The opinion
FILED
Jun 18, 2021
02:18 PM(CT)
TENNESSEE COURT OF
WORKERS' COMPENSATION
CLAIMS
TENNESSEE BUREAU OF WORKERS’ COMPENSATION
IN THE COURT OF WORKERS’ COMPENSATION CLAIMS
AT MEMPHIS
MARKELE ROSS, ) Docket No. 2020-08-1077
Employee, )
v. )
IMMACULATE UNLIMITED LLC, )
Employer, ) State File No. 70191-2020
And )
ACCIDENT FUND INS. CO., )
Carrier. ) Judge Deana Seymour
EXPEDITED HEARING ORDER DENYING BENEFITS
This Court held an Expedited Hearing on May 21, 2021, to determine whether Mr.
Ross is entitled to medical and temporary disability benefits. Mr. Ross asserted he was
Immaculate Unlimited LLC’s employee, which it denied. The Court holds that Mr. Ross
is unlikely to prevail at a hearing on the merits that he was Immaculate’s employee; thus,
he is not entitled to the requested benefits.
History of Claim
Mr. Ross cleaned commercial businesses through Immaculate, which received
customers under a Jani-King franchise agreement. 1 He claimed that he suffered multiple
injuries while working as an employee for Immaculate on September 21, 2019, when he
slipped and fell at a customer’s business. Immaculate challenged Mr. Ross’s employment
status. 2
Mr. Ross testified he suggested to his fiancée, Keisha Tate, that they start a Jani-
King franchise and split the profits. He and Ms. Tate met with Barry Sawyer, the regional
1
River City Franchising, LLC d/b/a Jani-King of Memphis, sold a Jani-King franchise to Immaculate.
2
Immaculate and its carrier, Accident Fund, were represented by separate counsel but maintained the
same position. The Court refers to the employer and carrier as “Immaculate.”
1
manager of Jani-King of Memphis, in May 2018 to review the franchise program. After
the meeting, they expressed their intent to operate a franchise as a limited liability
company, since Jani-King required franchisees to be member-owned as a corporation or a
limited liability company.
With Mr. Sawyer’s assistance, Ms. Tate filed Articles of Organization with the
State of Tennessee to form Immaculate as a limited liability company in August 2018.
The Articles noted Immaculate consisted of two members but did not list them. Mr. Ross
was listed in the “Other Provisions” section, and Ms. Tate signed the Articles. Ms. Tate
testified she understood the two members to be herself and Mr. Ross.
Before closing on the franchise purchase, Mr. Ross decided not to be on the Jani-
King franchise agreement. Instead, Ms. Tate entered into the agreement as President and
Secretary of Immaculate on August 30, 2018. She purchased the franchise for
$10,000.00, consisting of a $5,000.00 cash payment plus a $5,000.00 promissory note to
Jani-King to be paid from gross revenue invoiced by Jani-King under Immaculate’s
accounts.
Mr. Ross and Ms. Tate testified that Mr. Ross orally agreed to reimburse Ms. Tate
for her cash franchise down payment in monthly payments. 3 Further, Mr. Ross would
receive 100% of Immaculate’s net receipts from Jani-King for the account work, and
would pay Ms. Tate 100% of the receipts for all side jobs he secured outside the Jani-
King accounts.
Mr. Ross testified he would primarily clean, and Ms. Tate would benefit from the
money they received from jobs outside of Jani-King accounts. He testified that since Ms.
Tate owned the franchise, she decided whether to accept Jani-King accounts, received the
contracts from Jani-King, and gave them to Mr. Ross to perform the work.
Ms. Tate acknowledged that Mr. Ross did not complete an employment
application or any other federal or state employment documents. She paid no state or
federal payroll taxes and provided no benefits to Mr. Ross. Ms. Tate also testified that
Mr. Ross did not give notice or opt into workers’ compensation coverage. She testified
that Jani-King contracted with customers and offered the accounts to its franchisees, who
could accept or reject them. When she accepted an account, Jani-King invoiced the
customer monthly and collected payments. Jani-King then deducted its fees and sent an
accounting statement to Immaculate with a check for its services. Ms. Tate cashed the
check from Jani-King and paid Mr. Ross the entire amount.
3
Ms. Tate testified that Mr. Ross made some of the payments while he was working the contracts but was
behind on his monthly payments to her.
2
In November 2018, Mr. Ross and Ms. Tate met with Mr. Sawyer to review its first
Jani-King business offering. Ms. Tate accepted the offer. After about two months, a
dispute occurred between Immaculate and the customer over cleaning issues and
payment. Mr. Ross met with the customer representative, who terminated Immaculate’s
services. Jani-King transferred the account from Immaculate in January 2019.
Mr. Sawyer testified that Jani-King tried to send Immaculate three other accounts
between January 31 and February 27. Immaculate declined each offering and did not ask
for further work. Jani-King advised Ms. Tate that Mr. Ross did not have rights to the
business and needed to be a silent partner. Mr. Sawyer testified that Mr. Ross advised that
he invested in the business and had the right to communicate with customers, but Mr.
Ross denied making that comment.
In July 2019, Jani-King offered Immaculate an account with Progress Residential.
Ms. Tate, Mr. Ross, and John Calhoun of Jani-King met at Progress to inspect the
property and decide whether Immaculate would accept the account. Immaculate accepted,
and Mr. Ross cleaned three days per week for about two hours each day. He had no set
hours, but Progress required that he work in the evening. Mr. Ross testified the quicker he
worked, the quicker he could get out. Progress provided cleaning supplies, but Mr. Ross
occasionally used his own vacuum. Mr. Ross could decide who would help him with the
cleaning and could terminate helpers at any time.
While cleaning at Progress on September 21, Mr. Ross claimed he slipped, fell,
and injured his right shoulder, hand, forearm, and ligaments in his right knee. He was
alone and called 9-1-1 and Ms. Tate. The ambulance transported him to the hospital,
where he was diagnosed with contusions of the right shoulder, back, and hand and
released to light duty on September 24.
Initially, Immaculate accepted Mr. Ross’s claim and provided a panel for
authorized treatment. After investigation, however, Immaculate denied Mr. Ross was its
employee. 4
Mr. Ross asserted that he was an employee of Immaculate at the time of his injury.
He testified Ms. Tate, the owner of Immaculate, employed him to perform cleaning
services for accounts she accepted from Jani-King. Mr. Ross further claimed Ms. Tate
directed and controlled his work. Immaculate countered that Mr. Ross was either a
member of Immaculate’s limited liability company, a partner with Ms. Tate in
Immaculate’s franchise doing business as Jani-King of Memphis, or an independent
contractor.
4
Immaculate also denied the claim based on medical noncompliance and the idiopathic nature of Mr.
Ross’s fall.
3
From acceptance of its first Jani-King account in November 2018 until Mr. Ross’s
claimed injury on September 21, 2019, Immaculate received total payments of $3,775.55.
Ms. Tate cashed each check from Jani-King and paid 100% to Mr. Ross. Immaculate has
not requested or accepted any further business from Jani-King.
Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law
Mr. Ross must present sufficient evidence showing he is likely to prevail at a
hearing on the merits. Tenn. Code Ann. § 50-6-239(d)(1) (2020). The threshold issue is
whether an employer-employee relationship existed between Mr. Ross and Immaculate at
the time of his alleged injury.
The Court begins its analysis by defining the term “employee” as “every person . .
. in the service of an employer . . . under any contract of hire . . . written or implied.”
Tenn. Code Ann. § 50-6-102(12)(A). The law requires “that there be an express or
implied agreement for the alleged employer to remunerate the alleged employee for his
services.” Black v. Dance, 643 S.W.2d 654, 657 (Tenn. 1982).
Tennessee Code Annotated section 50-6-102(12)(B) further provides:
“‘Employee’ includes a sole proprietor, a partner, or a member of a limited liability
company who devotes full time to the proprietorship, partnership, or limited liability
company, respectively, and who elects to be included in the definition of ‘employee’ by
filing written notice of the election . . . at least thirty (30) days before the occurrence of
any injury or death.”
The Court finds that Mr. Ross and Ms. Tate agreed to start a business to accept
customers through a franchise agreement with Jani-King. Jani-King required their
franchisees to be member-owned as a corporation or a limited liability company.
After meeting with Mr. Sawyer of Jani-King, Mr. Ross and Ms. Tate expressed
their intent to form a limited liability company to qualify as a franchisee. Mr. Sawyer
helped them complete the Articles of Organization to form Immaculate, which Ms. Tate
signed and filed with the state. Mr. Ross’s name was entered in the “Other Provisions”
section of the Articles, and the form noted the company consisted of two members, which
Ms. Tate understood to be herself and Mr. Ross. Immaculate was formed in August 2018,
and afterward, Ms. Tate signed a franchise agreement with Jani-King to designate
Immaculate as a franchisee of Jani-King.
Mr. Ross decided not to enter into the agreement but was never removed from
Immaculate’s Articles of Organization. Thus, he remains a member of the limited liability
company. Moreover, he never filed a written election to be included as an employee.
Therefore, the Court holds Mr. Ross is unlikely to prevail at a hearing on the merits that
4
he was an employee of Immaculate under Tennessee Code Annotated section 50-6-
102(12)(B).
Alternatively, the Court considers whether Mr. Ross was a partner with Ms. Tate
in Immaculate’s Jani-King franchise. In Tennessee, a “partnership means an association
of two (2) or more persons to carry on as co-owners of a business or other undertaking
for profit . . . whether or not the persons intend to form a partnership.” Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 61-1-101(7) and § 61-1-202. The Court must analyze the acts of the parties, rather than
their stated intent, to determine the legal intent of their employment relationship. Roberts
v. Lebanon Appliance Serv. Co., 779 S.W.2d 793, 795 (Tenn. 1989).
Here, Mr. Ross suggested that he and Ms. Tate invest in a Jani-King franchise.
Ms. Tate formed Immaculate, naming two members. They invested $10,000.00 to
purchase the franchise: Ms. Tate made a cash down payment, which Mr. Ross agreed to
repay, and she signed a promissory note to Jani-King, which it subtracted from gross
customer receipts before paying Immaculate. The Court finds that Immaculate did not
pay Mr. Ross wages. Rather, Mr. Ross received 100% of Immaculate’s net receipts from
Jani-King, and Ms. Tate would have received 100% of any side jobs. The Court further
finds Mr. Ross consulted with Ms. Tate on each offer, reviewed the scope of work, and
advised her on whether to accept the account. He also discussed delinquent customer
payments directly with the customers.
Based on these findings, the Court finds a partnership existed between Immaculate
and Mr. Ross at the time of his claimed work injury. Since he did not “opt-in” as an
employee of Immaculate, the Court holds Mr. Ross is unlikely to prevail at a hearing on
the merits that he was Immaculate’s employee under Tennessee Code Annotated section
50-6-102(12)(B).
In light of the Court’s holdings above, the remaining issues are moot.
IT IS, THEREFORE, ORDERED as follows:
1. The Court denies Mr. Ross’s requested benefits.
2. The case is set for a Scheduling Hearing on August 9, 2021, at 9:30 a.m. Central
Time. The parties must call toll-free at (866) 943-0014 to participate. Failure to
call might result in a determination of the issues without the party’s participation.
ENTERED June 18, 2021.
____________________________________
Judge Deana C. Seymour
Court of Workers’ Compensation Claims
5
APPENDIX
Technical Record
1. Petition for Benefit Determination
2. Dispute Certification Notice
3. Request for Expedited Hearing, along with Mr. Ross’s affidavit
4. Accident Fund’s Motion to Extend Pre-Expedited Hearing Deadlines to April 21,
2021
5. Order Granting Motion to Extend Pre-Expedited Hearing Deadlines
6. Mr. Ross’s Motion to Extend Discovery Period
7. Accident Fund’s Pre-Expedited Hearing Statement
8. Accident Fund’s Witness List
9. Accident Fund’s Exhibit List
10. Accident Fund’s Response to Mr. Ross’s Motion to Extend Discovery Period
11. Immaculate Unlimited’s Emergency Motion to Continue Expedited Hearing
12. Order on Motion to Extend Discovery Period and Emergency Motion to Continue
Expedited Hearing
13. Gordon Aulgur’s Emergency Motion to Withdraw
14. Order on Emergency Motion to Withdraw
Exhibits
1. Mr. Ross’s 1099s for 2018 and 2019
2. Medical records from OrthoSouth
3. Medical records from Imaging Center
4. Medical records from Dr. John Lochemes (Collective)
5. Photographs of Mr. Ross’s hands and the accident site (For identification only)
6. 911 recording
7. Two videos filed by Mr. Ross (Collective)
8. Medical bills (For identification only)
9. Wage Statement
10. Notice of Denial
11. Notice of Change or Termination of Benefits (For identification only)
12. River City Franchising business records
13. Deposition of Mr. Ross
14. Discovery propounded on Immaculate Unlimited by Accident Fund
15. Notice of Deposition of Keisha Tate
16. Accident Report completed by Keisha Tate
6
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
I certify that a copy of this Order was sent as indicated on June 18, 2021.
Name Certified U.S. Email Service sent to:
Mail Mail
Markele Ross, X Mross111728@gmail.com
Employee
Catherine Dugan, X cate@petersonwhite.com
Employer’s Attorney
Hope Calabro, X hope@thecalabrolawfirm.com
Carrier’s Attorney
___________________________________
Penny Shrum, Court Clerk
Court of Workers’ Compensation Claims
wc.courtclerk@tn.gov
7
NOTICE OF APPEAL
Tennessee Bureau of Workers’ Compensation
www.tn.gov/workforce/injuries-at-work/
wc.courtclerk@tn.gov | 1-800-332-2667
Docket No.: ________________________
State File No.: ______________________
Date of Injury: _____________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Employee
v.
___________________________________________________________________________
Employer
Notice is given that ____________________________________________________________________
[List name(s) of all appealing party(ies). Use separate sheet if necessary.]
appeals the following order(s) of the Tennessee Court of Workers’ Compensation Claims to the
Workers’ Compensation Appeals Board (check one or more applicable boxes and include the date file-
stamped on the first page of the order(s) being appealed):
□ Expedited Hearing Order filed on _______________ □ Motion Order filed on ___________________
□ Compensation Order filed on__________________ □ Other Order filed on_____________________
issued by Judge _________________________________________________________________________.
Statement of the Issues on Appeal
Provide a short and plain statement of the issues on appeal or basis for relief on appeal:
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Parties
Appellant(s) (Requesting Party): _________________________________________ ☐Employer ☐Employee
Address: ________________________________________________________ Phone: ___________________
Email: __________________________________________________________
Attorney’s Name: ______________________________________________ BPR#: _______________________
Attorney’s Email: ______________________________________________ Phone: _______________________
Attorney’s Address: _________________________________________________________________________
* Attach an additional sheet for each additional Appellant *
LB-1099 rev. 01/20 Page 1 of 2 RDA 11082
Employee Name: _______________________________________ Docket No.: _____________________ Date of Inj.: _______________
Appellee(s) (Opposing Party): ___________________________________________ ☐Employer ☐Employee
Appellee’s Address: ______________________________________________ Phone: ____________________
Email: _________________________________________________________
Attorney’s Name: _____________________________________________ BPR#: ________________________
Attorney’s Email: _____________________________________________ Phone: _______________________
Attorney’s Address: _________________________________________________________________________
* Attach an additional sheet for each additional Appellee *
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
I, _____________________________________________________________, certify that I have forwarded a
true and exact copy of this Notice of Appeal by First Class mail, postage prepaid, or in any manner as described
in Tennessee Compilation Rules & Regulations, Chapter 0800-02-21, to all parties and/or their attorneys in this
case on this the __________ day of ___________________________________, 20 ____.
______________________________________________
[Signature of appellant or attorney for appellant]
LB-1099 rev. 01/20 Page 2 of 2 RDA 11082