noting that Coleman foreclosed the petitioner’s argument that he was deprived of substantive due process by the parole condition that he register as a sex offender under SORA and receive therapy even though he had never been convicted of a sex offense
How later courts described this case
- noting that Coleman foreclosed the petitioner’s argument that he was deprived of substantive due process by the parole condition that he register as a sex offender under SORA and receive therapy even though he had never been convicted of a sex offense
- noting that issues raised for the first time on appeal need not be considered
- affirming a district court’s decision to not exercise federal jurisdiction over plaintiff’s state law libel and slander claims
- “While [plaintiffs] right may have been ‘clearly established’ under AEDPA ... it was not ‘clearly established’ such that defendants should be subjected to liability for their reasonable belief in the legality of their actions.”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
F I L E D
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT September 28, 2006
Charles R. Fulbruge III
No. 04-11310 Clerk
WILLIE FRANK WILLIAMS, JR.,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
VERONICA BALLARD, Parole Board Director; VICTOR RODRIGUEZ, Parole
Board Chairman; JOHN WHITMIRE, Senator, Chairman of the Senate
Committee on Criminal Justice; JANE NELSON, Senator, Senate
Committee on Criminal Justice; BILL RATLIFF, Senator, Senate
Committee on Criminal Justice; FLORENCE SHAPIRO, Senator, Senate
Committee on Criminal Justice; ROYCE WEST, Senate Committee on
Criminal Justice; OWEIDA CARTER, Parole Field Tracking Officer;
BILL W LINSON, Region Director; JAN LEWIS, Parole Officer; DALE
HEISCH, Parole Field Tracking Officer; JEFF MCGUIRE, Parole
Officer; CHARLES WARD, Parole Field Tracking Officer; JOHN & JANE
DOES, Employees, Members, Supervisors for the Board of Pardon and
Parole; JANE & JOHN DOES, Texas Legislature Senators; GERALD
GARRETT, Individually and in his official capacity as Chairman of
the Texas Board of Pardons and Paroles; THOMAS A DAVIS, JR,
Individually and in his official capacity as Director, Texas
Department of Public Safety; BRYAN COLLIER, Individually and in
his official capacity as Director of the Texas Department of
Criminal Justice–Parole Division; IOLA BROWN, Individually and in
her official capacity as Parole Supervisor, Texas Department of
Criminal Justice Parole Division,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Texas
Before HIGGINBOTHAM, DENNIS, and CLEMENT, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Texas state prisoner Willie Williams, proceeding pro se, filed
this § 1983 action against various state officials having authority
over the parole system, seeking damages and injunctive relief
related to defendants’ imposition, without procedural due process,1
as a condition of parole that he register as a sex offender under
the Sex Offender Registration Act (SORA), TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN.
art. 62.001, et seq. (Vernon Supp. 2006), and receive sex-offender
therapy,2 even though he was never convicted of a sex offense.3 The
district court4 concluded that defendants violated Williams’s right
to due process when it imposed these conditions on his parole in
1998, but it denied damages after concluding that qualified
immunity shielded defendants because Williams’s right was not
1
Williams made claims aside from procedural due process. We deal with
them later.
2
Williams challenged other conditions on his parole seemingly related to
sex offenses: for example, that he avoid children, photographic equipment,
internet access, and sexually explicit media. But the district court held that
only the requirements that he register under SORA and receive therapy implicated
due process because the other “non-public [hence, presumably, less stigmatizing]
sex-offender conditions,” see Coleman v. Dretke (“Coleman I”), 395 F.3d 216, 221
(5th Cir. 2004) (holding that sex-offender registration and treatment are
stigmatizing); Coleman v. Dretke (“Coleman II”), 409 F.3d 665, 667-68 (5th Cir.
2005) (on denial of petition for rehearing en banc) (holding that sex-offender
treatment by itself is stigmatizing), did not impose “‘atypical and significant
hardships’ in relation to the ordinary incidents of parole” and are “clearly
within the discretion of the parole board.” Indeed, the court noted, these other
conditions are part of “Special Condition X,” an element of “Super-Intensive
Supervision Parole,” which may be imposed on any high-risk releases at the Parole
Board’s discretion, whereas the registration requirement should be imposed only
pursuant to SORA. (The source of the treatment requirement is unclear.)
Williams does not challenge this conclusion on appeal, and it is consistent with
Coleman I and Coleman II, where this court held that the registration and therapy
conditions implicated due process, but had no occasion to address other
conditions.
3
Texas originally charged Williams with sexual assault stemming from an
incident in a Tarrant County jail, but Williams later plead guilty only to
aggravated assault causing serious bodily injury.
4
The primary reasoning was contained in the magistrate judge’s findings
and recommendations. For simplicity’s sake, we refer to that reasoning as the
district court’s.
2
clearly established law at that time. It also denied as moot
Williams’s request for an injunction, noting that Williams was back
in prison for an unrelated parole violation and defendants had
ceased requiring parolees not convicted of sex offenses to register
under SORA. The district court did, however, issue a declaratory
judgment stating that some process was required before requiring
registration of parolees not convicted of a sex offense.5 After
this decision, we decided Coleman v. Dretke (“Coleman I”), 395 F.3d
216 (5th Cir. 2004) and Coleman v. Dretke (“Coleman II”), 409 F.3d
665 (5th Cir. 2005) (on denial of petition for rehearing en banc),
agreeing that people like Williams were entitled to some process
before being required to register or pursue therapy. Williams
appeals.
I
The district court concluded that qualified immunity shielded
defendants, precluding damages, because Williams’s right to
procedural due process was not a “clearly established statutory or
constitutional right[]...of which a reasonable person would have
known” when Williams was paroled6 in 1998 and forced to register
5
The court’s declaratory judgment referred only to the SORA registration
requirement, yet the court found that requiring therapy also implicated due
process. We find it clear from the court’s opinion, with which we agree, see
Coleman I, 395 F.3d at 221; Coleman II, 409 F.3d at 667-68 (holding explicitly
that requiring treatment, in the absence of registration, still requires due
process), that both requirements necessitate due process, and we read the
declaratory judgment to say that as well.
6
Technically, Williams was placed on “mandatory supervision,” not
“paroled.” This does not matter, since the plaintiff in Coleman I was on
mandatory supervision, and the court in Coleman II explicitly discussed the
3
and seek therapy. See Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818
(1982). Williams urges this was error.
The fundamental question is whether the state of the law gave
defendants fair warning that their conduct was unconstitutional.
See Hope v. Pelzer, 536 U.S. 730, 739-40 & n.10 (2002). Because at
the time there was no binding precedent clearly establishing the
right, we must determine if other decisions at the time showed
“consensus of cases of persuasive authority such that a reasonable
officer could not have believed that his actions were lawful.” See
McClendon v. City of Columbia, 305 F.3d 314, 329 (5th Cir. 2002)
(internal quotation marks omitted). As the district court noted,
in 1998 only the Ninth Circuit had recognized a non-sex offender’s
right against mandatory sex-offender registration and treatment as
a condition of parole, see Neal v. Shimoda, 131 F.3d 818, 828-30
(9th Cir. 1997), and it unsurprisingly held the law not clearly
established, see id. at 832. Moreover, another Ninth Circuit panel
that same year declined to recognize a non-sex offender’s right
against registration under a community notification statute as a
condition of parole. See Russell v. Gregoire, 124 F.3d 1079, 1093-
94 (9th Cir. 1997). We cannot conclude from this that Williams’s
right was clearly established.
As he did below, Williams also points to Kirby v. Siegelman,
195 F.3d 1285 (11th Cir. 1999) and Chambers v. Colorado Department
nature of mandatory supervision as implicating the due process interest at issue
here. For convenience, we say Williams was “paroled.”
4
of Corrections, 205 F.3d 1237 (10th Cir. 2000). The district court
observed that both cases were decided after Williams was required
to register in 1998. Williams counters that because defendants
forced him to comply with the conditions until his re-incarceration
in 2001, these cases are relevant. Even if we were to consider
them, the district court correctly concluded they do little to
render Williams’s right clearly established: the prisoner in
Chambers lost accumulated good time credits when he refused to
accept a sex-offender classification while in prison, a liberty
interest different from that here, and in Kirby the court appears
to have found a due process violation on the basis of stigma alone,
contrary to our precedent, see Vander Zee v. Reno, 73 F.3d 1365,
1369 (5th Cir. 1996). Consequently, even if consideration of these
cases made the number of cases sufficient, the lack of consistency
among their rules makes “the contours of the right” not
“sufficiently clear.” See McClendon, 305 F.3d at 331 (declining to
find a right “clearly established” where six circuits had
recognized a general right but disagreed on its contours) (internal
quotation omitted).
The district court did not have the opportunity to address
Coleman I and Coleman II, but they do not change the result.
Although this court in Coleman I held the right “clearly
established Federal law” under AEDPA, dictated by the 1980 Supreme
Court case Vitek v. Jones, 445 U.S. 480 (1980), the panel on
petition for rehearing on banc in Coleman II noted that the AEDPA
5
and qualified immunity standards differed, despite using the same
terms. See Coleman II, 409 F.3d at 668-69. This makes sense,
given the different goals of AEDPA and qualified immunity. The
former ensures respect for state court judgments, mandating that we
defer to judicial decisions by trained lawyers; the latter shields
state officials, generally untrained in the law, for their
discretionary acts. While Williams’s right may have been “clearly
established” under AEDPA in 1998 (or 2001), it was not “clearly
established” such that defendants should be subjected to liability
for their reasonable belief in the legality of their actions.
II
Williams also asked the district court for injunctive relief
against any future requirement, without hearing or other process,
that he register as a sex offender upon parole and pursue
treatment.7 The court deemed that request mooted by the policy
change of the Board of Pardons to no longer require registration if
the prisoner was not convicted of a sex offense, although the court
issued a declaratory judgment stating that some process was
required before requiring registration of someone not convicted of
sex offense, like Williams.8 Williams repeats here his request for
an injunction, moving that we enjoin defendants from requiring him
7
Qualified immunity does not protect officials from injunctive relief.
See Orellana v. Kyle, 65 F.3d 29, 33 (5th Cir. 1995).
8
See supra note 5 (explaining that we read the declaratory judgment to
cover therapy as well).
6
to register as a sex offender or pursue treatment upon parole, or
taking current action against him based on his status as a sex
offender, without due process. Williams now alleges that he was
informed on January 31, 2006 that he will be compelled to register
upon parole regardless of the court’s order or the existence of any
process; moreover, he alleges that on December 7, 2005 he was
denied without process the opportunity to participate in a
community college computer skills program because he was classified
as a sex offender.
Williams’s evidence is not properly before this court. More
importantly, the Board of Pardons, both in this case below and in
this court in Coleman I and Coleman II, has stated that in the
future it will not require prisoners like Williams to register
under SORA. This effectively moots the request for injunctive
relief. If the Board does indeed compel Williams to register or
seek sex-offender therapy9 without providing process, Williams can
seek an injunction in the district court based on this order at
that time. Furthermore, if Williams’s allegation that he was
denied participation in the skills program based on classification
as a sex offender is true, he can bring an action in district court
9
As we explained, see supra note 5, the Board also cannot require sex-
offender therapy of people like Williams, unless it provides some process.
Although the record does not show that the Board has agreed to change this
policy, see also Coleman II, 409 F.3d at 667-68 (holding that the issue was not
mooted because the Board had agreed only to change the registration policy, not
the therapy policy), we will assume the Board has changed this policy to comply
with the clear mandate of Coleman I and Coleman II.
7
pursuant to Coleman I and Coleman II.10
III
Williams makes several other claims. He contends that
defendants deprived him of substantive due process, but the
district court properly concluded that neither party adequately
addressed the claim below. In any event, Coleman I forecloses the
argument. See Coleman I, 395 F.3d at 224-25 (concluding that
imposition of sex-offender condition at issue here did not “shock
the conscience” so as to violate substantive due process).
Liberally construed, Williams’s briefs raise several claims
not raised in the district court, including violation of the First
and Fourth Amendments and the prohibition against ex post facto
laws. Because these claims were not raised in district court, we
do not address them on appeal. See Stewart Glass & Mirror, Inc. v.
U.S. Auto Glass Disc. Ctrs., Inc., 200 F.3d 307, 316-17 (5th Cir.
2000).
Williams also failed to discuss in his opening brief his
claims that defendants violated his federal constitutional rights
to equal protection and privacy and his state law right against
invasion of privacy; he eventually addressed the federal claims,
but only in his reply brief. Accordingly, we deem these claims
10
We note that this alleged action by defendants is unlike the SORA or
treatment requirements since it is unrelated to conditions on parole. Thus the
court would have to analyze the effect of Coleman I and Coleman II on this action
— namely, whether the action was sufficiently stigmatizing and otherwise
implicative of a due process interest to require some process.
8
abandoned. See Yohey v. Collins, 985 F.2d 222, 225 (5th Cir.
1993); Unida v. Levi Strauss & Co., 986 F.2d 970, 976 n.4 (5th Cir.
1993).
Williams next contends that the district court erroneously
dismissed without prejudice his state law claims for libel and
slander, which apparently asserted that statements on the DPS
website were libelous per se under Texas law. The district court
declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over these claims
after dismissing all the federal claims. Because we affirm the
district court’s dismissal of all federal claims, its dismissal
without prejudice of the state law claims was proper. See Bass v.
Parkwood Hosp., 180 F.3d 234, 246 (5th Cir. 1999).
Finally, Williams moves for appointment of counsel. In a
civil case, an attorney should be appointed only under exceptional
circumstances. See Ulmer v. Chancellor, 691 F.2d 209, 212 (5th
Cir. 1982). Given our disposition of this appeal, the nature of
Williams’s claims, and the fact that he terminated his prior
competent court-appointed counsel in the middle of the case below,
those circumstances do not exist, and we deny the motion.
AFFIRMED.
9