though it was too late for the board to remove a candidate from the ballot sua sponte or in response to a protest, “the board may hold a hearing limited to investigating the alleged violation of [election law] pursuant to R.C. 3501.11(J)”
How later courts described this case
- though it was too late for the board to remove a candidate from the ballot sua sponte or in response to a protest, “the board may hold a hearing limited to investigating the alleged violation of [election law] pursuant to R.C. 3501.11(J)”
- distinguishing between an administrative act, an investigation, and an exercise of quasi-judicial power, an adjudicatory proceeding
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it may be cited as State
ex rel. Frenchko v. Trumbull Cty. Bd. of Elections, Slip Opinion No. 2020-Ohio-4253.]
NOTICE
This slip opinion is subject to formal revision before it is published in an
advance sheet of the Ohio Official Reports. Readers are requested to
promptly notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of Ohio, 65
South Front Street, Columbus, Ohio 43215, of any typographical or other
formal errors in the opinion, in order that corrections may be made before
the opinion is published.
SLIP OPINION NO. 2020-OHIO-4253
THE STATE EX REL. FRENCHKO v. TRUMBULL COUNTY BOARD OF ELECTIONS.
[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it
may be cited as State ex rel. Frenchko v. Trumbull Cty. Bd. of Elections, Slip
Opinion No. 2020-Ohio-4253.]
Elections—Prohibition—R.C. 3501.11(J) and (Q)—Writ sought to prevent a board
of elections from holding a hearing to investigate election-law violations
and residency qualifications—Because statutes allowing the board to
investigate the violations do not give the board authority to adjudicate the
controversy, relator cannot show that the board is about to exercise quasi-
judicial power—Writ denied.
(No. 2020-0955—Submitted August 20, 2020—Decided August 28, 2020.)
IN PROHIBITION.
__________________
Per Curiam.
{¶ 1} Relator, Michele Nicole “Niki” Frenchko, seeks a writ of prohibition
to prevent respondent, the Trumbull County Board of Elections, from holding a
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hearing under R.C. 3501.11(J), which empowers the board to investigate violations
of election law and report its findings to the secretary of state or the prosecuting
attorney, and R.C. 3501.11(Q), which empowers the board to investigate the
residence qualifications of electors. We deny the writ. Frenchko has not shown
that the board is about to exercise quasi-judicial power, that the hearing is
unauthorized by law, or that she lacks an adequate remedy in the ordinary course
of the law.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
{¶ 2} Frenchko has been certified to appear on the November 3, 2020 ballot
as a candidate for Trumbull County Commissioner, having won the Republican
nomination to that office in the primary election.
{¶ 3} On July 8, 2020, the board received a letter from an elector named
Thomas J. Cool, requesting an “investigation pursuant to [R.C. 3501.11(J) and (Q)]
regarding the putative elector and candidate for Trumbull County Commissioner,
Niki Frenchko * * * with respect to residence and eligibility as an elector between
August 19, 2019 and May 28, 2020 and misstatements regarding the same and other
violations of [Title] 35 of the Ohio Revised Code.” Attached to Cool’s letter were
purported copies of a child-support order and a student record regarding Frenchko’s
minor child. Cool asserted that Frenchko was the child’s residential and custodial
parent and that from August 2019 through May 2020, the child attended school in
the Mentor Exempted Village School District. He further asserted that the Mentor
school district lies entirely in Lake County, not Trumbull County, and does not have
open enrollment, so Frenchko had to have been a resident of the district to send her
child to school there. Cool concluded, “Ms. Frenchko has either misled this
Honorable Board or has misled the Mentor Public Schools regarding her residency
during the 2019 through 2020 school year * * *.”
{¶ 4} On July 31, after holding a special meeting to determine how it would
investigate Cool’s allegations, the board sent a letter to Frenchko and Cool stating
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January Term, 2020
that on August 7, it would hold a public hearing pursuant to R.C. 3501.11(J) and
(Q) “as to all matters contained in the attached letter from Thomas Cool.” Frenchko
avers that the director and deputy director of the board have issued subpoenas,
signed but otherwise in blank, to Cool’s attorneys, allowing the attorneys to
subpoena witnesses and records of their choosing, including records from the
Mentor school district.
{¶ 5} Frenchko filed her prohibition complaint on August 6, seeking to
prevent the board from holding the August 7 hearing. We stayed the hearing
pending the outcome of this matter, which we ordered to proceed as an expedited
election case under S.Ct.Prac.R. 12.08. 159 Ohio St.3d 1471, 2020-Ohio-3978, ___
N.E.3d ___. Frenchko and the board filed merit briefs. Cool filed an amicus brief
in support of the board. Frenchko did not file a reply brief, and the time for doing
so has passed. The case is therefore ripe for decision.
II. ANALYSIS
{¶ 6} To be entitled to a writ of prohibition, Frenchko must establish that
the board “is about to exercise judicial or quasi-judicial power,” “the exercise of
that power is unauthorized by law,” and “denying the writ will result in injury for
which no other adequate remedy exists in the ordinary course of law.” State ex rel.
LetOhioVote.Org v. Brunner, 125 Ohio St.3d 420, 2010-Ohio-1895, 928 N.E.2d
1066, ¶ 11. The failure to establish any one of these elements would be fatal to
Frenchko’s complaint. She has not established any of them.
A. Quasi-Judicial Power
{¶ 7} “Quasi-judicial authority is the power to hear and determine
controversies between the public and individuals that require a hearing resembling
a judicial trial.” (Emphasis added.) State ex rel. Wright v. Ohio Bur. of Motor
Vehicles, 87 Ohio St.3d 184, 186, 718 N.E.2d 908 (1999); see also Black’s Law
Dictionary 1416 (11th Ed.2019) (defining “quasi-judicial power” as “[a]n
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administrative agency’s power to adjudicate the rights of those who appear before
it”).
{¶ 8} Frenchko argues that the board’s discussion at its July 31 special
meeting shows that it is contemplating removing her from the November 3 ballot
or canceling her voter registration at the conclusion of the hearing. The board’s
hearing notice, however, does not invoke R.C. 3503.24 and 3501.39, the provisions
relevant to taking those actions. Instead, the notice simply states that the board
intends to conduct an investigation pursuant to R.C. 3501.11(J) and (Q).
{¶ 9} R.C. 3501.11(Q) provides that the board shall “[i]nvestigate and
determine the residence qualifications of electors.” In connection with such an
investigation (or the investigation of any “irregularities, nonperformance of duties,
or violations” of election laws), R.C. 3501.11(J) permits the board to “administer
oaths, issue subpoenas, summon witnesses, and compel the production of books,
papers, records, and other evidence.” Importantly, neither provision authorizes the
board to decide anything in the judicial or quasi-judicial sense. Under R.C.
3501.11(J), all the board may do is report the facts it uncovers through its
investigation to the prosecuting attorney or the secretary of state. Under R.C.
3501.11(Q), all the board may do is “determine” something in the general sense
that it may “ascertain,” “establish,” or “find out.” Webster’s New World Dictionary
375 (3d College Ed.1988). In other words, R.C. 35011.11(Q) authorizes the board
to investigate, not adjudicate. Again, to hear and decide the controversy between
the parties, that is, to adjudicate the matter, a proceeding under another provision
is required. See, e.g., State ex rel. Husted v. Brunner, 123 Ohio St.3d 288, 2009-
Ohio-5327, 915 N.E.2d 1215, ¶ 14-16.
{¶ 10} Thus, because the board does not have the power to adjudicate,
Frenchko has not established that the board is about to exercise quasi-judicial power
by holding an investigatory hearing or issuing subpoenas under R.C. 3501.11(J)
and (Q). See LetOhioVote.Org, 125 Ohio St.3d 420, 2010-Ohio-1895, 928 N.E.2d
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January Term, 2020
1066, at ¶ 16, citing State ex rel. Taft v. Franklin Cty. Court of Common Pleas, 63
Ohio St.3d 190, 195, 586 N.E.2d 114 (1992) (distinguishing between an
administrative act, an investigation, and an exercise of quasi-judicial power, an
adjudicatory proceeding).
B. Authorization by Law
{¶ 11} As explained above, R.C. 3501.11(J) and (Q) authorize the board to
investigate Cool’s allegations that Frenchko violated election law and to report its
findings to the prosecuting attorney or the secretary of state for further action. In
furtherance of this power, the board may issue subpoenas, R.C. 3501.11(J), and
may hold a hearing. Moreover, the board’s practice of having its director or deputy
director issue subpoenas signed but otherwise in blank, which Frenchko argues
exceeds the scope of the director’s and deputy director’s powers, comports with
Secretary of State Advisory Opinion No. 2008-10,
https://www.ohiosos.gov/globalassets/elections/advisories/2008/adv2008-10.pdf
(accessed August 26, 2020) [https://perma.cc/Z6ZE-EYCL].
{¶ 12} As also explained above, the board has expressly disclaimed any
authority to cancel Frenchko’s voter registration under R.C. 3503.24 or remove her
from the ballot. Frenchko’s reliance on State ex rel. Husted, 123 Ohio St.3d 288,
2009-Ohio-5327, 915 N.E.2d 1215, in which we granted a writ of mandamus partly
because election officials had not complied with R.C. 3503.24 when canceling an
elector’s registration, is therefore misplaced. Frenchko has not established that the
board’s contemplated actions are unauthorized by law. See State ex rel. Harbarger
v. Cuyahoga Cty. Bd. of Elections, 75 Ohio St.3d 44, 47, 661 N.E.2d 699 (1996)
(though it was too late for the board to remove a candidate from the ballot sua
sponte or in response to a protest, “the board may hold a hearing limited to
investigating the alleged violation of [election law] pursuant to R.C. 3501.11(J)”).
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C. Adequate Remedy
{¶ 13} The only reason Frenchko asserts that she lacks an adequate remedy
at law is the proximity of the November 3 election. However, as the investigatory
hearing under R.C. 3501.11(J) and (Q) will not affect Frenchko’s ability to stand
as a candidate or to vote in that election, she has not established the lack of an
adequate remedy in the ordinary course of the law.
III. CONCLUSION
{¶ 14} Based on the foregoing, we deny the writ.
Writ denied.
O’CONNOR, C.J., and FRENCH, FISCHER, DEWINE, DONNELLY, and
STEWART, JJ., concur.
KENNEDY, J., not participating.
_________________
Michele Nicole Frenchko, pro se.
Dennis Watkins, Trumbull County Prosecuting Attorney, and William J.
Danso, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for respondent.
Brunner Quinn, Rick L. Brunner, and Patrick M. Quinn, in support of
respondent for amicus curiae, Thomas J. Cool.
_________________
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