Cora M. Haywood v. Trexis Insurance Corporation

04/12/2021

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT JACKSON

February 16, 2021 Session

CORA M. HAYWOOD v. TREXIS INSURANCE CORPORATION ET AL.

Appeal from the Circuit Court for Shelby County

No. CT-5295-19 Yolanda R. Kight, Judge

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No. W2020-00418-COA-R3-CV

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Following an automobile accident involving Appellant and Appellee, Appellant filed a

civil warrant against Appellee’s automobile insurance carrier in the general sessions court.

Later, after the statute of limitations had run, Appellant filed an amended civil warrant

adding Appellee as a defendant. Together, Appellee and the insurance carrier filed a joint

motion to dismiss, alleging that: (1) the statute of limitations barred Appellant’s claims

against Appellee; and (2) the automobile insurance carrier was not a proper party to the

lawsuit. The general sessions court granted the motion to dismiss. Thereafter, Appellant

appealed the dismissal but did not file a new complaint in the trial court. Appellee and his

insurance carrier moved to dismiss, and the trial court granted the motion. Discerning no

error, we affirm.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court

Affirmed and Remanded

KENNY ARMSTRONG, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which D. MICHAEL SWINEY,

C.J., and J. STEVEN STAFFORD, P.J., W.S., joined.

Cora M. Haywood, Walls, Mississippi, appellant, pro se.

Andrew R. Francisco, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellees, Trexis Insurance

Corporation and Charles Wayne Farmer.

OPINION

I. Background

On October 9, 2018, Appellant Cora Moss Haywood and Appellee Charles Wayne

Farmer were involved in an automobile accident in Memphis, Tennessee. At the time,

Trexis Insurance Corporation (“Trexis,” and together with Mr. Farmer, “Appellees”) was

Mr. Farmer’s automobile insurance carrier. On July 25, 2019, Ms. Haywood filed a civil

warrant in the Shelby County General Sessions Court (the “General Sessions Court”)

against Trexis for personal injuries she allegedly sustained in the accident. On October 11,

2019, Ms. Haywood filed an amended civil warrant adding Mr. Farmer as a defendant. On

November 5, 2019, Trexis and Mr. Farmer filed a joint motion to dismiss arguing, in

pertinent part, that: (1) Trexis was an improper party to the action because Tennessee is

not a “direct action” state; and (2) the statute of limitations for personal injury actions

barred Ms. Haywood’s suit against Mr. Farmer. On November 21, 2019, the General

Sessions Court granted the motion to dismiss.

On November 27, 2019, Ms. Haywood appealed to the Shelby County Circuit Court

(“trial court”). On December 20, 2019, Trexis and Mr. Farmer again filed a motion to

dismiss (reiterating their same arguments from general sessions); Ms. Haywood opposed

the motion. On February 5, 2020, Ms. Haywood filed a motion for delayed discovery rule,

arguing that she did not “discover” her injuries until October 10, 2018, a fact which she

claimed tolled the statute of limitations for one day such that her lawsuit against Mr. Farmer

was timely; Mr. Farmer opposed the motion. On February 14, 2020, the trial court heard

the motion and entered an order dismissing Ms. Haywood’s lawsuit. Ms. Haywood

appeals.

II. Issue Presented1

Ms. Haywood raises one issue for review, which we restate as whether the trial court

erred in granting Mr. Farmer’s motion to dismiss on the ground that Ms. Haywood’s

lawsuit was barred by the statute of limitations.

III. Standard of Review

The resolution of a motion to dismiss is determined by an examination of the

pleadings alone. Leggett v. Duke Energy Corp., 308 S.W.3d 843, 851 (Tenn. 2010); Trau-

Med of Am., Inc. v. Allstate Ins. Co., 71 S.W.3d 691, 696 (Tenn. 2002). “A motion to

dismiss . . . seeks only to determine whether the pleadings state a claim upon which relief

can be granted. Such a motion challenges the legal sufficiency of the complaint, not the

strength of the plaintiff’s proof.” Lind v. Beaman Dodge, Inc., 356 S.W.3d 889, 894

(Tenn. 2011) (citing Webb v. Nashville Area Habitat for Humanity, Inc., 346 S.W.3d 422,

1

It does not appear that Ms. Haywood appealed the trial court’s dismissal of her lawsuit against

Trexis. “Courts have consistently held that issues must be included in the Statement of Issues Presented

for Review required by Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure 27(a)(4). An issue not included is not

properly before the Court of Appeals.” Hawkins v. Hart, 86 S.W.3d 522, 531 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001).

Accordingly, we decline to address the question of whether the trial court’s dismissal vis-à-vis Trexis was

proper. See Tenn. R. App. P. 13(b) (“Review generally will extend only to those issues presented for

review.”); see also Tenn. R. App. P. 27(a)(4) (providing that an appellant’s brief shall contain a “statement

of the issues presented for review . . . .”).

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426 (Tenn. 2011)). “In analyzing the legal sufficiency of the complaint, we must presume

that all factual allegations in the complaint are true and construe them in favor of the

plaintiff.” Foster v. Chiles, 467 S.W.3d 911, 914 (Tenn. 2015) (citing Lind, 356 S.W.3d

at 894 (citing Stein v. Davidson Hotel Co., 945 S.W.2d 714, 716 (Tenn. 1997))). We

review a trial court’s grant of a motion to dismiss de novo with no presumption of

correctness. Webb, 346 S.W.3d at 426.

While we are cognizant of the fact that Ms. Haywood is representing herself in this

appeal, it is well-settled that “pro se litigants are held to the same procedural and

substantive standards to which lawyers must adhere.” Brown v. Christian Bros. Univ.,

428 S.W.3d 38, 46 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2013). This Court has held that “[p]arties who choose

to represent themselves are entitled to fair and equal treatment by the courts.” Hodges v.

Tenn. Att’y Gen., 43 S.W.3d 918, 920 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000) (citing Paehler v. Union

Planters Nat’l Bank, Inc., 971 S.W.2d 393, 396 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997)). Nevertheless,

“courts must not excuse pro se litigants from complying with the same substantive and

procedural rules that represented parties are expected to observe.” Young v. Barrow, 130

S.W.3d 59, 63 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003) (citing Edmundson v. Pratt, 945 S.W.2d 754, 755

(Tenn. Ct. App. 1996); Kaylor v. Bradley, 912 S.W.2d 728, 733 n.4 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995)).

We also note that Ms. Haywood seeks to introduce (by reference in her appellate

brief and in appendices thereto) evidence that was not produced in the trial court.

Tennessee Rule of Appellate Procedure 13(c) provides that, on appeal, this Court “may

consider those facts established by the evidence in the trial court and set forth in the record

and any additional facts that may be judicially noticed or are considered pursuant to rule

14.” Tenn. R. App. P. 13(c). Accordingly, we have not considered those portions of the

appendices to Ms. Haywood’s appellate brief that include evidence that was not presented

in the trial court.

IV. Analysis

Tennessee Code Annotated section 28-3-104(a)(1) provides, in pertinent part, that

personal injury actions “shall be commenced within one (1) year after the cause of action

accrued.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 28-3-104(a)(1). The trial court found that the statute of

limitations barred Ms. Haywood’s claims against Mr. Farmer. Tennessee Code Annotated

section 1-3-102 provides that, “The time within which any act provided by law is to be

done shall be computed by excluding the first day and including the last. . . .” Tenn. Code

Ann. § 1-3-102. Here, the cause of action accrued on the date of the accident, i.e. October

9, 2018. Therefore, the statute of limitations began to run on October 10, 2018 and expired

on October 9, 2019. Thus, Ms. Haywood was required to file her action against Mr. Farmer

on or before October 9, 2019. This timeline is consistent with the law in Tennessee, which

provides that “the last day to file a personal injury action in Tennessee is the anniversary

date of the accident . . . .” Smith v. Hose, No. 03A01-9501-CV-0006, 1995 WL 371675,

at *1 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 21, 1995). The record shows that Ms. Haywood filed her

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amended civil warrant adding Mr. Farmer as a defendant on October 11, 2019, which was

one year and two days after the accident and two days after the statute of limitations had

run.

Nevertheless, Ms. Haywood argues that the discovery rule should apply to toll the

statute of limitations in this case. We disagree. “[T]he discovery rule was developed to

prevent plaintiffs from being barred from filing a claim before they even knew it existed.”

Mills v. Booth, 344 S.W.3d 922, 927 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2010) (citing Woods v. Sherwin-

Williams, 666 S.W.2d 77, 78 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1983)). Under the discovery rule, a “cause

of action accrues and the statute of limitations commences to run when the injury occurs

or is discovered, or when[,] in the exercise of reasonable care and diligence, it should have

been discovered.” Mills, 344 S.W.3d at 927 (citing Woods, 666 S.W.2d at 78).

Importantly,

the discovery rule does not allow the plaintiff to delay filing suit until he or

she knows the full extent of his or her damages, or the specific type of legal

claim he or she has. Constructive or “inquiry” notice occurs “when the

plaintiff has actual knowledge of facts sufficient to put a reasonable person

on notice that he or she has suffered an injury as a result of wrongful

conduct.”

Spates v. Howell, 420 S.W.3d 776, 781-82 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2013) (internal citations

omitted); see also Terry v. Niblack, 979 S.W.2d 583, 586 (Tenn. 1998) (A “plaintiff is

deemed to have discovered the right of action if [s]he is aware of facts sufficient to put a

reasonable person on notice that [s]he has suffered an injury as a result of wrongful

conduct.”); Mills, 344 S.W.3d at 927-28. Although Ms. Haywood may not have noticed

any physical effects from the accident until October 10, 2018, the accident placed her on

notice that she may have suffered an injury as a result of Mr. Farmer’s alleged wrongful

conduct on October 9, 2018. Accordingly, Ms. Haywood’s argument concerning the

discovery rule is not persuasive.

Relying on the United States Supreme Court’s opinion in Schiavone v. Fortune,

477 U.S. 21 (1986), Ms. Haywood urges this Court to apply the “relation back” doctrine

set out in Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(c) to her claim against Mr. Farmer. As noted

above, Ms. Haywood initially filed suit against Trexis on July 25, 2019, which was within

the statute of limitations. “The purpose of [Rule 15(c)] is to ameliorate the effect of a statute

of limitations where the plaintiff has sued the wrong party but where the right party has

had adequate notice of the institution of the action.” Bloomfield Mech. Contracting, Inc.

v. Occupational Safety & Health Rev. Comm’n, 519 F.2d 1257, 1262 (3d Cir. 1975)

(citing 6 C. Wright & A. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure §§1497-1500, at 489-523

(1971)). Importantly, the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure “govern the procedure in all

civil actions and proceedings in the [federal] United States district courts,” Fed. R. Civ. P.

1, but the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure “govern procedure in [all civil actions in

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Tennessee] circuit or chancery courts . . . .” Tenn. R. Civ. P. 1. Because this action was

filed in Tennessee state courts, we must apply the Tennessee Rules of Procedure, not the

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 15.03 mirrors its federal counterpart and

provides:

Whenever the claim or defense asserted in amended pleadings arose out of

the conduct, transaction, or occurrence set forth or attempted to be set forth

in the original pleading, the amendment relates back to the date of the original

pleading. An amendment changing the party or the naming of the party by or

against whom a claim is asserted relates back if the foregoing provision is

satisfied and if, within the period provided by law for commencing an action

or within 120 days after commencement of the action, the party to be brought

in by amendment (1) has received such notice of the institution of the action

that the party will not be prejudiced in maintaining a defense on the merits,

and (2) knew or should have known that, but for a mistake concerning the

identity of the proper party, the action would have been brought against the

party.

Tenn. R. Civ. P. 15.03.

The trial court found that Rule 15.03 and the relation back doctrine did not apply to

Ms. Haywood’s claims against Mr. Farmer because “this case originated in General

Sessions Court, and the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure are expressly not applicable

in General Sessions Court.” Although the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure generally

do not apply in general sessions courts, the rules are specifically applicable upon a de novo

appeal from general sessions court to circuit court. As authorized by Tennessee Code

Annotated section 16-15-729,2 de novo appeals to circuit courts from general sessions

courts entail “an entirely new trial as if no other trial had occurred and as if the case had

originated in the circuit court.” Ware v. Meharry Medical College, 898 S.W.2d 181, 184

(Tenn. 1995) (citing Teague v. Gooch, 333 S.W.2d 1, 3 (Tenn. 1960); Odle v. McCormack,

206 S.W.2d 416, 419 (Tenn. 1947); Braverman v. Roberts Constr. Co., 748 S.W.2d 433,

435 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1987); Lawrence A. Pivnick, Tennessee Circuit Court Practice, § 3-

2

Tennessee Code Annotated section 16-15-729 provides:

No civil case, originating in a general sessions court and carried to a higher court, shall be

dismissed by such court for any informality whatever, but shall be tried on its merits; and

the court shall allow all amendments in the form of action, the parties thereto, or the

statement of the cause of action, necessary to reach the merits, upon such terms as may be

deemed just and proper. The trial shall be de novo, including damages.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 16-15-729.

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10, at 115 (3d ed. 1991)). In Ware v. Meharry Medical College, the Tennessee Supreme

Court discussed the procedural transition from general sessions court to circuit court. 898

S.W.2d at 184. Our Supreme Court noted that, at the time of the decision, ambiguity

existed “concerning the procedure to be followed in the circuit court and the scope of the

circuit court’s jurisdiction when the case arrive[d] from the general sessions court.” Id.

Importantly, our Supreme Court found that “the unmistakable trend [was] to use the circuit

court’s procedural flexibility to expand the scope of its jurisdiction and to provide complete

resolution of all the claims between all the parties.” Id. Indeed, our Supreme Court

affirmed this trend when it explained that “the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure apply

to general sessions cases appealed to the circuit court” and that parties may “take advantage

of the procedural flexibility in the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure.” Id. at 185 (citing

Tenn. R. Civ. P. 1).3 The Tennessee Supreme Court reiterated that the Tennessee Rules of

Civil Procedure “govern civil actions appealed to the circuit court” and are given “full

effect” upon a de novo appeal from general sessions court. Id. at 186.

The problem with the application of Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 15.03 in this

case is that, while Ms. Haywood appealed the General Sessions Court’s dismissal of her

claim against Mr. Farmer to the trial court, she did not file a new complaint in the circuit

court listing Mr. Farmer as a defendant in the lawsuit. Rather, she relied on the amended

civil warrant that she filed in the General Sessions Court in October 2019. We recently

addressed this same issue in Mott v. Luethke, No. E2020-00317-COA-R3-CV, 2021 WL

981529 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 16, 2021). In Mott, the plaintiff filed a civil action in general

sessions court on March 3, 2017 seeking an award of damages from the original defendant

in an automobile accident that occurred on March 22, 2016. Id. at *1. Unbeknownst to

the plaintiff, the defendant died on December 7, 2016. Id. On August 30, 2017, the

plaintiff filed a petition to appoint an administrator ad litem as the personal representative

of the deceased defendant’s estate. Id. On January 31, 2018, the plaintiff filed a “re-

issued” civil summons in the general sessions court and served it on the administrator. Id.

Thereafter, the parties agreed to transfer the matter to the circuit court. Id. On February

6, 2019, the administrator filed a motion for summary judgment, arguing that the plaintiff

failed to initiate an action against him within the six-month period required by the survival

statute. Id. In response, the plaintiff argued, inter alia, “that the action naming [the

administrator] as the party defendant should relate back to the filing date of [the plaintiff’s]

cause of action against [the deceased defendant] pursuant to [Rule] 15.03.” Id.

In holding that Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 15.03 did not apply, the Mott

Court emphasized that the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure apply after a transfer or

appeal of a general sessions civil lawsuit to circuit court, not before. Id. at *4. Because

the plaintiff’s filing of both the original summons against the deceased defendant and the

“re-issued” summons against the administrator occurred in the general sessions court, prior

3

In pertinent part, Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 1 provides that the Rules of Civil Procedure

“shall apply after appeal or transfer of a general sessions civil lawsuit to circuit court.” Tenn. R. Civ. P. 1.

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to the transfer of the action to the circuit court, the Mott Court held that Rule 15.03 was

inapplicable and that the relation-back doctrine would not save plaintiff’s late-filed lawsuit

against the decedent’s administrator. Id. We reach the same conclusion here. As in Mott,

Ms. Haywood filed both her original civil warrant (naming Trexis as the sole defendant)

and her amended civil warrant (adding Mr. Farmer as a defendant) in the General Sessions

Court before appealing to the trial court. As in Mott, Ms. Haywood did not file an amended

complaint in the trial court so as to trigger application of Tennessee Rules of Civil

Procedure or Rule 15.03. See id.4 Because Ms. Haywood relied on the amended civil

warrant filed with the General Sessions Court, rather than filing an amended pleading with

the trial court, we conclude that Rule 15.03 is inapplicable and affirm the trial court’s

dismissal of her action against Mr. Farmer.5

V. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons we affirm the trial court’s order dismissing Ms.

Haywood’s lawsuit and remand the case for such further proceedings as may be necessary

and are consistent with this opinion. Costs of the appeal are assessed against Appellant,

Cora M. Haywood, for all of which execution may issue if necessary.

s/ Kenny Armstrong

KENNY ARMSTRONG, JUDGE

4

The Mott Court distinguished the facts in the case from Vincent v. CNA Ins. Co., No. M2001-

02213-COA-R3-CV, 2002 WL 31863290 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 23, 2002), a 2002 Court of Appeals decision

where the plaintiff was able to employ the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure because she “first filed an

action in general sessions court and subsequently filed a motion to amend her complaint to change the

named party defendant after the case was transferred to circuit court.” Mott, 2021 WL 981529, at *4.

5

For completeness, we note that Ms. Haywood also urges this Court to consider Hart v. Memphis

Light Gas & Water Div., No. W2018-00254-COA-R3-CV, 2018 WL 6574976 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 13,

2018). In Hart, the plaintiff timely filed a civil warrant in general sessions court and served it on the

defendant before the statute of limitations had run. Id. at *1. The issues in Hart concerned whether the

plaintiff made return of service to the general sessions court’s clerk’s office. Id. Importantly, the issue

raised in Hart is distinguishable from the issue in this case because the record shows that, unlike the plaintiff

in Hart, Ms. Haywood did not file her amended civil warrant against Mr. Farmer in the General Sessions

Court before the statute of limitations had run. Accordingly, we conclude that Hart is inapplicable to the

case at bar.

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