attendance, financial information. . . .” Nowhere in paragraph 8
is Wife mentioned, so we agree with the trial court’s assessment that paragraph 8 “is not
intended to provide further support for Wife.” Given the fact that the parties’ son is an
adult, Wife could have refused to allow him to live in her home during his tenure at college.
Under that scenario, Husband would have been obligated to pay the son’s expenses to live
in a dorm or an apartment. However, Wife’s allowing her adult son to live with her was
an act of largesse. As such, even though she may have incurred expenses for the son’s
necessaries during those two semesters, such amounts are not reimbursable to Wife under
paragraph 8 of the MDA, and the trial court correctly held that Husband was not in
contempt for failure to pay same.
D. August 2018 Support
On March 2, 2018, the parties entered into a Consent Order on Temporary Support,
under which Wife received payments totaling $30,000.00 per month during the pendency
of the divorce. The $30,000.00 was paid as follows: $7,500.00 on the 11th of each month;
two payments on the 15th of each month totaling $9,168.46 (i.e., one payment of $5,831.54
and another for $3,336.92); $7,500.00 on the 25th of each month; and $5,831.54 on the last
day of each month.
The parties executed their MDA on July 17, 2018. Beginning on August 1, 2018,
the parties’ MDA and Permanent Parenting Plan provided that Husband would pay Wife
the sum of $69,881.00 per month in alimony, child support, and property settlement. The
parties’ MDA further provides that:
By signing this Agreement, the parties stipulate to these terms being
enforceable as if they were, at the moment of signing, an order of this Court;
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and
***
(13) MISCELLANEOUS
(a) The parties hereby acknowledge that this Agreement contains an
equitable settlement of any support issues and property rights between them
***
(c) Except as otherwise herein expressly provided, the parties shall and do
hereby mutually [] release and forever discharge each other from any and all
actions, suits, debts, claims, demands and obligations whatsoever, both at
law and in equity, which either of them ever had, now have or may hereafter
have against the other party up to the date of this Agreement.
It is undisputed that, after the parties signed the MDA on July 17, 2018, Wife
received, by direct deposit, $7,500.00 on July 25, 2018 and $7,536.58 on July 31, 2018.
When Husband paid his August 2018 support obligation, he reduced the $69,881.19 by the
$15,036.58 in total payments made on July 25 and July 31, 2018. In her brief to this Court,
Wife argues that Husband was not entitled to this offset, to-wit:
In August of 2018, Husband paid to Wife only $54,844.61. Husband reduced
the $69,881.19 owed for August 2018 by the $15,036.58 that Husband paid
in July 2018 pursuant to the Consent Order on Temporary Support, but after
the MDA was signed. Wife never contemplated that the MDA would absolve
Husband of his obligation to pay the full $30,000 in temporary support for
July 2018. Thus, Wife contended that Husband owed the $15,036.58 that he
failed to pay in August 2018.
Husband has argued that the parties’ MDA did not incorporate the
Consent Order on Temporary Support. However, more importantly, the
parties’ MDA did not expressly extinguish Husband’s obligation to pay
$30,000 per month for the month of July 2018. Moreover, the MDA did not
provide for any type of offset of the payments due by August 1, 2018 for any
payments made by Husband prior to that date.
Plainly and simply, the Consent Order on Temporary Support
required Husband to pay $30,000 per month through July 2018; and the
MDA and PPP required Husband to begin paying $69,881.19 per month in
August 2018. Husband made the July 2018 payments. He did not make all of
his August 2018 payments.
The trial court disagreed with Wife’s position. Relying on the foregoing section of the
parties’ MDA, the trial court held:
It is clear from the unambiguous language of the Marital Dissolution
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Agreement that the parties intended the Marital Dissolution Agreement to
govern their relations upon execution. It is further clear from the Marital
Dissolution Agreement, that they waived any other obligations and/or claims
that may have existed upon execution of the Marital Dissolution Agreement.
To the extent that Wife had a claim for ongoing temporary alimony payments
following the divorce, for the remainder of July 2018, Wife expressly waived
those by entering into the Marital Dissolution Agreement. The Court does
not find that Wife is entitled to the remainder of the payments following the
entry of the Final Decree of Divorce. Accordingly, Husband is entitled to
credit in the amount of $15,036.58 for the payments made in July following
the entry of the Final Decree of Divorce ($7,500 on the 25th and $7,536.58
on the 31st).
Husband, however, has not paid the full amount due prior to the
execution of the Marital Dissolution Agreement and entry of the Final Decree
of Divorce. Prior to the execution of the Marital Dissolution Agreement,
Husband paid $15,036.58 ($7,500.00 on the 11th and $7,536.58 on the 13th).
He, however, owed $16,668.46 ($7,500 due on the 11th, [$9,168.46] due on
the 15th . . .). Therefore, Husband had a deficiency of $1,631.88.
Accordingly, he was only entitled to deduct $13,404.70. Accordingly,
Husband owes to Wife the sum of $1,631.88 for August 2018 alimony
payments. Wife is entitled to judgment against Husband in the amount of
$1,631.88. The Court declines to hold Husband in contempt for this amount
as this was a mathematical error that even the parties and counsel did not
appear to catch.
Based on Husband’s alleged failure to pay Wife the full amount of August 2018 support,
the trial court held that it was required, under the plain language of the MDA (see infra),
to award Wife her attorney’s fees. The trial court reserved the issue of the amount of
attorney’s fees pending hearing. Before the hearing on attorney fees occurred, Husband
filed a Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 59.04 motion to alter or amend the trial court’s
February 5, 2020 order. By order of June 23, 2020, the trial court granted Husband’s
motion in part. As is relevant here, the trial court held:
As set forth in the February 5, 2020 Order, in the Marital Dissolution
Agreement, the parties released any and all claims that either had against the
other. At the time of signing the Marital Dissolution Agreement, Wife had a
claim for the shortfall in the temporary support as found in the February 5,
2020 Order. As such, by executing the Marital Dissolution Agreement, Wife
released and discharged that claim. Therefore, the Court modifies the
February 5, 2020 Order to find that Wife is not entitled to any further
amounts for the temporary support and such claims should be dismissed. As
such, the Court also modifies its award of attorney’s fees to Wife on this
issue.
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The trial court did not err in allowing Husband to offset the support amounts paid
after the parties entered the MDA on July 17, 2018. As set out in context above, under
the plain language of the MDA, the parties agreed to “release and forever discharge each
other from any and all actions, suits, debts, claims, demands and obligations . . . which
either of them ever had, now have or may hereafter have against the other party up to the
date of this Agreement.” (Emphasis added). The Temporary Consent Order on Support
obligated Husband to pay monthly support, but, under the foregoing clause of the MDA,
Wife agreed to release Husband of that obligation as of the July 17, 2018 date of the MDA.
Therefore, under the plain language of the MDA, and as correctly found by the trial court
in its June 23, 2020 order, Wife waived any payments made by Husband after July 17,
2018. It is undisputed that Husband paid Wife $7,500.00 on July 25, 2018 and an additional
$7,536.58 on July 31, 2018, for a total of $15,036.58. For the foregoing reasons, Wife was
not entitled to these payments. As such, Husband was not in contempt of any order when
he reduced his August 2018 payment by the $15,036.58 he overpaid in July 2018.
E. Attorney’s Fees
Paragraph 13(g) of the parties’ MDA provides:
Should either party fail to abide by or perform the agreements herein, he or
she shall be liable to the other party for all reasonable attorney fees, costs and
expenses incurred by the other in securing performance.
In Eberbach v. Eberbach, 535 S.W.3d 467, 478 (Tenn. 2017), the Tennessee Supreme
Court has explained the effect of a contractual attorney fee provision as follows:
Our courts long have observed at the trial court level that parties are
contractually entitled to recover their reasonable attorney’s fees when they
have an agreement that provides the prevailing party in a litigation is entitled
to such fees. In such cases, the trial court does not have the discretion to set
aside the parties’ agreement and supplant it with its own judgment. The sole
discretionary judgment that the trial court may make is to determine the
amount of attorney’s fees that is reasonable within the circumstances. The
same is and must be true of our appellate courts.
(Citations omitted). Statutory authority likewise provides for the payment of attorney fees
related to enforcement of alimony. Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-5-103(c)
provides that:
A prevailing party may recover reasonable attorney’s fees, which may be
fixed and allowed in the court’s discretion, from the non-prevailing party in
any criminal or civil contempt action or other proceeding to enforce, alter,
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change, or modify any decree of alimony, child support, or provision of a
permanent parenting plan order, or in any suit or action concerning the
adjudication of the custody or change of custody of any children, both upon
the original divorce hearing and at any subsequent hearing.
Wife relies on the paragraph 13(g) of the MDA and Tennessee Code Annotated section 35-
5-103(c) in arguing that she is entitled to both trial and appellate attorney’s fees.
Starting with the language of the MDA, in order for Husband to be liable for Wife’s
attorney’s fees under paragraph 13(g), supra, he would have to “fail to abide by or perform
the agreements [contained in the MDA].” Based on the foregoing discussion, Husband did
not fail to abide by the MDA. We have affirmed the trial court’s holding that Husband was
not in contempt for either failing to reimburse Wife for their son’s college expenses, or for
failure to pay the full measure of his August 2018 support obligation. There is no evidence
that Husband failed to abide by any provision of the MDA. As such, paragraph 13(g) of
the MDA is not triggered.
Concerning whether Wife is entitled to recoupment of her trial and appellate
attorney’s fees under Tennessee Code Annotated section 35-5-103(c), in order to trigger
the statute Wife would have to be the “prevailing party.” She is not. We have reversed the
trial court’s reformation of paragraph 4(A)(d) of the MDA, which is a ruling in favor of
Husband. Furthermore, we have affirmed the trial court’s holdings concerning the denial
of reimbursement for the son’s college expenses and Husband’s alleged shortfall in the
August 2018 support payments. Finally, we have declined to reverse or modify the trial
court’s decision to deny reformation of paragraph 4(A)(e) of the MDA. As such, Wife is
not entitled to recover her attorney’s fees under the statute.
V. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the trial court’s reformation of paragraph
4(A)(d) of the parties’ MDA. The trial court’s orders are otherwise affirmed, and the case
is remanded for such further proceedings as may be necessary and are consistent with this
opinion. Costs of the appeal are assessed to the Appellee, Cynthia Lawrence, for all of
which execution may issue if necessary.
s/ Kenny Armstrong
KENNY ARMSTRONG, JUDGE
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