The opinion
FILED
May 11, 2018
10:47 AM(CT)
TENNESSEE COURT OF
WORKERS' COMPENSATION
CLAIMS
TENNESSEE BUREAU OF WORKERS' COMPENSATION
IN THE COURT OF WORKERS' COMPENSATION CLAIMS
AT NASHVILLE
Kevin Cox, ) Docket No. 2017-06-1932
Employee, )
v. )
Sonic Automotive, d/b/a Crest Honda, ) State File No. 53456-2017
Employer, )
And )
Hartford Ins. Co., ) Judge Kenneth M. Switzer
Carrier. )
EXPEDITED HEARING ORDER DENYING REQUESTED RELIEF
Kevin Cox filed a Request for Expedited Hearing, which this Court heard on May
8, 2018. The central legal issue is whether Crest IIonda properly denied Mr. Cox's daim
because his injury did not arise primarily out of and in the course and scope of
employment. For the reasons below, the Court holds the denial proper and denies the
requested relief at this time.
History of Claim
On the date of injury, Mr. Cox worked at Crest as an oil technician, changing oil
and performing other basic vehicle maintenance.
On July 17, 2017, near the end of his workday, Mr. Cox changed into his street
clothes and entered the breakroom to retrieve his lunchbox before clocking out. In the
breakroom, he saw several coworkers, including Collin Elliott, "horse playing." He said
that he and Mr. Elliott "had a few joking words" and were not discussing work. The gist
of the banter between Mr. Cox and Mr. Elliott was that, although Mr. Cox is in his fifties,
he could still "take down" Mr. Elliot, age twenty-one. According to Mr. Cox, Mr. Elliot
then "walked up on me and he grabbed me. We got to tussling, and I broke my leg." Mr.
Cox said his right knee "just popped."
Mr. Elliott offered a similar version of the incident, stating that they exchanged a
1
few words and then "squared up," meaning that they stood across from each other with
two or three feet between them, raised their arms with open palms, and walked toward
each other. Mr. Elliot said, "I put my shoulder in his chest and I put him on the couch."
He heard Mr. Cox's knee pop. He acknowledged they were not angry at each other, had
not argued earlier in the day, and were not fighting over work tools or duties. Mr. Elliott
described the two as "buddies at work."
Crest called several witnesses, who agreed that the interaction between Mr. Cox
and Mr. Elliot on the date of injury did not involve malice or violence, nor were they
discussing their work duties before or during the encounter. Co-worker Brandon Moore
described their words and actions as "talking smack," while another worker, Randy
Carte, characterized it as "jaw-jacking" and "grade-school stuff." Mr. Carte further
explained that, when no work is available, the workers spend time in the breakroom
because they must remain at the dealership for their entire shifts. Supervisor James Wells
characterized the general work environment at Crest as "fairly tight" with an emphasis on
safety but also said, "We do try to have a good time because nobody wants to go to work
and not be happy."
Mr. Cox immediately reported the injury. He initially stated that he slipped in
water and later that he tripped on a mat because he did not want Mr. Elliot to get in
trouble. A few days later, however, Mr. Cox admitted the horseplay. Crest denied the
claim on July 21, citing "injury as a result of horseplay."
As fur his mellil:al l:are, Cresl look Mr. Cox to Concentra. When that treatment
did not alleviate his pain, Mr. Cox, a former marine, sought a second opinion at the local
Veterans Affairs hospital. Ultimately, he underwent knee surgery at the VA after Crest
denied his claim. Mr. Cox currently receives physical therapy and believes he needs
additional treatment.
Mr. Cox earned no income from the date of injury until December 27. He seeks
temporary total disability benefits for that period, plus medical benefits to treat his knee.
Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law
Mr. Cox must present sufficient evidence from which the Court can determine he
is likely to prevail at a hearing on the merits. McCord v. Advantage Human Resourcing,
2015 TN Wrk. Comp. App. Bd. LEXIS 6, at *7-8, 9 (Mar. 27, 2015). Specifically, he
must show he suffered an injury as defined under the Workers' Compensation Law. That
definition requires that an injury must arise primarily out of and in the course and scope
of the employment. Tenn. Code Ann.§ 50-6-102(14) (2017). The Appeals Board cited
longstanding Tennessee law when it explained:
"[A]n injury by accident to an employee is in the course of employment if it
2
occurred while he was perforining a duty he was employed to do; and it is
an injury arising out of employment if caused by a hazard incident to such
employment." Generally, an injury arises out of and is in the course and
scope of employment if it has a rational connection to the work and occurs
while the employee is engaged in the duties of his employment.
Scarbrough v. Right Way Recycling, LLC, 2015 TN Wrk. Comp. App. Bd. LEXIS 9, at
* 10 (Apr. 20, 20 15)(Intemal citations omitted).
Here, although Crest questioned Mr. Cox's credibility by emphasizing his various
versions of how he became injured, Crest ultimately did not dispute that the incident
occurred. Rather, Crest argued that Mr. Cox suffered injury while voluntarily engaging
in "horseplay," which is an activity neither within the course and scope of employment
nor arising primarily within it. 1 The Court agrees in part. Mr. Cox's injury did not arise
primarily out of his employment.
Multiple witnesses substantiated that Mr. Cox's and Mr. Elliott's words and
actions were friendly throughout the incident. They also agreed the two were not
discussing any aspect of their work duties before or during the encounter. Thus, Mr. Cox
was not performing a duty that Crest hired him to do when the injury occurred. Rather,
he had completed his workday and became sidetracked from retrieving his lunchbox to
engage in horseplay with Mr. Elliott. "An injury arises out of employment when there is
a causal connection between the conditions under which the work is required to be
performed and the resulting injury." Johnson v. Wal-Mart Assoc., Inc., 2015 TN Wrk.
Comp. App. Bd. LEXIS 18, at *12 (July 2, 2015)(citation omitted). The Court holds that
playful banter escalating to the point of physical injury is not a hazard incident to Mr.
Cox's work as an oil technician at Crest, since the banter was not generated by a
discussion over any matter related to work.
Mr. Cox cited Borden Mills, Inc. v. McGaha, 161 Tenn. 376 (Tenn. 1930), to
support his claim. In that case, the employee was sitting on a box waiting to start her
work duties in a mill when a coworker, "in a spirit of fun," pushed the box. !d. at 380.
She fell to the floor, suffering injury. The trial court awarded benefits, and the Tennessee
Supreme Court affirmed. The justices cited the New York Court of Appeals as follows:
[I]t was but natural to expect them to deport themselves as young men and
boys, replete with the activities of life and health. For workmen of that age,
or even of maturer years, to indulge in a moment's diversion from work to
joke with or play a prank upon a fellow workman, is a matter of common
1
Crest also argued that the Court should not analyze the case using the legal frameworks for willful
misconduct or workplace assaults. The Court agrees. Crest did not raise the willful misconduct defense
or introduce sufficient proof to support it, and as for workplace assaults, the witnesses agreed Mr. Cox
and Mr. Elliott harbored no hostility between them.
3
knowledge to everyone who employs labor.
!d. However, the high Court limited recovery to employees who do not participate in the
horseplay. !d. at 381. Almost three decades later, in Ransom v. HG. Hill Co., 326
S.W.2d 659 (Tenn. 1959), the Supreme Court broadened McGaha, so that even an
employee who instigates horseplay may recover for a resulting injury. In Ransom, the
employee's boss gave a sole instruction for periods of inactivity: do not leave the lot.
The trial court found the employee's injuries from horseplay noncompensable, but the
justices reversed, quoting Professor Larson:
If the primary test in horseplay cases is deviation from the employment, the
question whether the horseplay involved the dropping of active duties
calling for the claimant's attention as distinguished from the mere killing of
time while claimant had nothing to do assumes considerable importance.
There are two reasons for this: first, if there were no duties to be performed,
there were none to be abandoned; and second, it is common knowledge,
embodied in more than one old saw, that idleness breeds mischief, so that if
idleness is a fixture of the employment, its handmaiden mischief is also.
!d. at 663-4. The high Court held the claim compensable but also gave the Workers'
Compensation Law a remedial construction to reach that result. !d. at 663.
Applying these authorities, the facts surrounding Mr. Cox's InJury are
distinguishable. The employee in McGaha sat on a box at her workstation waiting to
start her duties. In contrast, Mr. Cox intended to retrieve his lunchbox, clock out and go
home, when the horseplay ensued. Further, Mr. Cox was not "killing time" because he
had no work to do, as was the employee in Ransom. Rather, his work duties were
completed for the day when he made the unfortunate choice to act on Mr. Elliott's
challenge. Finally, the Court questions Ransom's continued viability, given that the
Reform Act did away with the previous remedial construction of the Workers'
Compensation Law. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 50-6-116 ("[T]his chapter shall not be
remedially or liberally construed but shall be construed fairly, impartially, and in
accordance with basic principles of statutory construction and this chapter shall not be
construed in a manner favoring either the employee or the employer").
In conclusion, as a matter of law, Mr. Cox presented insufficient evidence to
establish he is likely to prevail at a hearing on the merits regarding whether he sustained
an injury arising primarily out of and in the course and scope of his employment.
4
IT IS, THEREFORE, ORDERED AS FOLLOWS:
1. Mr. Cox's requested relief is denied at this time.
2. The Court sets this case· for a Scheduling Hearing on July 9, 2018, at 8:45
a.m. Central Time. You must call 615-532-9552 or toll-free at 866-943-
0025 to participate in the Hearing. Failure to call may result in a
determination of the issues without your further participation.
ENTERED May 11,2018.
Court of Workers' Compensa on Claims
5
APPENDIX
Exhibits:
1. Kevin Cox Affidavit
2. Denial
3. Wage statement
4. Composite medical records
Technical record:
1. Petition for Benefit Determination
2. Dispute Certification Notice
3. Request for Expedited Hearing
4. Employer and Insurance Carrier's Expedited Hearing Witness and Exhibit List
5. Expedited Hearing Brief of Employer and Carrier
6. Witness and Exhibit List
7. Employee's Expedited Hearing Brief
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
I certify that a copy of this Order was sent to the following recipients by these
methods of service on May 11, 2018.
Name Certified Via Via Service sent to:
Mail Fax Email
Carolina Martin, X cvmartin@hughesandcoleman.com;
Employee's Counsel sconner@hughesandcoleman.com
David Deming, X ddeming@man ierherod.com
Employer's Counsel
enny Sh u , Clerk of Court
Court of orkers' Compensation Claims
WC.CourtClerk@tn.gov
6
Expedited Hearing Order Right to Appeal:
If you disagree with this Expedited Hearing Order, you may appeal to the Workers’
Compensation Appeals Board. To appeal an expedited hearing order, you must:
1. Complete the enclosed form entitled: “Expedited Hearing Notice of Appeal,” and file the
form with the Clerk of the Court of Workers’ Compensation Claims within seven
business days of the date the expedited hearing order was filed. When filing the Notice
of Appeal, you must serve a copy upon all parties.
2. You must pay, via check, money order, or credit card, a $75.00 filing fee within ten
calendar days after filing of the Notice of Appeal. Payments can be made in-person at
any Bureau office or by U.S. mail, hand-delivery, or other delivery service. In the
alternative, you may file an Affidavit of Indigency (form available on the Bureau’s
website or any Bureau office) seeking a waiver of the fee. You must file the fully-
completed Affidavit of Indigency within ten calendar days of filing the Notice of
Appeal. Failure to timely pay the filing fee or file the Affidavit of Indigency will
result in dismissal of the appeal.
3. You bear the responsibility of ensuring a complete record on appeal. You may request
from the court clerk the audio recording of the hearing for a $25.00 fee. If a transcript of
the proceedings is to be filed, a licensed court reporter must prepare the transcript and file
it with the court clerk within ten business days of the filing the Notice of
Appeal. Alternatively, you may file a statement of the evidence prepared jointly by both
parties within ten business days of the filing of the Notice of Appeal. The statement of
the evidence must convey a complete and accurate account of the hearing. The Workers’
Compensation Judge must approve the statement before the record is submitted to the
Appeals Board. If the Appeals Board is called upon to review testimony or other proof
concerning factual matters, the absence of a transcript or statement of the evidence can be
a significant obstacle to meaningful appellate review.
4. If you wish to file a position statement, you must file it with the court clerk within ten
business days after the deadline to file a transcript or statement of the evidence. The
party opposing the appeal may file a response with the court clerk within ten business
days after you file your position statement. All position statements should include: (1) a
statement summarizing the facts of the case from the evidence admitted during the
expedited hearing; (2) a statement summarizing the disposition of the case as a result of
the expedited hearing; (3) a statement of the issue(s) presented for review; and (4) an
argument, citing appropriate statutes, case law, or other authority.
For self-represented litigants: Help from an Ombudsman is available at 800-332-2667.
Filed Date Stamp Here EXPEDITED HEARING NOTICE OF APPEAL
Tennessee Division of Workers' Compensation
Docket#: - - - -- -- - --
www.tn.go v/labor-wfd/wcomp.shtm l
State File #/YR: - - -- - - --
wc.courtclerk@tn.gov
1-800-332-2667 RFA#: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _____ _
Date of Injury: - - - -- - - - -
SSN: _______ _ ______ __
Employee
Employer and Carrier
Notice
Noticeisg~enthat _ _ _ _ _ _ _~~--~~~~---~~~--------~
[List name(s) of all appealing party(ies) on separate sheet if necessary]
appeals the order(s) of the Court of Workers' Compensation Claims at _ __
-~~~-----~~~~~~~~-to the Workers' Compensation Appeals Board .
[List the date(s) the order(s) was filed in the court clerk's office]
Judge___________________________________________
Statement of the Issues
Provide a short and plain statement of the issues on appeal or basis for relief on appeal:
Additional Information
Type of Case [Check the most appropriate item]
D Temporary disability benefits
D Medical benefits for current injury
D Medical benefits under prior order issued by the Court
List of Parties
Appellant (Requesting Party): _____________ .A t Hearing: DEmployer DEmployee
Address:. _______________________ ______________ ___________
Party's Phone:.____________________________ Email: _________________________
Attorney's Name:________________________________ ___ BPR#: - - - - - - - - - - - -
Attorney's Address:. _ _ _ _ _~~-~~~~----~~---- Phone:
Attorney's City, State & Zip code: _____________________ ___________ _ _ _ __ _
Attorney's Email :_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
*Attach an additional sheet for each additional Appellant*
LB-1099 rev.4/15 Page 1 of 2 RDA 11082
Employee Name: - - - -- - - -- - - - SF#: _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ DO l: _ __ _ __
Aopellee(s)
Appellee (Opposing Party): _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.At Hearing: OEmployer DEmployee
Appellee's Address: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Appellee's Phone:_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.Email:_ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __
Attorney's Name:_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ BPR#: - - - - - - - -
Attorney's Address:._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Phone:
Attorney's City, State & Zip code: - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -
Attorney's Email:._ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
* Attach an additional sheet for each additional Appellee *
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
I, certify that I have forwarded a true and exact copy of this
Expedited Hearing Notice of Appeal by First Class, United States Mail, postage prepaid, to all parties
and/or their attorneys in this case in accordance with Rule 0800-02-22.01(2) of the Tennessee Rules of
Board of Workers' Compensation Appeals on this the day of__, 20_ .
[Signature of appellant or attorney for appellant]
LB-1099 rev.4/1S Page 2 of 2 RDA 11082
.
ll .I
Tennessee Bureau of Workers' Compensation
220 French Landing Drive, 1-B
Nashville, TN 37243-1002
800-332-2667
AFFIDAVIT OF INDIGENCY
I, , having been duly sworn according to law, make oath that
because of my poverty, I am unable to bear the costs of this appeal and request that the filing fee to appeal be
waived. The following facts support my poverty.
1. Full Name:_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 2. Address: - - - - - - - - - - - - -
3. Telephone Number: - - - - - - - - - 4. Date of Birth: - - - - - - - - - - -
5. Names and Ages of All Dependents:
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Relationship: - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Relationship: - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - Relationship: - - - - - - - - - - - --
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Relationship: - - - - - - - - - - - - -
6. I am employed by: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - , -
My employer's address is: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
My employer's phone number is: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
7. My present monthly household income, after federal income and social security taxes are deducted, is:
$ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___
8. I receive or expect to receive money from the following sources:
AFDC $ per month beginning
SSI $ per month beginning
Retirement $ per month beginning
Disability $ per month beginning
Unemployment $ per month beginning
Worker's Camp.$ per month beginning
Other $ per month beginning
LB-1108 (REV 11/15) RDA 11082
9. My expenses are: ' ; !•
'
Rent/House Payment $ per month Medical/Dental $ per month
Groceries $ per month Telephone $ per month
Electricity $ per month School Supplies $ per month
Water $ per month Clothing $ per month
Gas $ per month Child Care $ per month
Transportation $ per month Child Support $ per month
Car $ per month
Other $ per month (describe:
10. Assets:
Automobile $ _ _ __ _
(FMV) - - - - - -- - - -
Checking/Savings Acct. $ _ _ _ __
House $ _ _ _ __
(FMV) - - -- - - -- - -
)
Other $ _ _ _ __ Describe:_ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __
11. My debts are:
Amount Owed To Whom
I hereby declare under the penalty of perjury that the foregoing answers are true, correct, and complete
and that I am financially unable to pay the costs of this appeal.
APPELLANT
Sworn and subscribed before me, a notary public, this
_ _ _ dayof _____________ ,20____
NOTARY PUBLIC
My Commission Expires:_ _ _ _ _ __ _
LB-1108 (REV 11/15) RDA 11082