State of Tennessee v. Crystal Michelle Rickman

06/03/2021

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT JACKSON

Assigned on Briefs May 4, 2021

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. CRYSTAL MICHELLE RICKMAN

Appeal from the Circuit Court for Madison County

No. 19-744 Donald H. Allen, Judge

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No. W2020-00882-CCA-R3-CD

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Defendant, Crystal Rickman, was convicted by a jury of aggravated assault by

strangulation or attempted strangulation and domestic assault. The trial court imposed an

effective fifteen-year sentence, as a Range III persistent offender, to be served in the

Department of Correction. On appeal, Defendant argues: that the evidence was insufficient

to support her convictions; that she was denied a fair and impartial trial because of

inadmissible hearsay; that she was denied the right to a fair and impartial trial because

neither the State nor the defense called the victim to testify at trial; that the trial court erred

by failing to instruct the jury as to the missing witness rule; that the trial court erred by not

allowing her to call witnesses to testify at the motion for new trial hearing; and that her

sentence was excessive. Following our review of the entire record and the briefs of the

parties, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Circuit Court Affirmed

JILL BARTEE AYERS, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JOHN EVERETT

WILLIAMS, P.J., and D. KELLY THOMAS, JR., J., joined.

Marcus Mariah Reaves (at trial and on appeal), Denmark, Tennessee, and Gregory Gookin

(at trial), Assistant Public Defender, Jackson, Tennessee, for the appellant, Crystal

Michelle Rickman.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Katharine K. Decker, Assistant

Attorney General; Jody Pickens, District Attorney General; and Joshua A. Dougan,

Assistant District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

OPINION

Factual and Procedural Background

This case arises from Defendant’s act of choking her mother during an argument.

A Madison County grand jury indicted Defendant for aggravated assault involving

strangulation or attempted strangulation and domestic assault. At Defendant’s trial on

these charges, the following evidence was presented: On the evening of June 2, 2019,

Defendant, Crystal Rickman, was at home with her mother (“the victim”) and James

Lambert, a family friend, and they had all been drinking beer since mid-morning.

Sometime between 4:00 and 5:00 p.m., Defendant and the victim got into an argument, and

Defendant grabbed the victim by the throat and pinned her against the wall. At trial, Mr.

Lambert demonstrated to the jury how Defendant choked the victim. He said that

Defendant choked the victim “like you [were] trying to choke somebody out.” According

to Mr. Lambert, the victim said: “I can’t breathe, I can’t breathe. Quit, quit, quit.” The

victim told Mr. Lambert to call the police, but he hung up without talking to anyone when

the victim changed her mind and told him not to call. Mr. Lambert then walked outside,

and deputies arrived. The victim originally told the deputies that Mr. Lambert had

assaulted her, and he was placed in handcuffs. However, his grandfather arrived and spoke

to the victim, and she admitted that Defendant assaulted her.

Mr. Lambert gave a written statement to deputies in which he said that Defendant

[c]onstantly beat [the victim] in the head, and then [he] called law enforcement.” At trial,

he admitted that he did not mention choking or strangling in his statement, but said that he

saw Defendant choke the victim. He further testified: “Like I said, she had her against the

wall. She had her hands - -The reason, she had her hands like that choking her, and then

after that, they [were] cat fighting, and that’s when I said, ‘They’re on their way,’ and I

walked outside.” Mr. Lambert admitted that in addition to drinking beer, he had also

smoked marijuana two or three times on the day of the offenses. However, he testified that

he was not drunk, and the beer and marijuana did not affect his ability to perceive the events

in question.

Deputy Sebastian Baker of the Madison County Sheriff’s office was dispatched to

Defendant’s residence. He arrived at the house and saw Defendant, the victim, and Mr.

Lambert walking up the driveway. Deputy Baker attempted to speak with the victim, but

she seemed to be afraid to say anything, so he spoke with Mr. Lambert. He noticed that

the victim had a laceration on the left side of her neck. After talking to Mr. Lambert,

Deputy Baker placed the Defendant under arrest. He noticed that the Defendant appeared

to be intoxicated due to her slurred speech and the smell of alcohol, and she admitted that

she had been drinking. The victim was transported to the hospital by ambulance.

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Based on this evidence, the jury convicted Defendant as charged in the indictment.

The trial court imposed concurrent sentences of fifteen years for aggravated assault as a

Range III offender and eleven months, twenty-nine days for domestic assault, to be served

in confinement and consecutive to a six-year sentence in Madison County. The trial court

also imposed the $2,500 fine fixed by the jury and ordered Defendant to pay court costs.

For ease of analysis, we have combined and reordered several of the issues presented by

Defendant in her brief.

Analysis

I. Sufficiency of the Evidence

In related issues, Defendant contends that the court erred in denying the motion for

judgment of acquittal and that the evidence was insufficient to support the convictions for

aggravated assault involving strangulation or attempted strangulation and domestic assault.

She further argues that she was denied a fair and impartial trial because of the alleged

inconsistent testimony by Mr. Lambert. The State contends that the evidence is sufficient.

The standard of review for a trial court’s denial of a motion for a judgment of

acquittal is the same as the “standard that applies on appeal in determining the sufficiency

of the evidence[.]” State v. Little, 402 S.W.3d 202, 211 (Tenn. 2013). When a defendant

challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, this Court is obliged to review that claim

according to certain well-settled principles. The relevant question is whether any rational

trier of fact could have found the accused guilty of every element of the offense beyond a

reasonable doubt. See Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e); Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319

(1979); State v. Davis, 354 S.W.3d 718, 729 (Tenn. 2011).

Because the jury’s verdict replaces the presumption of innocence with one of guilt,

the burden on appeal is shifted onto Defendant to show that the evidence introduced at trial

was insufficient to support such a verdict. State v. Reid, 91 S.W.3d 247, 277 (Tenn. 2002).

Thus, “‘we afford the prosecution the strongest legitimate view of the evidence as well as

all reasonable and legitimate inferences which may be drawn therefrom.’” Davis, 354

S.W.3d at 729 (quoting State v. Majors, 318 S.W.3d 850, 857 (Tenn. 2010)). Questions

involving the credibility of witnesses and the weight and value to be given the evidence,

as well as all factual disputes raised by the evidence, are resolved by the jury as the trier of

fact. State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn. 1997); State v. Pruett, 788 S.W.2d 559,

561 (Tenn. 1990). “A guilty verdict by the jury, approved by the trial court, accredits the

testimony of the witnesses for the State and resolves all conflicts in favor of the

prosecution’s theory.” Reid, 91 S.W.3d at 277 (quoting Bland, 958 S.W.2d at 659). It is

not the role of this Court to reweigh or reevaluate the evidence, nor to substitute our own

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inferences for those drawn from the evidence by the trier of fact. Id. The standard of

review is the same whether the conviction is based upon direct evidence, circumstantial

evidence, or a combination of the two. State v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 379 (Tenn.

2011); State v. Hanson, 279 S.W.3d 265, 275 (Tenn. 2009).

As charged in this case, aggravated assault occurs when a person intentionally or

knowingly commits an assault, and the assault involved strangulation or attempted

strangulation. T.C.A. § 39-13-102(a)(1)(A)(iv). Assault occurs when a person

“[i]ntentionally or knowingly causes another to reasonably fear imminent bodily injury to

another.” T.C. A. § 39-13-101(a)(2). Strangulation occurs by “intentionally or knowingly

impeding normal breathing or circulation of the blood by applying pressure to the throat or

neck or by blocking the nose and mouth of another person.” T.C.A. § 39-13-102(a)(2). A

person commits domestic assault when he or she commits an assault against a domestic

abuse victim, which includes an adult related by blood or adoption. See T.C.A. § 39-13-

111(a)(4), (b). As charged in the indictment, assault is accomplished when a defendant

intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly causes bodily injury to another. T.C.A. § 39-13-

101(a)(1). “‘Bodily injury’ includes a cut, abrasion, bruise, burn or disfigurement, and

physical pain or temporary illness or impairment of the function of a bodily member, organ,

or mental faculty.” T.C.A. § 39-11-106(a)(2).

Viewed in a light most favorable to the State, the proof showed that Defendant

grabbed the victim, her mother, by the throat and pinned her against the wall during an

argument. While Defendant was choking her, the victim said: “I can’t breathe, I can’t

breathe. Quit, quit, quit.” Deputy Baker observed a laceration on the left side of the

victim’s neck when he arrived on the scene. From this evidence, a reasonable juror could

find Defendant guilty of aggravated assault and domestic assault. To the extent Defendant

argues that Mr. Lambert’s testimony was unsupported by the evidence and that she was

denied a fair and impartial trial because of alleged inconsistent testimony by Mr. Lambert,

we conclude that he did not give inconsistent testimony. More importantly, as the final

arbiter of witness credibility, the jury accredited Mr. Lambert’s testimony and convicted

Defendant as charged. Defendant is not entitled to any relief on this issue.

II. Hearsay Evidence

Defendant argues that the she was denied a fair and impartial trial because a portion

of Mr. Lambert’s testimony involved inadmissible hearsay. She further asserts that the

admission of the testimony violated her right to confront witnesses in violation of Crawford

v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36 (2004). The State responds that this issue is waived because

Defendant failed to object to the testimony at trial and that she is not entitled to relief under

plain error review.

At trial, Mr. Lambert testified as follows:

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[T]hey put me in handcuffs at first because she told the officer – [the

victim] told the officer that I done it, and then about that time, 15 or

20 minutes later, my grandfather showed up. He said, “you mind if

I talk to her,” talking to [the victim], and he said, “Take him out of

the cuffs. He didn’t do it. I just want you to tell them the truth.”

[Defendant] done it.”

Defendant failed to lodge a contemporaneous objection to the testimony, which she admits

in her brief. Therefore, this issue is waived. See Tenn. R. App. P. 36. Defendant requests

plain error review of this issue; however, she has not addressed any of the plain error factors

in her brief. We may only consider an issue as plain error when all five of the following

factors are met:

a.) the record must clearly establish what occurred in the trial court;

b) a clear and unequivocal rule of law must have been breached; c)

a substantial right of the accused must have been adversely affected;

d) the accused did not waive the issue for tactical reasons; and e)

consideration of the error is “necessary to do substantial justice.”

State v. Adkisson, 899 S.W.2d 626, 641–42 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994) (footnotes omitted).

“[C]omplete consideration of all the factors is not necessary when it is clear from the record

that at least one of the factors cannot be established.” State v. Donald Ray Smith, 24 S.W.3d

274, 283 (Tenn. 2000). “When asserting plain error, the defendant bears the burden of

persuading the appellate court that the trial court committed plain error and that the error

was of sufficient magnitude that it probably changed the outcome of the trial.” State v.

Michael Smith, 492 S.W.3d 224, 232-33 (Tenn. 2016) (citing State v. Hester, 324 S.W.3d

1, 56 (Tenn. 2010)). In this case, we conclude Defendant has not established that she is

entitled to plain error relief. Specifically, she has not demonstrated that a clear and

unequivocal rule of law was breached, that a substantial right was adversely affected, or

that consideration of the alleged error is necessary to do substantial justice. See State v.

Adkisson, 899 S.W.2d 626, 641-42 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994); State v. Martin, 505 S.W.3d

492, 504 (Tenn. 2016); Hester, 324 S.W.3d at 56. Defendant is not entitled to relief on this

issue.

III. Failure to Call the Victim as a Witness

Defendant argues that she was denied the right to a fair and impartial trial because

neither the State nor the defense called the victim to testify at trial. The State asserts that

Defendant has waived this issue because she does not “cite to any legal authority or make

any argument applying any authority to the facts of the case.”

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Tennessee Rule of Appellate Procedure 27(a)(7) requires that briefs contain

arguments with regard to each issue presented that include “citations to the authorities ...

relied on.” See also Tenn. Ct. Crim. App. R. 10(b) (“Issues which are not supported by

argument [or] citation to authorities . . . will be treated as waived” on appeal). “It is not

the role of the courts, trial or appellate, to research or construct a litigant’s case or

arguments for him or her, and where a party fails to develop an argument in support of his

or her contention or merely constructs a skeletal argument, the issue is waived.” Sneed v.

Board of Prof’l Responsibility, 301 S.W.3d 603, 615 (Tenn. 2010). State v. Cross, 362

S.W.3d 512, 526 (Tenn. 2012).

We point out that the State is not required to call any particular witness or to use all

witnesses that are equally available to both sides. The only exception is when the State

knowingly conceals a witness with exculpatory testimony. Hicks v. State, 539 S.W.2d 58

(Tenn. Crim. App. 1976); Wright v. State, 512 S.W.2d 650, 656 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1974).

The State in this case did not conceal the victim, who was equally available to both parties.

Defendant is not entitled to relief on this issue.

IV. Jury Instruction on Missing Witness

Defendant argues that because the victim did not testify at trial, the trial court erred

by failing to instruct the jury as to the missing witness rule. The State responds that

Defendant was not entitled to the instruction because the victim was equally available to

both parties.

Initially, Defendant did not submit a written request for a missing witness

instruction. Rule 30 of the Tennessee Rules of Criminal Procedure provides that requests

for special jury instructions be in writing. State v. Vickers, 985 S.W.2d 1, 8 (Tenn. Crim.

App. 1997); State v. Brewer, 932 S.W.2d 1, 15 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996). In any event,

Defendant is not entitled to relief on this issue. A defendant has a constitutional right to “a

correct and complete charge of the law.” State v. Teel, 793 S.W.2d 236, 249 (Tenn. 1990).

A trial court has the duty to give a “complete charge of the law applicable to the facts of

the case.” State v. Davenport, 973 S.W.2d 283, 287 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1998) (citing State

v. Harbison, 704 S.W.2d 314, 319 (Tenn. 1986)). The denial of a request for a special jury

instruction is error only when the trial court’s charge does not fully and fairly state the

applicable law. State v. Cozart, 54 S.W.3d 242, 245 (Tenn. 2001).

The pattern jury instruction for an absent material witness provides:

When it is within the power of the state or the defendant to produce

a witness who possesses peculiar knowledge concerning facts

essential to that party’s contentions and who is available to one side

at the exclusion of the other, and the party to whom the witness is

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available fails to call such witness, an inference arises that the

testimony of such witness would have been unfavorable to the side

that should have called or produced such witness. Whether there was

such a witness and whether such an inference has arisen is for you

to decide and if so, you are to determine what weight it shall be

given.

T.P.I. - Crim. 42.16 (15th ed. 2011). To support a missing witness instruction, the party

requesting it must establish “that ‘the witness had knowledge of material facts, that a

relationship exists between the witness and the party that would naturally incline the

witness to favor the party and that the missing witness was available to the process of the

Court for trial.’” State v. Bigbee, 885 S.W.2d 797, 804 (Tenn. 1994) (quoting State v.

Middlebrooks, 840 S.W.2d 317, 334-35 (Tenn. 1992)) (internal citation and quotation

marks omitted). To justify a missing witness instruction, “the witness who was not called

must have not been equally available to both parties.” State v. Boyd, 867 S.W.2d 330, 337

(Tenn. Crim. App. 1992); State v. Marty M. Clark, No. W2012-02507-330, 337, 2014 WL

287613, at *4-5 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Jackson, Jan. 24, 2014) no perm. app. filed. The

instruction is inapplicable, “‘where the only object of calling such witness would be to

produce corroborative, cumulative, or possibly unnecessary evidence[.]’” State v. Johnny

Owens and Sarah Owens, No. W2001-01397-CCA-R3-CD, 2002 WL 31624774, at *15

(Tenn. Crim. App., at Jackson, Nov. 8, 2002) perm. app. denied (Tenn. Feb. 18, 2001)

(quoting Dickey v. McCord, 63 S.W.2d 714, 721 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001)).

In this case, it was noted by the trial court at the Defendant’s motion for new trial

hearing that the victim was subpoenaed to testify at Defendant’s trial, and she was present

at trial. Therefore, the victim was equally available to both the State and Defendant. The

trial court further said: “So I can’t tell the jury that they have to presume that [the victim’s]

testimony was going to be unfavorable to the State, not under these circumstances.”

Defendant has not shown that she was entitled to a missing witness instruction, and she is

not entitled to relief on this issue.

V. Motion for New Trial

Defendant argues that the trial court erred by not allowing her to call witnesses to

testify at the motion for new trial hearing. The State again asserts that Defendant has

waived this issue by failing to cite to legal authority or make any argument applying

authority to the facts of this case. The State further contends that trial court was not

required to allow the victim or any other witness to testify at the hearing.

At the motion for new trial hearing, defense counsel asked to call the victim and

Defendant to testify. The trial court denied defense counsel’s request. The record does not

indicate what the testimony would have included. Initially, Defendant has waived this

issue for again failing to cite to any authority. Tenn. R. App. P. 27(a)(7); Tenn. Ct. Crim.

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App. R. 10(b); Sneed, 301 S.W.3d at 615; Cross, 362 S.W.3d at 526. Additionally, as

pointed out by the State, Defendant has not established that the trial court was required to

allow witnesses to testify at the motion for new trial hearing. Tennessee Rule of Criminal

Procedure 33(c)(1) provides that the trial court “may allow testimony in open court on

issues raised in the motion for new trial.” Tenn. R. Crim. P. 33(c)(1) (emphasis added).

“Neither this provision nor any other of which we are aware requires the court to hear

evidence on the motion.” State v. H. R. Hester, No. E2006-01904-CCA-R3-DD, 2009 WL

275760, at *47 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Knoxville, Feb. 5, 2009), aff’d and remanded on

other grounds, 324 S.W.3d 1 (Tenn. 2010). Rule 33(c)(2)(A) further states, “Affidavits in

support of a motion for a new trial may be filed with the motion or an amended motion.

The court shall consider any such affidavits as evidence.” In State v. Richard C. Taylor,

No. M2005-01941-CCA-R3-DD, 2008 WL 624913, at *35 (Tenn. Crim. App., at

Nashville, Mar. 7, 2008) no perm app. filed, a panel of this court concluded that it was the

defendant’s responsibility to attach affidavits in support of his or her motion for a new trial,

“as the court is not required to hear live witnesses; it is not the Defendant’s choice.” Id.

This court found that it was “not error to preclude the Defendant’s live witnesses from

testifying or to reject a request for a continuance for the purpose of allowing the Defendant

to prepare his live witnesses.” Id. Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the trial court

in this case was not required to allow Defendant to call witnesses in support of her motion

for new trial. Defendant is not entitled to relief on this issue.

VI. Sentencing

Defendant argues that the sentence imposed by the trial court in this case was “[t]oo

harsh.” More specifically, she contends that the trial court should have imposed a ten-year

sentence to be served in a long-term in-patient treatment program and that the trial court

should have found her to be indigent and waived court costs and the $2,500 fine imposed

by the jury. The State responds that the trial court properly sentenced Defendant to a

fifteen-year sentence to be served in confinement and that the trial court properly ordered

her to pay the fine and court costs.

Again, we point out that Defendant has failed to cite to any authority in her brief

concerning this issue. Tenn. R. App. P. 27(a)(7); Tenn. Ct. Crim. App. R. 10(b), Sneed,

301 S.W.3d at 615; Cross, 362 S.W.3d at 526. In any event, the trial court has broad

discretion to impose a sentence anywhere within the applicable range, regardless of the

presence or absence of enhancement or mitigating factors, and “sentences should be upheld

so long as the statutory purposes and principles, along with any enhancement and

mitigating factors, have been properly addressed.” State v. Bise, 380 S.W.3d 682, 706

(Tenn. 2012). Accordingly, we review a trial court’s sentencing determinations under an

abuse of discretion standard, “granting a presumption of reasonableness to within-range

sentencing decisions that reflect a proper application of the purposes and principles of our

Sentencing Act.” Id. at 707. In State v. Caudle, our Supreme Court clarified that the “abuse

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of discretion standard, accompanied by a presumption of reasonableness, applies to within-

range sentences that reflect a decision based upon the purposes and principles of

sentencing, including the questions related to probation or any other alternative sentence.”

388 S.W.3d 273, 278-79 (Tenn. 2012). Under the Sentencing Act, trial courts are to

consider the following factors when determining a defendant’s sentence and the

appropriate combination of sentencing alternatives:

(1) The evidence, if any, received at the trial and the sentencing

hearing;

(2) The presentence report;

(3) The principles of sentencing and arguments as to sentencing

alternatives;

(4) The nature and characteristics of the criminal conduct involved;

(5) Evidence and information offered by the parties on the mitigating

and enhancement factors set out in §§ 40-35-113 and 40-35-114;

(6) Any statistical information provided by the administrative office

of the courts as to sentencing practices for similar offenses in

Tennessee; and

(7) Any statement the defendant wishes to make in the defendant’s

own behalf about sentencing.

(8) The result of the validated risk and needs assessment conducted

by the department [of correction] and contained in the presentence

report.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-210(b).

In misdemeanor sentencing, the “trial court need only consider the principles of

sentencing and enhancement and mitigating factors in order to comply with the legislative

mandates of the misdemeanor sentencing statute.” State v. Troutman, 979 S.W.2d 271,

274 (Tenn. 1998). Thus, the trial court is afforded considerable latitude in misdemeanor

sentencing. See State v. Johnson, 15 S.W.3d 515, 518 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1999). The “Bise

standard is the appropriate standard of review in misdemeanor sentencing cases.” State v.

Gregory Gill, No. W2018-00331-CCA-R3-CD, 2019 WL 549651, at *16 (Tenn. Crim.

App., at Jackson, Feb. 11, 2019) perm. app. denied (Tenn. May 16, 2019).

Trial courts are “required ... to ‘place on the record, either orally or in writing, what

enhancement or mitigating factors were considered, if any, as well as the reasons for the

sentence, in order to ensure fair and consistent sentencing.’” Bise, 380 S.W.3d at 698-99

(quoting T.C.A. § 40-35-210(e)). Under the holding in Bise, “[a] sentence should be upheld

so long as it is within the appropriate range and the record demonstrates that the sentence

is otherwise in compliance with the purposes and principles listed by statute.” Id. at 709-

10. Although the trial court should consider enhancement and mitigating factors, the

statutory enhancement factors are advisory only. See T. C. A. § 40-35-114; see also Bise,

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380 S.W.3d at 701. Moreover, a trial court is “guided by - but not bound by - any applicable

enhancement factors when adjusting the length of a sentence [,]” and its “misapplication

of an enhancement or mitigating factor does not invalidate the sentence imposed unless the

trial court wholly departed from the 1989 Act, as amended in 2005.” Bise, 380 S.W.3d at

706.

In this case, the record reflects that the trial court in sentencing Defendant,

considered all appropriate principles set forth in T.C.A. § 40-35-210(b). The trial court

applied three enhancement factors, including Defendant’s history of criminal convictions

in addition to those necessary to establish the range; that Defendant, before trial or

sentencing failed to comply with the conditions of a sentence involving release into the

community; and that Defendant was on pretrial release in Case No. 19-743 when she

committed the offenses in this case. T.C.A. § 40-35-114 (1), (8) and (13). Defendant does

not contest the application of those factors, and the record reflects that they were

appropriately applied. Defendant has nine prior felony convictions in addition to the seven

used to enhance her to a Range III persistent offender. She also has twenty-two prior

misdemeanor convictions, with at least five involving violence. The trial court noted that

it gave great weight to Defendant’s criminal history. The trial court also pointed out that

Defendant committed several of her past offenses while on probation. The trial court

reviewed the proposed mitigating factors and found that none applied in Defendant’s case.

Defendant’s conviction for aggravated assault is a Class C felony. As a Range III

persistent offender, Defendant was subject to a sentencing range of ten to fifteen years.

T.C.A. § 40-35-112(c)(3). She was subject to a potential sentence of eleven months,

twenty-nine days for domestic assault, a Class A misdemeanor.

We conclude that the trial court properly sentenced Defendant. The trial court

considered the relevant principles and sentenced Defendant to a within range sentence of

fifteen years for aggravated assault and eleven months, twenty-nine days for domestic

assault. Defendant argues that the trial court “should have seriously considered” the

mitigating factors and sentenced her to the minimum sentence. However, the 2005

amendments to the Sentencing Act deleted appellate review of the weighing of mitigating

and enhancement factors, so this issue is not appropriate to raise on appeal. State v. Richard

Tipton, No. E2011-02354-CCA-R3-CD, 2012 WL 5422272, at *7 (Tenn. Crim. App., at

Knoxville, Nov. 7, 2012) no perm. app. filed. We cannot conclude that the trial court

abused its discretion by sentencing Defendant to an effective sentence of fifteen years.

Defendant also argues that the trial court erred by ordering her to serve her effective

sentence in confinement. Under the revised Tennessee sentencing statutes, a defendant is

no longer presumed to be a favorable candidate for alternative sentencing. State v. Carter,

254 S.W.3d 335, 347 (Tenn. 2008) (citing T.C.A. § 40-35-102(6)). Instead, the “advisory”

sentencing guidelines provide that a defendant “who is an especially mitigated or standard

offender convicted of a Class C, D or E felony, should be considered as a favorable

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candidate for alternative sentencing options in the absence of evidence to the contrary.”

T.C.A. § 40-35-102(6). However, no criminal defendant is automatically entitled to

probation as a matter of law. State v. Davis, 940 S.W.2d 558, 559 (Tenn. 1997). Instead,

the defendant bears the burden of proving his or her suitability for alternative sentencing

options. Carter, 254 S.W.3d at 347 (citing T. C. A. § 40-35-303(b)). The defendant must

show that the alternative sentencing option imposed “will subserve the ends of justice and

the best interests of both the public and the defendant.” Hooper v. State, 297 S.W.2d 78,

81 (Tenn. 1956), overruled on other grounds, State v. Hooper, 29 S.W.3d 1, 9-10 (Tenn.

2000).

When imposing a sentence of full confinement, the trial court should consider

whether:

(A) Confinement is necessary to protect society by restraining a

defendant who has a long history of criminal conduct;

(B) Confinement is necessary to avoid depreciating the seriousness

of the offense or confinement is particularly suited to provide an

effective deterrence to others likely to commit similar offenses; or

(C) Measures less restrictive than confinement have frequently or

recently been applied unsuccessfully to the defendant [.]

T. C. A. § 40-35-103(1)(A)-(C). In addition, the sentence imposed should be (1) “no

greater than that deserved for the offense committed,” and (2) “the least severe measure

necessary to achieve the purposes for which the sentence is imposed.” T. C. A. § 40-35-

103(2), (4).

As a Range III offender, Defendant in this case was not considered a favorable

candidate for alternative sentencing options. T.C.A. § 40-35-102(6). Since she received a

fifteen-year sentence for aggravated assault, Defendant is not eligible for probation or

community corrections. T.C.A. § 40-35-303(a); State v. Grigsby, 957 S.W.2d 541, 546

(Tenn. Crim. App. 1997)(a defendant must be eligible for probation to qualify for

community corrections under the special needs provision). Even if Defendant had received

a sentence eligible for probation or community corrections, the record supports the trial

court’s denial of any form of alternative sentencing. The trial court noted that it had

considered Defendant’s “physical and mental condition and social history, after

considering the extensive prior history of [Defendant.]” The trial court concluded that

Defendant would not abide by any terms of probation if given the opportunity. It appears

from the record that the trial court denied Defendant’s request for alternative sentencing

on the fact that confinement was necessary to protect society and the victim by restraining

Defendant, who has a long history of criminal conduct, and that measures less restrictive

than confinement have frequently or recently been applied unsuccessfully to Defendant.

T.C.A. § 40-35-103(C). A trial court may deny alternative sentencing if it finds that any

one of the factors found at T.C.A. § 40-35-103 apply. State v. Christopher Allen, No.

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W2016-00505-CCA-R3-CD, 2017 WL 764552, at *4 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Jackson, Feb.

24, 2017) no perm. app. filed; State v. John Anthony Garrett, No. E2012-01898-CCA-R3-

CD, 2013 WL 5373156, at *4 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Knoxville, Sept. 23, 2013) no. perm.

app. filed. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in ordering Defendant

to serve her sentence in confinement.

Finally, Defendant contends that because she is indigent, the trial court erred by

imposing the jury’s fine of $2,500 and court costs. The United States Constitution and the

Tennessee Constitution prohibit excessive fines. U.S. Const. amend. VIII (“Excessive bail

shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments

inflicted.”); Tenn. Const. art. I, § 16 (“That excessive bail shall not be required, nor

excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.”). Moreover, any

fine over $50 must be assessed by a jury. Tenn. Const. art. VI, § 14 (“No fine shall be laid

on any citizen of this State that shall exceed fifty dollars, unless it shall be assessed by a

jury of his peers, who shall assess the fine at the time they find the fact, if they think the

fine should be more than fifty dollars.”).

The imposition of fines is viewed as a portion of a defendant’s sentence, and the

standard of review is abuse of discretion. See State v. Bryant, 805 S.W.2d 762, 727 (Tenn.

1991); see also Bise, 380 S.W.3d at 707; State v. Anthony Xen Maples, No. E2013-00961-

CCA-R3-CD, 2014 WL 1056671, at *5 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Knoxville, Mar. 18, 2014),

no perm. app. filed. The amount of any fine should be based upon the principles of

sentencing, including “prior offenses, potential for rehabilitation, mitigating and

aggravating circumstances, and other matters relevant to an appropriate sentence.” Bryant,

805 S.W.2d at 765-66. “A defendant’s ability to pay is a factor in the establishment of

fines.” State v. Alvarado, 961 S.W.2d 136, 153 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996); see T.C.A. § 40-

35-207(a)(7) (requiring upon the trial court’s request that the presentence report include

information to “assist the court in imposing a fine”). “[A]lthough the defendant’s ability

to pay a fine is a factor, it is not necessarily a controlling one.” State v. Marshall, 870

S.W.2d 532, 542 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993). Furthermore, “a significant fine is not

automatically precluded just because it works a substantial hardship on a defendant - it may

be punitive in the same fashion incarceration may be punitive.” Id.

A trial court’s decision to assess or waive court costs rests within the discretion of

the court. State v. Black, 897 S.W.2d 680, 683 (Tenn. 1995). Accordingly, this court will

not reverse the lower court’s decision in the “absence of evidence in the record which

indicates that ‘such discretion has been explicitly abused to the great injustice and injury

of the party complaining.’” Id. at 684 (quoting Douglas v. Estate of Robertson, 876 S.W.2d

95, 97 (Tenn. 1994)); see also Tenn. R. App. P. 36(b). “There is no statutory or decisional

authority to support the proposition that a trial court must waive court costs upon a finding

of indigency.” Black, 897 S.W.2d at 683; see also State v. Betty L. Darden, No. M2011-

01697-CCA-R3-CD, 2012 WL 5947413, at *2 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Nashville, Nov. 15,

2012) no perm. app. filed.

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In this case, the trial court found that Defendant had the ability to pay her fine and

court costs. The trial court stated:

She’ll be ordered to pay the $2,500 fine as imposed by the jury. And

again, I think she’s able to pay that fine when she’s hired an attorney

to represent her in that case now. So she’s posted bond in two

different cases, so I do find she has the ability to pay that $2,500 fine,

plus the court costs.

As pointed out by the State, Defendant’s mother, the victim, actually posted bond in

Defendant’s case and hired the attorney. However, the trial court was correct in

determining that Defendant had access to that source of funding. Furthermore, the record

reflects that Defendant received monthly Social Security disability benefits, which she has

failed to establish could not be used to in part to pay her fine and court costs. Defendant

has made no showing of her inability to pay, or otherwise demonstrated that the fine and

court costs were inappropriate or excessive. State v. Butler, 108 S.W.3d 845, 852 (Tenn.

2003). Additionally, the fine was supported by Defendant’s extensive criminal history and

repeated inability to abide by her terms of probation. State v. Eric D. Crenshaw, No.

W2015-01577-CCA-R3-CD, 2016 WL 1304805, at *8 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Jackson, Apr.

4, 2016) no perm app. filed (Based on defendant’s extensive criminal history and low

potential for rehabilitation, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by imposing a $2,000

fine for felony theft and a $2,000 fine for evading arrest). As argued by the State,

Defendant’s inability to pay the fine would not be a controlling factor and would be

outweighed by the factors supporting imposition of the fine. Marshall, 870 S.W.2d at 542.

Additionally, Defendant has not shown that she would suffer “great injustice and jury”

from paying the court costs. Defendant is not entitled to relief on this claim.

CONCLUSION

After a thorough review of the record, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.

____________________________________________

JILL BARTEE AYERS, JUDGE

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