The opinion
09/27/2021
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
August 18, 2021 Session
IN RE RYAT M.
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Macon County
No. 2019-CV-18, 2018-JV-35 Clara W. Byrd, Judge
___________________________________
No. M2020-00156-COA-R3-JV
___________________________________
In this dependency and neglect case, the juvenile court found the child dependent and
neglected and awarded custody to Appellees, maternal grandparents. Appellant/father
failed to timely perfect an appeal of the juvenile court’s final order in the dependency and
neglect matter. However, father filed a petition to set aside or vacate the same, which the
juvenile court denied. On appeal, the circuit court accepted jurisdiction over the
dependency and neglect matter, and conducted a de novo hearing; however, the circuit
court denied hearing as to “other issues,” including father’s petition to set aside or vacate
order. We conclude that the circuit court lacked jurisdiction to review the dependency and
neglect petition; as such, we vacate the circuit court’s order on dependency and neglect for
lack of jurisdiction. Because there is a question as to whether father’s notice of appeal
concerning his motion to set aside or vacate order conferred jurisdiction on the circuit court
to review that motion, we vacate the portion of the circuit court’s order wherein it
determined that it would hear no other issues on appeal. We remand to the circuit court for
determination of whether father perfected an appeal of the juvenile court’s order denying
his motion to set aside or vacate order. If the circuit court determines that father perfected
the appeal, then the circuit court should proceed with de novo review of father’s motion.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court
Vacated and Remanded with Instructions.
KENNY ARMSTRONG, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which ANDY D. BENNETT,
J., and J. STEVEN STAFFORD, P.J., W.S., joined.
Melissa Morris Baker, Brentwood, Tennessee, for the appellant, James H.1
Lisa C. Cothron, Lafayette, Tennessee, for the appellees, Kristy M., and Mark M.
1
In cases involving minor children, it is the policy of this Court to redact the parties’ names to
protect their identities.
OPINION
I. Background
In June 2014, Ryat M. (the “Child”) was born to Lindsey M. (“Mother”) and James
H. (“Father” or “Appellant”). Mother and Father were never married and are no longer in
a relationship. The Child has resided with his maternal grandparents, Kristy M. and Mark
M. (“Grandparents” or “Appellees”), for the majority of his life. On March 1, 2018, in the
Juvenile Court of Macon County (the “Juvenile Court”), the Grandparents filed a petition
to declare the Child dependent and neglected and for temporary legal custody. That same
day, the Juvenile Court awarded the Grandparents temporary custody of the Child and set
the matter for a preliminary hearing. Although she was served with the petition, Mother
failed to appear for the preliminary hearing, which resulted in a waiver. The Juvenile Court
found that Father was not entitled to a preliminary hearing because: (1) he and Mother were
never married; (2) there had been no prior adjudication of his parentage;2 and (3) custody
of the Child lay solely with Mother when the petition was filed.
On August 2, 2018, the Juvenile Court held an adjudicatory hearing as to Mother
only. Mother again failed to appear. By order of September 6, 2018, the Juvenile Court
declared the Child “dependent and neglected as to Mother based upon the statements of the
sworn petition . . . .” Mother has not appealed any of the Juvenile Court’s orders, and she
is not a party to this appeal.
On September 10, 2018, the Juvenile Court conducted an adjudicatory hearing as to
Father. By order of September 25, 2018 (the “original adjudicatory order”), the Juvenile
Court found that: (1) the Child was dependent and neglected as to Father; (2) “Father [had]
willfully failed to support, visit, or provide any necessities [for the Child] since January
2017;” and (3) “the [C]hild [would] suffer substantial harm if he [was] removed from the
continuous care of” the Grandparents. The Juvenile Court ordered that the Child would
remain in the Grandparents’ custody. The original adjudicatory order provided that it was
a final order and that any appeal therefrom should be made to the circuit court within ten
days following the entry of the order. Father did not appeal this order.
On October 26, 2018, Father filed a petition for custody modification asking the
Juvenile Court to place the Child in his custody. On October 29, 2018, the Grandparents
filed an answer to Father’s petition. On November 1, 2018, the Juvenile Court conducted
a review hearing in the dependency and neglect matter. On November 14, 2018, the
Juvenile Court entered several orders. Relevant to this appeal, the Juvenile Court entered
an order amending the original adjudicatory order (the “amended adjudicatory order”) to
provide that “the September hearing was both . . . [a]djudicatory and [d]ispositional, and
2
During the pendency of this case, Father was determined to be the Child’s biological father via a
paternity test.
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that it represent[ed] a final order.” Father did not appeal this order.
On November 29, 2018, Father filed a motion to set aside or vacate several orders
including the original adjudicatory order. The next day, Father filed a motion for change
of custody, again asking the Juvenile Court to award him custody of the Child. The
Grandparents filed replies to both of these motions in early December 2018.
On December 12, 2018, the Juvenile Court entered an order concerning Father’s
retroactive child support obligation. On December 22, 2018, Father filed a notice of appeal
(the “first notice”) in the Juvenile Court, wherein he stated that he was appealing the
Juvenile Court’s decision of December 12, 2018. By order of January 18, 2019, the
Juvenile Court entered a visitation schedule between Father and the Child. That same day,
the Juvenile Court set a hearing for April 12, 2019 on Father’s motion to set aside or vacate
order as well as his petition and motion for custody. On January 31, 2019, Father filed his
second notice of appeal (the “second notice”) in the Juvenile Court, wherein he stated that
he was appealing “the decision of the Juvenile Court entered on the 18th of December 2019
[sic].” Apparently, Father misstated the date of the order appealed because the Juvenile
Court did not enter an order on December 18, 2019.
On February 19, 2019, a “notice of filing appeal” was filed in the Circuit Court of
Macon County (the “trial court”) along with Father’s appeal bond for costs. On February
25, 2019, counsel for both parties appeared before the trial court. The trial court ruled that
Father’s appeal was premature and noted that Father’s motion to set aside or vacate order
was set for April 12, 2019 in the Juvenile Court.
On April 12, 2019, the Juvenile Court heard Father’s: (1) October 26, 2018 petition
for custody modification; (2) November 29, 2018 motion to set aside or vacate order; and
(3) November 30, 2018 motion for change of custody. By order entered April 24, 2019,
the Juvenile Court dismissed Father’s petition for custody modification and his motion for
change of custody; the trial court also denied Father’s motion to set aside or vacate order.
Following entry of the Juvenile Court’s April 24, 2019 orders, the trial court resumed
hearing the case. By order entered, nunc pro tunc, on November 13, 2019, the trial court
found that
3. . . . the Notice of Appeal, which was prematurely filed, is now applicable
only to the [dependency and neglect] [p]etition, and no other issues will be
considered.
4. The Appeal was perfected, as to the [a]mended [dependency and neglect]
[a]djudicatory [o]rder, filed November 14, 2018.
The trial court also set a de novo trial for November 13 and 14, 2019 “as to the Adjudicatory
Hearing held on September 10, 2018.” By order of January 23, 2020, the trial court found
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that the Child was dependent and neglected as to Father, and that custody of the Child
should remain with the Grandparents. Father appeals.
II. Issues
Upon review, we conclude that the dispositive issues in the case are:
1. Whether the trial court acquired jurisdiction to conduct a de novo review
of the dependency and neglect petition.
2. Whether the trial court should have conducted a de novo review of
Father’s motion to set aside or vacate order.
III. Standard of Review
The issues in this case are purely procedural, presenting questions of law rather than
fact. Accordingly, our review is de novo, and we accord no deference to the trial court’s
conclusions of law. See Brunswick Acceptance Co., LLC v. MEJ, LLC, 292 S.W.3d 638,
642 (Tenn. 2008).
IV. Analysis
Before addressing the issues on appeal, we first examine the unique characteristics
of dependency and neglect proceedings. As an initial matter, Tennessee Code Annotated
section 37-1-103(a)(1) vests juvenile courts with exclusive jurisdiction over these
proceedings. Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-103(a)(1). This exclusive jurisdiction continues
until one of the following occurs: (1) the case is dismissed; (2) the custody determination
is transferred to another court; or (3) a petition for adoption is filed. Tenn. Code Ann. §
37-1-103(c). Accordingly, absent one of the foregoing events, once a juvenile court’s
jurisdiction vests in a dependency and neglect proceeding, that court continues to hear any
subsequent matters in that case. See In re Brian G., No. M2017-01586-COA-R3-JV, 2018
WL 4181474, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 30, 2018). Thus, as discussed further, infra, a
juvenile court may enter multiple final and appealable orders in a case even after it has
concluded the dependency and neglect portion of that case.
The appeals process in dependency and neglect proceedings is also somewhat
unique. Litigants wishing to appeal “any final order or judgment” from a dependency and
neglect proceeding in juvenile court may do so by filing an appeal with the circuit court,
rather than with this Court. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-159(a) (emphasis added). The
appeal must be filed and perfected within ten days following the entry of the juvenile
court’s final order. Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-159(a); see also Tenn. R. Juv. P. 118(e) (“[a]n
appeal may be filed with the clerk of the juvenile court within 10 days of the entry of the
final order.”). A party perfects an appeal when a notice of appeal is filed and:
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(1) a filing fee is paid, or bond in lieu of the filing fee is posted;
(2) an affidavit of indigency is filed within the applicable time period and an
order allowing filing on a pauper’s oath is subsequently entered; or
(3) the court has previously determined the appellant to be indigent.
Tenn. R. Juv. P. 118(f). Only after an appeal is timely filed and properly perfected does
the circuit court acquire jurisdiction to “hear the testimony of witnesses and try the case de
novo.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-159(a).
As mentioned, supra, a juvenile court may enter multiple final orders in a
proceeding that began as a dependency and neglect matter. Thus, circuit courts may
entertain multiple appeals from these cases. Indeed, the Tennessee Supreme Court has
reiterated that any final order appealed from a dependency and neglect proceeding, even
after the dependency and neglect matter has concluded, is properly appealed to the circuit
court rather than to this Court. In Tennessee Department of Children’s Services v. Owens,
129 S.W.3d 50 (Tenn. 2004), after the Tennessee Department of Children’s Services
(“DCS”) filed a petition to declare a child dependent and neglected, the child’s aunt and
uncle filed a petition to intervene and for temporary custody. Id. at 52. Although the
juvenile court later declared the child dependent and neglected, entered a final order
terminating parental rights, and awarded custody of the child to DCS, it continued to
exercise jurisdiction over that proceeding. Id. at 53; see also Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-
103(c). Under its continuing jurisdiction, the juvenile court entered a subsequent final
order denying the aunt and uncle’s petition. Id. When the aunt and uncle appealed the
denial of their petition to the circuit court, the circuit court dismissed the appeal for lack of
jurisdiction. Id. On appeal, the Tennessee Supreme Court held that the aunt and uncle’s
appeal was properly before the circuit court because it was “connected to the dependency
and neglect proceeding”—this despite DCS’ petition and the order terminating parental
rights. Id. at 54-55. In short, because the order appealed arose from the dependency and
neglect proceeding, the juvenile court had continuing jurisdiction to hear it, and any appeal
of an order therefrom was within the jurisdiction of the circuit court under Tennessee Code
Annotated section 37-1-159(a). Id. at 55.
The Tennessee Supreme Court confirmed its Owens holding in In re D.Y.H., 226
S.W.3d 327 (Tenn. 2007). In that case, the juvenile court also acquired jurisdiction over
the action through the filing of a dependency and neglect petition. Id. at 328; see also
Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-103(a)(1). The juvenile court entered a final order determining
that the child was dependent and neglected as to the mother and awarded custody to the
father. Id. Three years later, the mother filed a petition for change of custody. Id. After
the juvenile court entered a final order that denied the mother’s petition, she appealed the
denial to the circuit court. Id. The circuit court dismissed the mother’s appeal “ruling that
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the petition for a change in custody was unrelated to the dependency and neglect
proceeding, and, accordingly, any appeal should be filed in the Court of Appeals . . . .” Id.
at 328-29. On appeal, the Tennessee Supreme Court first explained that the juvenile court
originally acquired jurisdiction over the case through a dependency and neglect
proceeding. Id. at 331. Because there was never an “interrupting event” that stripped the
juvenile court of its continuing jurisdiction, it heard the mother’s petition for change of
custody under that continuing dependency and neglect jurisdiction. Id.; see also Tenn.
Code Ann. § 37-1-103(c). Accordingly, any subsequent final order by the juvenile court
concerning “whether to modify an initial custody order [would] also arise from and be a
part of the dependency and neglect proceeding.” Id. So, jurisdiction over any appeal from
such custody decision would lie with the circuit court under Tennessee Code Annotated
section 37-1-159(a). Id. With the foregoing law in mind, we turn to address the issues
before us.
A. Trial Court’s Adjudication of Dependency and Neglect Petition
Although not raised as an issue on appeal, we first address the trial court’s exercise
of jurisdiction over the dependency and neglect petition. Under Rule 13(b) of the
Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure, this Court is required to “consider whether the
trial and appellate court have jurisdiction over the subject matter” even if the issue is not
presented for review. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(b). Subject matter jurisdiction “involves a
court’s power to adjudicate a particular controversy brought before it.” First Am. Tr. Co.
v. Franklin-Murray Dev. Co., L.P., 59 S.W.3d 135, 140 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001) (citing
Northland Ins. Co. v. State, 33 S.W.3d 727, 729 (Tenn. 2000); Cashion v. Robertson, 955
S.W.2d 60, 63 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997)). “A court’s subject matter jurisdiction is derived—
‘either explicitly or by necessary implication’—from the state constitution or statute.”
Jack R. Owen Revocable Tr. v. City of Germantown, No. W2018-01662-COA-R3-CV,
2019 WL 2233886, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 23, 2019) (quoting Benson v. Herbst, 240
S.W.3d 235, 239 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007)). “The existence of subject matter jurisdiction
depends on ‘the nature of the cause of action and the relief sought.’” Jack R. Owen
Revocable Tr., 2019 WL 2233886, at *2 (quoting Landers v. Jones, 872 S.W.2d 674, 675
(Tenn. 1994)). “[W]hen an appellate court determines that a trial court lacked subject
matter jurisdiction, it must vacate the judgment and dismiss the case without reaching the
merits of the appeal.” Hirt v. Metro. Bd. of Zoning Appeals of Metro. Gov’t of Nashville,
542 S.W.3d 524, 527 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2016) (quoting First Am. Trust Co., 59 S.W.3d at
141).
Here, the Juvenile Court acquired exclusive jurisdiction over this case on the
Grandparents’ filing of the dependency and neglect petition. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-
1-103(a)(1). Relevant to the dependency and neglect matter, the Juvenile Court entered
two adjudicatory orders concerning Father: (1) the September 25, 2018 original
adjudicatory order; and (2) the November 14, 2018 amended adjudicatory order. The
original adjudicatory order specifically stated that it was a final order as to the dependency
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and neglect matter, and that any appeal therefrom should be made to the trial court within
ten days of its entry. The amended adjudicatory order clarified that the September hearing
and order were adjudicatory and dispositional and represented a final order. Father failed
to timely perfect an appeal as to either of these orders. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-159(a);
Tenn. R. Juv. P. 118(e), (f). Although the Juvenile Court had already declared the Child
dependent and neglected and ordered that custody should remain with the Grandparents,
the order of January 18, 2019 resolved the issue of visitation between Father and the Child.
Father failed to timely perfect an appeal as to this order as well. See Tenn. Code Ann. §
37-1-159(a); Tenn. R. Juv. P. 118(e), (f).
It is clear that the Juvenile Court entered a final order in the dependency and neglect
portion of this case no later than January 18, 2019. We need not determine which of the
above orders constituted the “final order” because Father failed to timely perfect an appeal
as to any of them. Indeed, in his reply brief to this Court and at oral argument, Father
conceded that he failed to perfect an appeal to the trial court of the Juvenile Court’s final
dependency and neglect order. Counsel for the Grandparents also acknowledged this fact
at oral argument.3 Because Father failed to properly perfect an appeal of the Juvenile
Court’s final dependency and neglect order(s), the trial court never acquired subject matter
jurisdiction to conduct a de novo hearing on the question of dependency and neglect, see
Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-159(a); First Am. Tr. Co., 59 S.W.3d at 140, and it was plain
error for the trial court to conduct the hearing and to enter judgment on same. Accordingly,
we vacate the trial court’s January 23, 2020 order adjudicating the dependency and neglect
petition. See Hirt, 542 S.W.3d at 527.
B. Trial Court’s Adjudication of Father’s Motion to Set Aside or Vacate Order
Having vacated the trial court’s order on the dependency and neglect petition, we
turn to address whether the trial court should have conducted a de novo review of any of
the Juvenile Court’s subsequent orders. As discussed, supra, our laws allow a juvenile
court to enter multiple final orders in proceedings arising from dependency and neglect
matters even after the dependency and neglect portion of the case has ended. See In re
D.Y.H., 226 S.W.3d at 331; Owens, 129 S.W.3d at 54-55; see also In re Brian G., 2018
WL 4181474, at *2. Thus, circuit courts may entertain multiple appeals from these cases.
See Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-159(a); see also In re D.Y.H., 226 S.W.3d at 331; Owens,
129 S.W.3d at 54-55. In its November 13, 2019 order, the trial court ruled that it would
review only the dependency and neglect petition and would consider “no other issues.”
Father argues that this was error. Specifically, Father alleges that the trial court should
have conducted a de novo review of the Juvenile Court’s April 24, 2019 order denying his
3
We note that the Grandparents also filed a motion to dismiss unperfected appeal in the trial court
wherein they argued that Father failed to timely perfect an appeal of the Juvenile Court’s dependency and
neglect order.
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motion to set aside or vacate order.4
As an initial matter, we reiterate that, on November 29, 2018, Father filed a motion
seeking to set aside or vacate several of the Juvenile Court’s orders from the dependency
and neglect proceeding, including the original adjudicatory order. Thus, it is clear that this
motion and order arose from the initial dependency and neglect matter. See In re D.Y.H.,
226 S.W.3d at 331; Owens, 129 S.W.3d at 54-55. Also, it does not appear that there was
an “interrupting event” that stripped the Juvenile Court of its continuing jurisdiction over
the case. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-103(c); In re D.Y.H., 226 S.W.3d at 331.
Accordingly, we conclude that the Juvenile Court’s entry of the April 24, 2019 order
denying Father’s motion to set aside or vacate order was proper under its continuing
dependency and neglect jurisdiction. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-103(c). Therefore, if
the Juvenile Court’s April 24, 2019 order was both final and properly appealed, then the
trial court should have reviewed it under Tennessee Code Annotated section 37-1-159(a).
We turn to those questions now.
Father filed his motion to set aside or vacate order under Tennessee Code Annotated
section 37-1-139(a) and Tennessee Rule of Juvenile Practice and Procedure 310(b).
Tennessee Code Annotated section 37-1-139(a) provides that an order of the juvenile court
shall be set aside if:
(1) It was obtained by fraud or mistake sufficient to satisfy the legal
requirements in any other civil action;
(2) The court lacked jurisdiction over a necessary party or of the subject
matter; or
(3) Newly discovered evidence so requires.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-139(a). Similarly, under Tennessee Rule of Juvenile Procedure
310(b), in dependency and neglect proceedings, an order of the juvenile court shall be set
aside if:
(1) It was obtained by fraud or mistake sufficient to satisfy the legal
requirements for relief in any other civil action;
(2) The court lacked jurisdiction over a necessary party or of the subject
matter; or
4
The Juvenile Court also entered orders denying Father’s petition and motion for custody.
However, because Father’s stated issues on appeal to this Court concern only the motion to set aside or
vacate order, we do not address the trial court’s failure to review the Juvenile Court’s orders concerning
Father’s petition and motion for custody.
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(3) Newly discovered evidence so requires. The court must determine that,
with regard to such newly discovered evidence, the movant was without fault
in failing to present such evidence at the original proceeding, and that such
evidence may have resulted in a different judgment at the original
proceeding.
Tenn. R. Juv. P. 310(b). Pertinent here, in his motion, Father argued that the original
adjudicatory order should be set aside or vacated because: (1) it was obtained by fraud or
mistake; (2) the Juvenile Court lacked jurisdiction over a necessary party or over the
subject matter; and (3) newly discovered evidenced so required. Although we review the
requirements for setting aside orders in the Juvenile Court, in this appeal, we are not
concerned with the substance of Father’s motion. Rather, we are charged to address
whether the trial court had jurisdiction over the Juvenile Court’s order denying Father’s
motion. We now turn to that question.
This Court has specifically addressed whether a juvenile court order denying a
petition to vacate was a final order that was appealable to the circuit court in In re A.W.,
No. E2011-01427-COA-R3-JV, 2012 WL 403869 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 9, 2012).5 In re
A.W. began in the juvenile court as an unruly child proceeding.6 Id. at *1. In February
2010, the juvenile court found the child to be an “unruly child” and placed him on
probation. Id. Later, in January 2011, the child filed a petition to vacate, arguing that there
were constitutional, procedural, and jurisdictional defects in the original proceeding when
the juvenile court found him to be an unruly child. Id. The juvenile court denied the
petition to vacate on January 26, 2011, and the child appealed the denial to the circuit court
on February 3, 2011, which was within the ten-day period for appeals. Id. On a motion
from the State of Tennessee, the circuit court dismissed the child’s appeal stating that the
time to appeal a final order had expired. Id. In reversing the circuit court, this Court
explained that juvenile courts have exclusive, continuing jurisdiction over unruly child
(and dependency and neglect) proceedings, and that an appeal from any final order in such
proceedings may be made to the circuit court for a de novo review. Id. at *3-4. We
concluded that, because the juvenile court’s order denying the child’s petition to vacate
constituted a final appealable order, and because the child timely appealed the denial of the
same to the circuit court, the circuit court had jurisdiction to conduct a de novo review of
the petition to vacate. Id. at *4.
5
We note that In re A.W. was one of four cases this Court consolidated due to a common question
of law. See In re M.R., No. E2011-01428-COA-R3-JV, 2012 WL 403876, at *1 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 9,
2012); In re B.R., No. E2011-01425-COA-R3-JV, 2012 WL 403871, at *1 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 9, 2012);
In re T.W., No. E2011-01423-COA-R3-JV, 2012 WL 403878, at *1 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 9, 2012).
6
Although unruly child proceedings and dependency and neglect proceedings differ, they are
treated identically under our statutes. Juvenile courts have exclusive and continuing original jurisdiction
over both proceedings, and the appeal process to circuit court is the same. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-
103(a)(1); Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-159(a).
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It is clear from our statutory and case law that the Juvenile Court’s April 24, 2019
order denying Father’s motion to set aside or vacate order was a final order that was
appealable to the trial court. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-159(a); In re D.Y.H., 226 S.W.3d
at 331; Owens, 129 S.W.3d at 54-55; In re A.W., 2012 WL 403869 at *4. Thus, the
question becomes whether Father properly and timely perfected an appeal of this order.
According to the record, Father did not file an appeal after the Juvenile Court’s entry of
the April 24, 2019 order. However, the record shows that a notice of appeal and an appeal
bond for costs were filed two months prior, on February 19, 2019. Under Tennessee Rule
of Juvenile Procedure 118(e), any appeal that is filed prematurely “shall be treated as filed
on the day of entry of the order from which the appeal is taken.” Tenn. R. Juv. P. 118(e).
Therefore, it is possible that Father timely perfected an appeal of the Juvenile Court’s April
24, 2019 order. If Father timely perfected his appeal of this order, then the trial court erred
in refusing to review it.
Given the foregoing, we vacate the portion of the trial court’s order ruling that it
would consider “no other issues.” On remand, the trial court must first determine whether
the February 19, 2019 notice of appeal is sufficient to confer it with jurisdiction to address,
de novo, the Juvenile Court’s April 24, 2019 order denying Father’s motion to set aside or
vacate order. If Father properly perfected his appeal, the trial court should proceed to a de
novo review of his November 29, 2018 motion to set aside or vacate order under Tennessee
Code Annotated section 37-1-139(a) and Tennessee Rule of Juvenile Procedure 310(b).
V. Attorney’s Fees
The parties seek attorney’s fees accrued in the trial court and on appeal. Because
the trial court lacked jurisdiction to hear the dependency and neglect petition, we lack
jurisdiction to hear or decide the issue of attorneys’ fees arising from that proceeding. See
Hirt, 542 S.W.3d at 527. Concerning appellate attorney’s fees, we note that Father failed
to designate his request as an issue in the statement of the issues section of his appellate
brief. Tennessee Rule of Appellate Procedure 27(a)(4) provides that an appellant’s brief
shall contain “[a] statement of the issues presented for review.” Tenn. R. App. P. 27(a)(4).
Because “[a]n award of attorney’s fees generated in pursuing [an] appeal is a form of
relief,” our rules require that such a request be stated as an issue on appeal. Killingsworth
v. Ted Russell Ford, Inc., 205 S.W.3d 406, 411 (Tenn. 2006). Any issue not included in
the statement of issues presented for review as required by Tennessee Rule of Appellate
Procedure 27(a)(4), is not properly before the Court of Appeals. Hawkins v. Hart, 86
S.W.3d 522, 531 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001). By failing to include the issue of appellate
attorney’s fees in his brief, Father has waived this issue.
The Grandparents included the issue of appellate attorney’s fees in the statement of
issues section of their appellate brief; as such, the question of their appellate attorney’s fees
is properly before this Court. In Tennessee, “litigants are responsible for their own
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attorney’s fees absent a statute or agreement between the parties providing otherwise.”
Darvarmanesh v. Gharacholou, No. M2004-00262-COA-R3-CV, 2005 WL 1684050, at
*16 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 19, 2005) (citing State v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco
Corp., 18 S.W.3d 186, 194 (Tenn. 2000)). The Grandparents argue that Tennessee Code
Annotated section 36-5-103(c) authorizes an award of attorney’s fees in this case. In part,
the statute grants a court the discretion to award attorney’s fees to a prevailing party in
child custody proceedings. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-103(c). This Court has awarded
attorney’s fees under section 36-5-103(c) in a dependency and neglect action to a father
who incurred attorney’s fees when he successfully enforced a circuit court’s custody decree
concerning his children. See Shofner v. Shofner, 232 S.W.3d 36, 40 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2007). Even assuming, arguendo, that section 36-5-103(c) allows the Grandparents to
recover attorney’s fees here,7 such an award is still within the sound discretion of this
Court. In re C.W., 420 S.W.3d 13, 22 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2013) (citing Archer v. Archer, 907
S.W.2d 412, 419 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995)). “In considering a request for attorney’s fees on
appeal, we consider the requesting party’s ability to pay such fees, the requesting party’s
success on appeal, whether the appeal was taken in good faith, and any other equitable
factors relevant in a given case.” In re C.W., 420 S.W.3d at 22 (citing Darvarmanesh,
2005 WL 1684050, at *16). Here, we have concluded that the trial court may have erred
when it declined to conduct a de novo review of the Juvenile Court’s order denying Father’s
motion to set aside or vacate order. Accordingly, we are unable to determine which party
has prevailed at this time. Thus, we conclude that the Grandparents are not entitled to an
award of attorney’s fees on appeal, and we deny their request for same.
VI. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, we vacate the trial court’s January 23, 2020 order on
dependency and neglect for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. We also vacate the trial
court’s ruling that it would consider “no other issues” on appeal. The case is remanded for
such further proceedings as may be necessary and are consistent with this opinion,
including, but not limited to: (1) determination of whether Father perfected an appeal of
the Juvenile Court’s April 24, 2019 final order denying Father’s motion to set aside or
vacate order; and (2) if so, for de novo review of Father’s November 29, 2018 motion to
set aside or vacate order. Costs of the appeal are assessed one-half to the Appellant, James
H. and one-half to the Appellees, Kristy M. and Mark M., for all of which execution may
issue if necessary.
s/ Kenny Armstrong
KENNY ARMSTRONG, JUDGE
7
We make no determination concerning whether Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-5-103(c)
would allow the Grandparents to recover their attorney’s fees in this case.
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