The opinion
FILED
Dece mber 26, 2014
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COURT OF WORKERS' COMPENSATION CLAIMS
DIVISION OF WORKERS' COMPENSATION
EMPLOYEE: Lawrence Richard Brunner, Jr. DOCKET#: 2014-08-0003
STATE FILE#: 64691/2014
EMPLOYER: Blue Sky Couriers DATE OF INJURY: July 24,2014
CARRIER: Travelers Property Casualty Company of America
EXPEDITED HEARING ORDER
THIS CAUSE came before the undersigned Workers' Compensation Judge upon the Request
for Expedited Hearing filed by Lawrence Richard Brunner, Jr. (Mr. Brunner).
On October 6, 2014, a Request for Expedited Hearing was filed with the Tennessee Court of
Workers' Compensation Claims, Division of Workers' Compensation, on behalf of Mr. Brunner
pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated section 50-6-239 to determine if the provision of medical
benefits and/or temporary disability benefits is appropriate. Mr. Brunner requested an evidentiary
hearing. Prior to the Expedited Hearing, the parties advised that the only issue to be determined at
this hearing was whether Mr. Brunner was an independent contractor or an employee for workers'
compensation purposes.
The Court conducted a telephonic hearing on December 4, 2014. Mr. Brunner was
represented by attorney David Gordon. Blue Sky Couriers (Blue Sky) and Travelers Property
Casualty Company of America (Travelers) were represented by attorney Paul Nicks. Considering the
positions of the parties, the applicable law, and all of the evidence submitted, the Court hereby finds
that Mr. Brunner is an independent contractor and not an employee.
ANALYSIS
Issues
By agreement of the parties, the only issue before the Court for this Expedited Hearing is
whether Mr. Brunner was an independent contractor or employee for workers' compensation
purposes at the time of the accident. All remaining issues will be determined at a later time, if
necessary.
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Evidence Submitted
The Court received and considered the following documentation and information submitted
by the parties:
Exhibits 1-3 were marked for identification only and were not admitted into evidence.
Attorney for Blue Sky objected to Exhibits 5 and 6 being introduced into evidence, subject to being
authenticated by Mr. Brunner in his testimony. During the testimony of Mr. Brunner, Exhibits 5 and
6 were introduced into evidence without objection. All other Exhibits were admitted into evidence
by agreement and without objection.
Exhibit Number:
1. Request for Expedited Hearing, filed October 6, 2014
2. Dispute Certification Notice
3. Petition for Benefit Determination, filed August 20, 2014
4. Notice ofDenial (Form C-23)
5. Letter from Mr. Brunner to Blue Sky dated August 14, 2014
6. Affidavit of Mr. Brunner dated August 8, 2014
7. Wage Statement
8. Form I-18, Election ofNon-Coverage By Subcontractor
9. Independent Contractor Agreement For Transportation Services
("Agreement")
10. Affidavit of Rick Kernan, dated September 17, 2014
11. Medical records, Dr. Claiborne Christian, dated August 12, 2014
12. Medical records, Dr. Claiborne Christian, dated July 31,2014
13. Medical records, Dr. Claiborne Christian, dated July 24, 2014
14. Medical records, Dr. Claiborne Christian, dated August 12, 2014
15. Medical records, Baptist Hospital-Desoto, dated August 8, 2014
16. Medical records, Dr. Claiborne Christian, dated July 21, 2014
17. Medical records, Dr. Claiborne Christian, dated July 24, 2014
18. Itemized Bill, Dr. Claiborne Christian
19. Contractor Settlements form
20. Log-In Sheets
21. Dispatch Sheets
22. Copy of Application of Mr. Brunner with Blue Sky
23. Deposition of Mr. Brunner
Stipulations of the Parties
Prior to this Expedited Hearing, the parties stipulated, as follows:
1. That Lawrence Brunner injured himself while making a delivery for Blue Sky Couriers on
July 24, 2014, when he fell from the back of his truck while working on a load.
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2. Mr. Brunner suffered what has been diagnosed as a tibial plateau fracture to his right leg.
3. That Mr. Brunner's weekly compensation rate would be $597.55.
4. That as a result of Mr. Brunner's injury, he has not been able to return to work at this time.
5. That Mr. Brunner has incurred medical expenses to date from Claiborne Christian, M.D., in
the amount of$1,533.90, and from Baptist Memorial Hospital in the amount of$2,073.00;
but the parties agree that only health insurance reimbursement plus Mr. Brunner's liability
portion must be paid by Blue Sky Couriers in the event the Court finds in favor of Mr.
Brunner.
6. That in the event the Court finds in favor of Mr. Brunner, Blue Sky Couriers will be
responsible for the full range of workers' compensation benefits under Tennessee law.
7. That the only issue currently before the Court is whether Mr. Brunner was an independent
contractor or employee for workers' compensation purposes at the time of the accident.
History of Claim
Mr. Brunner is a 48 year old delivery driver ("Courier"). His relationship with Blue Sky
began on June 29,2012, when the parties entered into an agreement entitled "Independent Contractor
Agreement for Transportation Services" ("Agreement") (Exhibit 9). Mr. Brunner also filled out and
signed the Tennessee Department of Labor "Election ofNon-Coverage by Subcontractor" (Exhibit 8)
for Blue Sky before he started making deliveries. On July 24, 2014, Mr. Brunner fell and injured his
right leg while making a delivery. The claim was formally denied (Exhibit 4) on the basis that Mr.
Brunner was an independent contractor and not an employee of Blue Sky.
In order to work for Blue Sky, Mr. Brunner was required to sign the independent contractor
"Agreement". Therein, Blue Sky is identified as the "Company" and Mr. Brunner is identified as the
"Contractor." The "Agreement" provides in pertinent part:
1. The Company is engaged in the business of providing delivery services.
2. The Company has a need for the services of independent Contractors to pick up, transport
and deliver items for the customers of the Company.
3. The Contractor is willing to be available from time to time to perform delivery services for
the customers of the Company as an independent contractor when the Contractor shall
choose to do so.
4. The parties agree that the relationship of the Contractor with the Company is that of an
independent contractor.
5. The Contractor is not an employee of the Company, there is no workers' compensation
insurance available, and Contractor waives any workers' compensation claims against
Company.
6. The Company has no right to direct or control the details or methods by which the Contractor
performs his services and the Company shall be concerned only with the results to be
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accomplished. The Contractor has the right to decline or accept any request for delivery
services. The Contractor controls the route taken for delivery services.
7. The Contractor has the right to decline or accept requests to perform delivery services.
8. The results of the work must conform and meet the general standards and approval ofthe
Company's customers.
9. The Contractor shall provide a motor vehicle to perform delivery services, and the Contractor
shall have control of the motor vehicle. The Contractor shall pay all costs and expenses
incident to the operation of the vehicle.
10. The Contractor shall furnish at his own cost equipment needed, such as radio equipment,
pagers, and material handling equipment. This equipment may be leased from the Company.
11. The Company may terminate the independent contractor "Agreement" for non-compliance
with safety regulations, failure to keep insurance on his vehicle or performance that reflects
badly on the Company.
12. The Contractor is paid sixty percent of the delivery charge paid by the customer.
Mr. Brunner testified at the Expedited Hearing regarding his relationship with Blue Sky, as
follows:
1. He was aware that he read and signed the independent contractor "Agreement" to work as an
independent contractor prior to beginning work with Blue Sky.
2. He provided his own truck, including gas, maintenance and insurance for the vehicle. He
also furnished a two-wheeler and tie-down straps. If he received a traffic ticket, he had to
pay it.
3. He had to purchase from Blue Sky a radio and Verizon cell phone equipped with a particular
application enabling him to communicate with the Blue Sky dispatcher.
4. He had to purchase a uniform from Blue Sky that he was required to wear.
5. Blue Sky gave him magnetic identification stickers that he could place on his vehicle.
6. He was required to check in every morning and did so at 8:00a.m. Usually after checking in,
he would receive a notification on his cell phone application that he had one or more
deliveries available. He would be advised of the pick-up and delivery locations, as well as
the time allowed for making the delivery. The time allowed for delivery would be set by the
customer, not Blue Sky.
7. If he was going to be late, thus delaying his availability for work, he would call to advise the
dispatcher. However, if he was late calling in, the dispatcher would call him to see if he was
going to be able to work on that day.
8. He was not permitted to check out early, and he had to remain available to 4:30 or 5:00p.m.
for deliveries. If a "Courier" wanted to take off, he had to get permission from Blue Sky two
or three weeks in advance.
9. Blue Sky could terminate his "employment" if it so desired.
10. He was paid sixty percent of each delivery, and that was not negotiable with Blue Sky. No
taxes were withheld from that amount.
11. He did not know whether he was free to hire his own helpers.
12. Though he was not prohibited from working for other companies, he does not do so.
However, he would not have time to offer his delivery services to another company because
of the number of hours he worked each day with Blue Sky.
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13. He was trained in Blue Sky procedures by riding with another "Courier" for a day.
14. He had the freedom to select the route he would take for deliveries.
Mr. James Mize, a former Blue Sky driver, testified as a rebuttal witness on behalf of Mr.
Brunner at the Expedited Hearing, as follows:
1. He started working as a driver/Courier for Blue Sky in 1998 and worked there until 2010.
2. He was required to check in at 8:00a.m. and to work until5:00 or 5:30p.m.
3. "Couriers" were required to get permission from Blue Sky to take time off, however, he
never called in to request time off.
4. He was terminated by Blue Sky under the following circumstances. On a date in 2010, at
approximately 5:00 p.m., he was requested to deliver a heavy load weighing about 700-800
pounds to Olive Branch, MS. Using his cell phone application, he could either accept the
assignment or reject the assignment. He rejected the assignment. The dispatcher sent the
request again, and again he rejected it. Then the dispatcher called him on the radio and asked
why he turned down the load. He told the dispatcher he did not feel well, was tired and could
not handle the load. Subsequently, Mr. Hechinger, President of Blue Sky called him to
inquire as to the problem with accepting the assignment. Mr. Mize advised Mr. Hechinger of
the information he told the dispatcher. Mr. Hechinger told Mr. Mize to either perform the
assignment or turn his equipment in, meaning he was fired. He did not perform the run and
he turned in his equipment the next morning. He also got another job the next day.
5. He had no problem with punctuality while working for Blue Sky, never checking in more
than five (5) minutes late. He does not know if anyone was ever fired for checking in late.
He was never denied a request to take time off.
Mr. Richard Hechinger, President of Blue Sky, testified, as follows:
1. Blue Sky is a local, on demand, pick-up and delivery company, doing mostly business to
business deliveries. All drivers/Couriers are hired as independent contractors. At the present
time Blue Sky has seventy-three (73) "Couriers".
2. He personally was involved in signing Mr. Brunner as an independent contractor. He and
Mr. Brunner both signed the independent contractor "Agreement". He personally discussed
with Mr. Brunner that Brunner would be an independent contractor, which required him to
provide his own vehicle, his own tools and that he would receive a percentage of the delivery
fee. Mr. Brunner was told that the more he delivered, the more he would get paid.
3. "Couriers" are required to wear a Blue Sky uniform because it makes them more
recognizable to the customers and, thusly, makes the job easier.
4. "Couriers" use the designated Verizon telephone and application so as to have a common
communication platform for the dispatcher to communicate with the "Courier".
5. "Courier" are free to hire and pay their own helpers, and some currently do so.
6. "Couriers", depending on their availability, are not required to check in and out at any
particular time, and some are currently doing so.
7. If a "Courier" is not going to be available to work on any particular day, he notifies the
dispatcher who will list him as not available on that day.
8. A "Courier" is free to refuse a delivery if so desired, and there would be no repercussions.
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9. Mr. Hechinger addressed the rebuttal testimony of Mr. Mize, as follows:
a. By 2010, the market for Blue Sky's deliveries had changed from smaller packages to
larger and more complicated packages. Initially many customers wanted envelope
delivery, but, due to technology, that market had disappeared. Mr. Mize preferred to
deliver envelope packages and his attitude towards the work was diminishing. Mr.
Hechinger discussed this with Mr. Mize and got him another job with Tag Trucks
that was less stressful. For a period of time, the new job with Tag Trucks worked
well, but, Mr. Mize subsequently advised he had quit and wanted to come back to
Blue Sky. Mr. Hechinger advised he no longer had a position for him. Mr. Mize
returned to Tag Trucks, obtained his former job and stayed a few more months.
Event~ally Mr. Mize did come back to Blue Sky as a "Courier", but his attitude did
not improve.
b. Mr. Hechinger remembers the circumstances of Mr. Mize' s termination in 201 0. He
got a call from his dispatcher saying Mr. Mize was refusing to take a delivery and the
dispatcher did not have anyone else to perform the assignment. He called Mr. Mize
and said "maybe you just need to turn your equipment in" and he said "okay." He was
not terminated only for refusing that particular load, but such was the last straw. He
had been unhappy and causing morale problems for a long time.
c. Mr. Hechinger denied that Mr. Mize was ever required to check in at 8:00a.m. or
stay until5:00 p.m.
d. Mr. Hechinger denied ever firing anyone for simply refusing a load, however he
stated in his testimony "I had plenty of opportunity in the past to terminate Jimmy
[Mize] for refusing loads, because it was a fairly regular occurrence for him."
Mr. Frederick (Rick) Kernan, Operations Manager of Blue Sky testified, as follows:
1. The majority of customers will request deliveries between 8:00a.m. and 5:00p.m.
2. "Couriers" are not required to check in at a particular time, but the first "Courier" that checks
in will get the first delivery work. Therefore, the earlier a "Courier" checks in, the better
placement he has to get delivery work.
3. He never told Mr. Brunner that he was required to check in at 8:00a.m. However, if a
"Courier" normally checks in at 8:00a.m., and fails to do so on a particular day, he will call
them to determine their status.
4. "Couriers" are free to check out at any time. He told Mr. Brunner he would like him to be
available to 4:30 or 5:00p.m., but that it was his decision whether to do so.
5. "Couriers" are free to take vacations whenever they desire.
6. "Couriers" can offer their services to companies other than Blue Sky.
7. If a "Courier" damages a package, they have to pay for it.
8. A "Courier" does not have to get permission to miss a day, he can just notify Blue Sky that
he will not be working on that day.
Employee's Contentions
Mr. Brunner contends that he was working as an employee, not an independent contractor, at
the time of his work injury. He contends that the only thing supporting Blue Sky's position is the
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paperwork, such as the independent contractor "Agreement." He contends that paperwork is not
important, and it necessary to look at the facts. He contends that "Couriers" work for Blue Sky
under a tightly controlled employee situation. Facts allegedly supporting Mr. Brunner's contention
are the following:
1. "Couriers" are required to check in to work by a specific time;
2. When assigned a delivery, "Couriers" are given a certain time in which to accomplish the
delivery. A "standard" delivery is a two hour delivery. A "rush" delivery is a one hour
delivery. A "direct" delivery is an immediate delivery.
3. Regarding tools and equipment, Mr. Brunner had to provide his own truck, insurance on
same and his own material handling equipment. Though, Mr. Brunner was required to wear
a Blue Sky uniform, it is not significant that he had to pay for it. Also, "Couriers" were given
a Blue Sky magnetic door sign and a Blue Sky dash placard to put on their truck. All
paperwork was given to "Couriers" by Blue Sky. "Couriers" were required to use a radio and
telephone approved by Blue Sky; it is not significant that "Couriers" had to pay for this
equipment.
4. Regarding scheduling of hours, "Couriers" were allegedly required to check in by 8:00a.m.
and be available for deliveries until4:30 or 5:00p.m. Further, "Couriers" were not allowed
to make a few runs in the morning and not work for the rest of the day.
Employer's Contentions
Blue Sky contends that Mr. Brunner, while working as a "Courier", was an independent
contractor, not an employee. Blue Sky contends that the uniform and communication equipment that
"Couriers" were required to use were not furnished by Blue Sky, but were purchased or leased by the
"Couriers". These items should in no way be considered a method of control, but were items that
would assist the "Courier" in communicating with Blue Sky and in being recognized by a customer
as a "Courier". The "Courier"· furnished his own vehicle, his own two-wheeler, his own tie-downs,
and furnished his own vehicle insurance and fuel. Blue Sky did not set Mr. Brunner's schedule;
rather, he had the freedom to check in with Blue Sky for deliveries whenever he desired. Blue Sky's
regular business hours were from 8:00a.m. to 5:00p.m. and "Couriers" can check in at any time.
However, the earlier a "Courier" checks in, he is more likely to get a better choice of deliveries and
make more money. Likewise, a "Courier" can check out whenever desired, or even refuse deliveries
with no repercussions. Furthermore, a "Courier" has the right to work with other delivery services if
desired. Regarding payment, "Couriers" receive sixty percent of the delivery fee, with no taxes being
withheld.
Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law
Standard Applied
When determining whether to award benefits, the Judge must decide whether the moving
party is likely to succeed on the merits at trial given the information available. See generally, McCall
v. Nat'! Health Care Corp., 100 S.W. 3d 209, 214 (Tenn. 2003).
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Factual Findings
Considering all admissible evidence submitted and stipulations of the parties, the Court finds
that Blue Sky considers its drivers to be independent contractors. Blue Sky uses written contracts
clearly specifying the terms of its agreement with the "Courier". A "Courier" working for Blue Sky
owns the vehicle he uses and is responsible for maintenance, fuel and insurance on the vehicle.
Signage on the vehicle (if used at all) is optional with the "Courier" and is magnetic, and, hence,
temporary. "Couriers" receive dispatches relaying a particular customer's requirements. Sixty
(60%) per cent of the fee received by Blue Sky is paid to the "Courier". Prices for "Courier"
deliveries are established by Blue Sky. Blue Sky receives payment from the customer and then pays
the "Courier". No taxes are withheld from the "Courier's" portion of the delivery fee and "Couriers"
receive an annual Form 1099 showing the fees paid to them. Damage to a package, if caused by the
"Courier", is the responsibility of the "Courier". Communication equipment is rented from Blue Sky
by the "Courier". A "Courier" is free to accept delivery work from other companies and is free to
hire his own helpers. Blue Sky does not specify particular routes that "Couriers" must follow.
Mr. Brunner was injured on July 24, 2014, while making a delivery for Blue Sky. At the
time of his injury, Mr. Brunner was working as a "Courier" pursuant to an independent contractor
"Agreement" with Blue Sky. Mr. Brunner furnished his own vehicle and equipment, chose whether
to accept deliveries given by a Blue Sky dispatcher, was free to hire his own helpers and to accept
work from other entities. Mr. Brunner was paid a percentage (60%) of the delivery fee paid by the
customer. Blue Sky required that Mr. Brunner wear a hat and shirt identifying him as a "Courier",
and required Mr. Brunner to furnish and use specific communication equipment so that he could
communicate with a Blue Sky dispatcher. Mr. Brunner was required to purchase or lease the
communication equipment and uniform.
Application of Law to Facts
Mr. Brunner was an independent contractor, not an employee.
The only issue that must be determined is whether Mr. Brunner was an independent
contractor or a Blue Sky employee. For the reasons set forth below, the Court finds that this was an
independent contractor relationship.
Tennessee Code Annotated section 50-6-102(11)(D)(2014), provides the following
concerning the determination of whether an individual is an employee or an independent contractor:
In a work relationship, in order to determine whether an individual is an "employee,"
or whether an individual is a "subcontractor" or an "independent contractor," the
following factors shall be considered:
(i) The right to control the conduct of the work;
(ii) The right of termination;
(iii) The method of payment;
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(iv) The freedom to select and hire helpers;
(v) The furnishing of tools and equipment;
(vi) Self-scheduling of working hours; and
(vii) The freedom to offer services to other entities[.]
With respect to the right to control the conduct of the work, the court finds that that Mr.
Brunner had primary control over the work to be performed. He had the right to decline or accept a
delivery job that was being offered. Different delivery jobs could have different requirements
subject to a customer's wishes. Time constraints on a delivery were established by the customer. If
he accepted the job, he made the pickup, he controlled the loading ofhis truck, he chose the route for
the delivery, and he controlled the unloading and delivery of the package. Blue Sky would not direct
or control the details or methods by which the Mr. Brunner performed his services, but was
concerned primarily with the results to be accomplished.
With respect to the right of termination, Blue Sky could terminate the independent contractor
"Agreement" for non-compliance with safety regulations, failure to keep insurance on the vehicle or
performance that reflected badly on Blue Sky. On its face, this appears to be a contract that was not
terminable at will, but one that was terminable by Blue Sky only for violation of terms of the
"Agreement." The testimony of both Mr. Mize, a former driver, and Mr. Hechinger, President of
Blue Sky, also shows that while a "Courier" might be able to refuse specific loads without
consequences, he may be terminated for regularly refusing loads, especially when no other driver is
available. This Court finds that a termination for regularly refusing loads is not inconsistent with a
finding that a "Courier" is an independent contractor. It is more indicative that the "Courier" no
longer wishes to perform the type of work which Blue Sky has available.
With respect to the method of payment, Mr. Brunner was not paid a specific amount by the
hour or by the mile, but was paid a variable amount based percentage of the fee paid by the delivery
customer. If he chose to accept more deliveries, he could make more money. With respect to the
other statutory factors, Mr. Brunner had the freedom to select and hire helpers, he furnished his own
tools and equipment, he could choose whether or not to work on any particular day, and he had the
freedom to offer his services to other entities.
The controls that were exercised by Blue Sky included the requirement to wear a shirt and
cap with identification as a Blue Sky "Courier" in order to be recognized by customers, the
requirement to furnish a radio or pager to communicate with a Blue Sky dispatcher, and the
requirement to use a Verizon cell phone with specific functions to check in to be assigned deliveries.
These items were paid for by Mr. Brunner and not by Blue Sky. The Court finds that a uniform for
identification of the "Courier" and equipment for communication with Blue Sky, were basic
necessities which assisted Mr. Brunner in performing his work, but were very minimal exerises of
control by Blue Sky.
Tennessee Code Annotated section 50-6-1 02( 11 )(D )(20 14), provides guidance in determining
whether a person is an employee or an independent contractor by listing several factors to be
"considered". None of statutory factors are said to be controlling. The Court has taken into
consideration all of the above discussed statutory factors, the existence of the independent contractor
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"Agreement," and the relatively small amount of control exercised by Blue Sky. It is the ruling of
the Court that under the McCall standards for this interlocutory order, the evidence preponderates in
favor of finding that, for workers' compensation purposes, Mr. Brunner is an independent contractor
and not an employee.
IT IS, THEREFORE, ORDERED THAT:
1) Based upon a preponderance of the evidence, Mr. Brunner is found to be an
independent contractor and not an employee. This is not a Final Order.
2) This matter is set for an Initial Hearing on February 26, 2015, at 9 a.m.
ENTERED this the 29" day of December, 2014. ~
<:2
Jim Umsted, Judge
Court of Workers' Compensation Claims
Right to Appeal:
Tennessee Law allows any party who disagrees with this Expedited Hearing Order to appeal the
decision to the Workers' Compensation Appeals Board. To file a Request for Appeal, you must:
1. Complete the enclosed form entitled: "Expedited Hearing Notice of Appeal".
2. File the completed form with the Court Clerk within seven (7) business days of the date the
Expedited Hearing Order was entered by the Workers' Compensation Judge.
3. Serve a copy of the Expedited Hearing Notice of Appeal upon the opposing party.
4. The parties, having the responsibility of ensuring a complete record on appeal, may request
from the Court Clerk the audio recording of the hearing for the purpose ofhaving a transcript
prepared by a licensed court reporter and filing it with the Court Clerk within ten (1 0)
calendar days of the filing of the Expedited Hearing Notice of Appeal. Alternatively, the
parties may file a statement of the evidence within ten (1 0) calendar days of the filing of the
Expedited Hearing Notice of Appeal. The statement of the evidence must be approved by the
Judge before the record is submitted to the Clerk of the Appeals Board.
5. If the appellant elects to file a position statement in support of the interlocutory appeal, the
appealing party shall file such position statement with the Court Clerk within three (3)
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business days of the filing of the Expedited Hearing Notice of Appeal, specifying the issues
presented for review and including any argument in support thereof. If the appellee elects to
file a response in opposition to the interlocutory appeal, appellee shall do so within three (3)
business days of the filing of the appellant's position statement.
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
I hereby certify that a true and correct copy of the Expedited Hearing Order was sent to the
following recipients by the following methods of service on this the 291h day of December, 2014.
Name Certified First Via Fax Via Email Address
Mail Class Fax Number Email
X davidg@davidgordonlaw.com
X pn icks@travelers.com
Jim Umsted, Judge
Court of Workers' Compensation Claims
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