The opinion
Filed 7/31/20
CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION*
COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THE PEOPLE, D075476
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v. (Super. Ct. No. SCD272812)
JONAS BROWN,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County,
Frederick Maguire, Judge. Affirmed as modified.
Thomas Eugene Robertson, by appointment of the Court of Appeal, for
Defendant and Appellant Jonas Brown.
Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters Chief Assistant
Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Eric A.
Swenson and Felicity Ann Senoski, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff
and Respondent.
* Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rule 8.1110, this opinion is
certified for publication with the exception of the following parts: factual and
procedural background, and parts 1, 2b, and 3 of the discussion.
Jonas Brown was tried for his involvement in three gang-related
shootings. Tremayne Jones, a member of the Skyline gang and a confidential
informant, died in the third incident. Among other counts, Brown was
convicted by jury of the first-degree murder of Jones. On appeal, Brown
asserts one trial error and three sentencing errors. He argues that: (1) the
court prejudicially erred by failing to instruct the jury on voluntary
manslaughter, (2) his conduct and actual custody credits were miscalculated,
(3) two gang enhancements added to his sentence were unauthorized, and
(4) the court was unaware of its discretion regarding a firearm enhancement.
We agree with Jones that his actual custody credits and gang enhancements
require correction, but otherwise affirm the judgment.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
The facts of this case are extensive, involving three shootings, two guns
and dozens of witnesses. We limit our initial recitation of the facts to those
pertinent to Brown’s first-degree murder conviction since it is the only trial
issue he raises. Procedural facts related to his sentencing are discussed in
the relevant sections below.
Tremayne Jones was shot and killed in the middle of the afternoon on
Encinitas Way, a neighborhood street. About a week later, Brown (who was
known to police as a Skyline gang member) was pulled over for a traffic
violation and arrested on an unrelated charge. He pleaded guilty and began
serving his sentence. Only later was he charged with Jones’s murder.
At trial, a spotty portrait of Jones’s death emerged from the testimony
of witnesses who lived on Encinitas Way—none of whom saw the entire
event. Chance Lions was one of these residents. On the afternoon of the
shooting, he was hanging around the house of his girlfriend, Alicia Williams.
Both Lions and Williams noticed two cars parked out front, a black car and
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another car parked in front of it. Lions was about to enjoy an afternoon beer
outside when he heard an argument happening in the street. The tone made
him think a fight was imminent.
Lions came around the side of the house to see what was happening
and observed a young man (Jones) in the street yelling at people who Lions
could not see. A man sitting in the black BMW sedan gave Lions an
intimidating glare and Lions retreated to the garage. Other witnesses
established that the man in the BMW was Tony Tabbs, another Skyline
member who was with Jones that day. After he heard gunshots, Lions came
back out to see Jones wounded on the ground and Tabbs yelling for someone
to call 911. Jones did not survive, and Tabbs did not cooperate with
investigators.
Police searched the scene for weapons, but only succeeded in recovering
shell casings—six .9-millimeter jackets and one Aguila brand .25-caliber
jacket—indicating two different guns were fired. Ballistic analysis further
concluded that the .9-millimeter casings were all ejected from the same gun,
which was also the weapon used in an unsolved shooting a few months
earlier. Under the hood of the BMW, which was registered to Jones’s wife,
investigators recovered a Crown Royal bag with an Aguila .25-caliber bullet
stashed inside.
The medical examiner who performed Jones’s autopsy testified he was
shot four or five times; he had five distinct gunshot wounds, but two may
have been caused by the same shot passing through his body in two places.
The entry points and angles of the wounds indicated Jones was probably shot
from behind. One of the bullets had a trajectory consistent with Jones falling
forward as it struck him; the entry wound was below Jones’s buttocks, and
the projectile traveled upward, exiting his hip. The bullet that killed him
3
entered his lower back, traveled through his spine, heart, and lung, and
lodged in his upper chest. Another went through his back and exited near his
armpit. This shot may have reentered his arm. He had one additional
gunshot wound from a .25-caliber bullet that entered his left hand and lodged
in his forearm. This one was different. There was soot at the entry wound,
suggesting it was fired at very close range, and a comparison to the larger
bullet recovered from his chest indicated the projectile came from a different
gun.
Physical evidence circumstantially tied Brown to Jones’s murder. A
gun holster with Brown’s DNA was left at the scene of another shooting
where the same .9-millimeter handgun was used, cell phone tower data
indicated Brown was near Encinitas Way when Jones was killed, and Brown
was tied to an Audi that left the neighborhood right after the shooting. The
prosecution also offered evidence to support their theory that Brown planned
to kill Jones, a member of his own gang, because he thought Jones was a
snitch.
Detective Joseph Castillo testified extensively about local gangs,
Skyline specifically, and Jones’s reputational problems with other Skyline
members. Jones was a police informant. Castillo was Jones’s handler, and
the two were working together to set up controlled drug and firearm buys
from Skyline members.
Although no arrests had yet occurred when Jones was killed, some
Skyline members were already questioning Jones’s loyalty due to rumors of
his involvement in an earlier prosecution in Pennsylvania. Jones had
testified against a former cellmate there, and the incident caught the
attention of Skyline members after someone connected to the cellmate
blogged about Jones’s involvement. A forensic search of Brown’s phone
4
showed the device was used to browse and take screenshots of these online
articles.
To counter suspicion, Jones had the transcript of his testimony in
Pennsylvania doctored to hide the extent of his cooperation. He then
distributed these edited documents to Skyline members, apparently believing
it would restore their trust in him. But a series of text messages between
Brown and other Skyline members indicate it may have had the opposite
effect. Brown texted that he did not trust Jones after reading the transcript
and discussed the consequences of snitching. In an extended text exchange
with Michael Dunbar, Brown also made a reference to shooting up Jones’s
new BMW. Dunbar responded he was thinking the same thing and they
should get together to make a plan. Three days later, Jones was dead.
DISCUSSION
Brown claims he was entitled to a jury instruction on imperfect self-
defense, but we find no error because there was no substantial evidence
presented at trial that Brown shot Jones in fear for his life—reasonable or
otherwise. Brown also challenges the calculation of presentence conduct
credits because the court uniformly applied a credit-limiting statute for those
convicted of murder to a period of custody before Brown had been charged
with murder. However, case law and procedural history following our
Supreme Court’s decision in In re Reeves (2005) 35 Cal.4th 765 (Reeves) lead
us to reject that claim. By contrast, we accept Brown’s claim of error in the
award of actual custody credits and make necessary corrections. Brown
further contests the firearm and gang enhancements added to his sentence,
arguing the court was unaware of its discretion to strike the former and that
the latter were unauthorized. As we explain, there is no indication the court
5
was unaware of its discretion on the firearm enhancements, but Brown is
correct that the gang enhancements must be removed.
1. Evidence of self-defense and the lack of a voluntary manslaughter
instruction
Brown contends the trial court erred by not instructing the jury on
voluntary manslaughter under a theory of imperfect self-defense. To prevail,
he must first show there was substantial evidence to support this theory of
the case and then demonstrate the lack of instruction was prejudicial. We
are not persuaded the evidence Brown points to was substantial enough to
warrant an instruction. Even if somehow it were, he was not prejudiced.
When the evidence presented at trial lends substantial support to a
lesser included offense, courts must instruct the jury accordingly. (People v.
Breverman (1998) 19 Cal.4th 142, 148–149 (Breverman).) This obligation
remains even when the defense objects to the instruction or relies on a
contradictory defense strategy. (People v. Moye (2009) 47 Cal.4th 537, 541.)
But a court’s duty to instruct on its own initiative only arises if substantial
evidence supports the conclusion that “the lesser offense, but not the greater,
was committed.” (Breverman, at p. 162.)
Voluntary manslaughter is a lesser included crime within murder.
(People v. Barton (1995) 12 Cal.4th 186, 200–201.) Imperfect self-defense is
not a complete defense to an unlawful killing, but rather a theory under
which murder is reduced to manslaughter “when a defendant kills in the
actual but unreasonable belief that he or she is in imminent danger of death
or great bodily injury.” (People v. Lopez (2011) 199 Cal.App.4th 1297, 1305.)
In a case such as this, any alleged error in jury instructions on lesser
included offenses are evaluated for prejudice in accordance with People v.
Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836. (See People v. Beltran (2013) 56 Cal.4th
6
935, 955.) Under the Watson test, Brown must show it was reasonably
probable a more favorable result would have occurred if the jury had been
instructed on voluntary manslaughter. (Watson, at p. 836.) Our review
“focuses not on what a reasonable jury could do, but what such a jury is likely
to have done in the absence of the error” considering the relative strength of
all the evidence. (Breverman, supra, 19 Cal.4th at p. 177.)
Brown asserts there was substantial evidence he actually believed he
needed to defend himself. His central claim is that there were indications
Jones pulled his gun first on Brown, who then reacted by shooting Jones. In
support of this account, Brown points to four pieces of evidence: (1) Chance
Lions heard Jones yelling; (2) Tabbs gave Lions an intimidating look;
(3) Jones was likely armed; and (4) Jones likely shot himself in the hand.
The first point—that Lions heard Jones yelling and inferred from the
tone that things were “getting ugly”—does very little for Brown’s claim. At
most, it shows that Jones might have been angry. But it does not lend any
real support to the specific contention that Jones pulled his gun first. The
second point is even weaker because it involves the conduct of Tabbs, not
Jones himself. That Tabbs glared at Lions is consistent with the tense scene
Lions described—presumably a nonverbal warning to mind your own
business—but has no tendency to indicate Jones took out his weapon before
Brown did.
As to the remaining particulars, we agree there is substantial evidence
that Jones was armed and shot himself in the hand. One casing from an
Aguila brand .25-caliber bullet was recovered from the scene, and the bullet
that was lodged in Jones’s left hand was that same caliber. Soot indicated his
hand wound was sustained at very close range—within a few inches of the
gun. Another (unfired) Aguila brand .25-caliber bullet was recovered from a
7
bag in the engine compartment of Jones’s car. And Jones was known to be
right-handed.
But the conclusion that Jones had a gun and shot himself simply has
little to no bearing on who fired first. It is just as likely that Jones took out
his gun in self-defense, after Brown either brandished a weapon or shot him.
Brown believes the self-inflicted wound supports an inference that Jones
pulled out his gun and misfired before Brown fired at all. But we are not
convinced. If the misfire tends to show anything at all, it lends slight support
to the idea that Jones was already panicked or wounded when he reached for
his weapon, which made an accidental discharge more likely.
The evidence Brown cites does not substantially support a sequence of
events in which Jones pulled his gun first and caused Brown to fear for his
life—either reasonably or unreasonably. But even if we entertain that
notion, he was not prejudiced. The weight of the evidence as a whole leads us
to believe a reasonable jury would not be likely to conclude Brown feared for
his life if they had been instructed on voluntary manslaughter. Two aspects
of the case simply overwhelm that narrative with a stronger one in which
Brown planned and carried out Jones’s execution.
The first is that Jones was shot from behind. Brown asserts the
medical examiner’s testimony on this point was uncertain, but there is little
ambiguity in the record. The fatal bullet entered Jones’s low back, traveled
through his torso, and lodged in his upper chest. Another entered his upper
leg from the back and came out through his hip, traveling upward. A third
again entered his back and exited his armpit. Three entry wounds to the
back of the body is enough to strongly support the conclusion that Jones was
facing away from his killer when the shots were fired.
8
The other aspect of the case that contradicts a self-defense narrative is
the evidence of premeditation and motive. The text messages presented at
trial substantially support the conclusion that Brown planned to kill Jones
because he thought him untrustworthy. Over a series of messages, he
indicated he did not trust Jones due to the Pennsylvania case, discussed
consequences for snitching, and referenced shooting up Jones’s car. His
conversation with Michael Dunbar ended with Dunbar’s suggestion that they
plan the shooting.
The cases Brown relies on provide him little assistance. The evidence
to support jury instructions on self-defense in each only underscores the lack
of such evidence in the case before us. In People v. Vasquez (2006) 136
Cal.App.4th 1176, 1178, the prosecution’s chief witness testified that the
murder victim was choking the wheelchair-bound defendant when the
defendant shot him. Brown has no such evidence that Jones’s conduct caused
him fear. People v. Viramontes (2001) 93 Cal.App.4th 1256, 1263, involved a
chaotic shooting at a party with significant evidence that the defendant
endured some threat to his safety: there was a bullet hole in his jacket and
two witnesses testified that someone shot at the defendant before he returned
fire. Brown points to the strange parallel that one of the victims in
Viramontes sustained a gunshot wound to the hand, but this similarity is
merely superficial. (Ibid.)
In short, there was insufficient evidence to support a theory that Brown
shot Jones with the subjective belief—reasonable or unreasonable—that he
needed to defend himself. And even if one could marshal minimally sufficient
evidence to warrant an instruction on voluntary manslaughter, the
compelling evidence that Jones’s death was a planned and premeditated
killing would make any instructional error demonstrably harmless.
9
2. Presentence Credits
A week after Jones was killed, Brown was stopped and searched,
yielding a loaded gun and cocaine on his person. He was charged with
several counts and pled guilty to possession of cocaine with a loaded firearm.
(Health & Saf. Code, § 11370.1, subd. (a).) He admitted a strike prior and
was sentenced to six years in state prison. Over a year after this arrest,
while he was serving his sentence for the cocaine possession conviction, he
was charged with four new counts—the murder of Jones, attempted murder,
assault with a semiautomatic firearm, and discharging a firearm in a grossly
negligent manner. Brown was convicted by jury (on all counts except
negligent discharge of a firearm), and at his sentencing, the trial court
resentenced him for the cocaine possession case. It set his terms to run
consecutively and applied Penal Code section 2933.21 (which prohibits
defendants convicted of murder from earning presentence conduct credits)
such that Brown received no presentence conduct credits. It then awarded
923 days of actual custody credits.
Brown challenges the application of section 2933.2 to the period of
custody following his cocaine possession charge and preceding his murder
charge. He also challenges the award of actual custody credits. We address
these contentions in turn.
a. Conduct Credits
It is helpful at the outset to review the credit system in general and two
statutes that limit a defendant’s accrual of credits in certain situations.
Presentence and postsentence credit are distinct from one another and
1 Unless otherwise specified, all further statutory references are to the
Penal Code.
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governed by “independent . . . schemes.” (People v. Buckhalter (2001) 26
Cal.4th 20, 30.) This case involves the presentence credit system. In
addition to actual credit, which accumulates from time spent in custody,2
detainees in local institutions are usually able to earn credit against their
eventual sentence for good behavior and work performed. These “ ‘conduct
credits’ ” are authorized by section 4019. (See People v. Dieck (2009) 46
Cal.4th 934, 939, fn. 3.) But their ability to earn presentence conduct credits
is limited if they are convicted of certain offenses.
Section 2933.1 restricts presentence conduct credits to no more than 15
percent of the overall time spent in local custody for defendants convicted of a
violent felony. Specifically, subdivision (c) states, “Notwithstanding Section
4019 or any other provision of law, the maximum credit that may be earned
against a period of confinement in, or commitment to, a county jail . . .
following arrest and prior to placement in the custody of the Director of
Corrections, shall not exceed 15 percent of the actual period of confinement
for any person specified in subdivision (a).” Reference to subdivision (a)
makes it clear that this limitation applies to “any person who is convicted of a
[violent] felony offense listed in subdivision (c) of Section 667.5.”
Section 2933.2 employs a parallel structure and similar language to
totally eliminate presentence conduct credit for defendants convicted of
murder. Its subdivision (c) says, “Notwithstanding Section 4019 or any other
provision of law, no credit pursuant to Section 4019 may be earned against a
period of confinement in, or commitment to, a county jail . . . following arrest
for any person specified in subdivision (a).” Subdivision (a), in turn, specifies
those restricted under subdivision (c) as “any person who is convicted of
murder, as defined in Section 187.” Thus, subdivision (a) of both code
2 Actual credit is governed by section 2900.5.
11
sections—2933.1 and 2933.2—restricts postsentence conduct credit accrual for
those convicted of violent felonies or murders (in addition to clarifying each
section’s subdivision (c)).
The scheme may seem straightforward enough, but these credit-
limiting statutes have not always proven easy to apply to defendants with
multiple convictions that do not all trigger the same limitation. Here, Brown
argues the court erred by applying section 2933.2 to the period between July
7, 2016 (the date of his arrest on the cocaine possession charge) and July 19,
2017 (the date he was charged with murder). A very similar issue was
presented in People v. Baker (2002) 144 Cal.App.4th 1320, where the
appellate court upheld the blanket application of section 2933.1, subdivision
(c) to a defendant’s presentence custody period for an earlier nonviolent
offense. (Id. at p. 1324.) Brown makes some attempt to argue that Baker is
distinguishable. More fundamentally he contends that it was undercut by
principles established in the Supreme Court’s later decision Reeves, supra, 35
Cal.4th 765.
Before we address the specifics of Brown’s argument, we must provide
some relevant decisional history starting with People v. Ramos (1996) 50
Cal.App.4th 810 (Ramos), which supplied the rationale for the Baker
decision. Ramos addressed whether section 2933.1 applied uniformly to a
defendant’s presentence custody period when he was ultimately convicted of
both violent and nonviolent offenses. The defendant, who pleaded guilty to
various counts after a robbery spree, argued that because one of his
convictions was not for a violent felony, it should be distinguished for the
purpose of calculating his presentence conduct credits. (Ramos, at p. 817.) In
rejecting this view, the appellate court determined that “section 2933.1
applies to the offender not to the offense and so limits a violent felon’s
12
conduct credits irrespective of whether or not all his or her offenses [are
violent under] section 667.5.” (Ramos, at p. 817.) It further commented that
the Legislature “could have confined the 15 percent rule to the defendant’s
violent felonies if that had been its intention.” (Ibid.)
Ramos created a roadmap for resolution of similar cases and was
widely relied on for the nearly 10-year period between its publication and the
Supreme Court’s Reeves decision. (See Reeves, supra, 35 Cal.4th at p. 774
[“All other published decisions addressing the same issue about presentence
credits have followed Ramos.”].) Its rationale that section 2933.1 applies to
offenders and not to the offense has been utilized by courts confronting
several factual variations on the custody credit issue. (See, e.g., Nunez,
supra, 167 Cal.App.4th at pp. 766–768 [concluding under Ramos that the
15 percent limitation applied to all time spent in custody for a defendant who
was convicted of robbery (a qualifying offense),3 released on probation, and
later charged and held for unlawful driving (a nonqualifying offense)].)
Baker, supra, 144 Cal.App.4th 1320, was one of these decisions.
In Baker, the defendant spent several months in presentence custody
on a nonviolent offense before being charged with a violent felony. He was
eventually sentenced (or resentenced, as to his earlier convictions) on three
convictions at the same hearing. In calculating his presentence conduct
credits, the trial court applied the 15 percent limitation to the five months of
time Baker spent in jail due to his first felony. (144 Cal.app.4th at pp. 1325–
1326.) Although during this period Baker was not being held for a violent
offense, the appellate court approved of applying section 2933.1 uniformly to
3 By qualifying offense, we mean a violent felony under section 2933.1 or
a murder under section 2933.2. We also refer to these throughout as limiting
offenses or qualifying convictions.
13
all his presentence custody based on Ramos’s reasoning that “section 2933.1
applies to the offender not to the offense.” (Baker, at p. 1328.) It concluded
that, at least with respect to consecutive sentences, the section applies to all
presentence custody periods served by a defendant who is eventually
convicted of a violent felony without regard to “the timing of each conviction”
(id. at p. 1327), “even if the presentence custody time on the nonviolent
offense was served prior to the commission of the violent offense.” (Id. at
p. 1324.)
People v. Marichalar (2003) 144 Cal.App.4th 1331 (Marichalar)
followed Baker’s lead on similar facts. It applied Ramos to resolve the appeal
of a defendant who was initially held for drug possession (a nonqualifying
offense) and subsequently charged with kidnapping (a qualifying offense). He
argued that the earlier custody period attributable only to his drug case was
distinct, and the 15 percent presentence credit limitation of section 2933.1
should not apply to that period. The court relied on Ramos to conclude it did.
(Id. at p. 1337.) “That a defendant, currently convicted of a violent felony,
was not a violent felon at the time he served his or her presentence custody
on the nonviolent offense is irrelevant.” (Ibid.)
In late 2002 and early 2003, the California Supreme Court indicated it
would take up the general issue of limitations on conduct credits when it
granted review in a series of cases addressing the scope of section 2933.1,
including Reeves, Baker, and Marichalar. Reeves, supra, 35 Cal.4th 765 was
the lead case and became the definitive guide when it was decided in 2005.
In Reeves, the defendant was convicted in separate proceedings of violent and
nonviolent felonies respectively resulting in 5- and 10-year sentences that ran
concurrently. The Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation applied
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section 2933.1, subdivision (a)4 uniformly in calculating his release date,
subjecting Reeves to the 15 percent credit limitation even for the period after
he completed his sentence for the violent felony (the shorter of his two terms).
(Reeves, at pp. 769–770.) Reeves challenged this result in a writ petition,
arguing that “section 2933.1(a) has never restricted his ability to earn
worktime credit against the longer concurrent sentence [for the nonviolent
felony] because, for purposes of that sentence, he is not convicted of a violent
felony offense.”5 (Id. at p. 770.)
In considering whether section 2933.1 continued to limit Reeve’s
conduct credits after he completed his sentence for the violent felony, our
high court focused its analysis on the phrase, “any person who is convicted of
a [violent] felony offense” in subdivision (a). (Reeves, supra, 35 Cal.4th at
p. 770.) It determined this language was ambiguous, at least as applied to
4 As noted above, subdivisions (a) of both sections 2933.1 and 2933.2
limit postsentence accrual of worktime credits for prisoners.
5 Although Reeves, supra, 35 Cal.4th 765 considered the effect of the
credit limitation clause of section 2933.1, subdivision (a) on a prisoner’s
postsentence credits after his qualifying sentence elapsed, much of the opinion
is still relevant to the issue before us—whether the prohibition on presentence
conduct credits under section 2933.2, subdivision (c) reaches a custody period
from before a defendant is charged with murder. Since sections 2933.1 and
2933.2 largely mirror each other in both structure and wording, cases that
interpret either inform our review. See, for example, In re Maes (2010) 185
Cal.App.4th 1094, 1107 (Maes), which looked to Reeves’s analysis of section
2933.1 to faithfully interpret section 2933.2: “In construing [the] phrase [‘is
convicted’], we believe it is appropriate to apply the Supreme Court’s
reasoning in Reeves to our construction of section 2933.2 because both section
2933.1 and 2933.2 are limitations on a prisoner’s accrual of postsentence
conduct credit. Ordinarily, ‘[w]ords or phrases common to two statutes
dealing with the same subject matter must be construed in pari materia to
have the same meaning.’ ”
15
the facts of the case. (Ibid.) Although the broad legislative intent of the
section was to “protect the public by delaying the release of prisoners
convicted of violent offenses,” that did not “in the face of ambiguous statutory
language, answer the specific, practical questions of how long and under
what circumstances release is to be delayed.” (Id. at p. 771.) Reeves
considered four potential applications of the clause “is convicted” to resolve
the question of whether section 2933.1 extends to both of an offender’s
concurrent sentences when only one of them independently triggers the
limitation.
First, the court rejected outright an interpretation of “is convicted” that
would bar an offender for life from earning more than 15 percent conduct
credits after a conviction for a violent offense. Taking the present tense as
determinative, the court explained that “the Legislature typically uses
different language when it intends to impose a continuing disability based on
criminal history. Credit restrictions, enhancements and alternative
sentencing schemes based on criminal history usually employ the past perfect
tense (‘has been convicted’ or ‘previously has been convicted’) rather than the
present tense (‘is convicted’).” (Reeves, supra, 35 Cal.4th at pp. 771–772.)
Second, the court considered the People’s position based on Ramos that
the clause “applies to offenders rather than to offenses” such that it limits
credits for an offender’s “entire period of confinement” so long as he serves
some time for a violent felony. (Reeves, supra, 35 Cal.4th at p. 772.) The
opinion likewise rejected this logic, at least as applied to concurrent terms,
because no principle of law dictates multiple “overlapping terms necessarily
constitute a single, unified term of confinement for purposes of worktime
credit.” (Id. at p. 773.) But the court indicated it agreed with the People’s
reasoning as applied to consecutive determinate terms, since they merge
16
“into a single, ‘aggregate term of imprisonment’ ” under the determinate
sentencing law. This merger renders any attempt to distinguish the
component parts of the sentence a “meaningless abstraction” (id. at p. 773),
and the indivisibility of the sentence means the phrase “is convicted” logically
applies to the offender’s entire time in prison. (Id. at pp. 772–733.)
Third, the court considered and rejected Reeves’s position that section
2933.1 never had any bearing on his nonviolent conviction. He argued that
he accrued credits at two different rates—15 percent on his violent conviction
during his five-year sentence, and 50 percent at all times on his nonviolent
conviction. The court observed that, if it accepted Reeves’s interpretation, the
result would frustrate the legislative intent to keep violent felons in prison
longer and also undermine the plain language of the statute. (Reeves, supra,
35 Cal.4th at pp. 777–778.) During the first five years when Reeves was
concurrently serving both his violent and nonviolent sentences, he “most
certainly ‘[was] convicted of a [violent] felony offense.’ ” (Id. at p. 778.) The
phrase “is convicted” thus applied to him at that time.
Instead, the court adopted a fourth option, applying the statute’s 15
percent limitation to Reeves’s first five years, when he was serving his violent
felony sentence, but not to his subsequent prison term because after the
shorter sentence ended, he was no longer presently convicted of a violent
felony. (Reeves, supra, 35 Cal.4th at pp. 780–781.) In sum, the court’s
solution effectuated the legislative intent of section 2933.1 without straining
the clause “is convicted” by making it apply indefinitely.
Reeves went on to discuss presentence credits and endorse Ramos’s
reasoning—that section 2933.1, subdivision (c) applies to the offender and not
the offense—at least in the context of cases like Ramos. While the court did
not describe the precise boundaries of the Ramos rationale, the discussion
17
indicated that such limits exist: Ramos “makes sense in the context in which
the court spoke—that of presentence credits authorized by section 4019 and
limited by section 2933.1(c) [for a] period of presentence confinement [that] is
indivisibly attributable to all of the offenses with which the prisoner is
charged and of which he is eventually convicted.” (Reeves, supra, 35 Cal.4th
at pp. 775–776; see also Maes, supra, 185 Cal.App.4th at p. 1105, fn. 7.)
Reeves became the only express statement from the Supreme Court on
this issue for several years.6 But other contemporaneous actions by the high
court also inform our interpretation of the Reeves decision. That is because,
as previously noted, while review was pending in Reeves the court also
granted review in Baker and Marichalar. After Reeves became final, the
Supreme Court took the unusual step of dismissing review in Baker7 and
Marichalar8 while at the same time ordering that those decisions be
6 It was followed by In re Pope (2010) 50 Cal.4th 777, 785 [section 2933.1
applied even though a defendant’s qualifying violent felony convictions were
stayed] and People v. Duff (2010) 50 Cal.4th 787, 795 [a stayed sentence for a
murder conviction did not remove the defendant from section 2933.2’s target
population.].
7 In Baker, supra, 144 Cal.App.4th 1320, a Reporter’s Note states: “This
opinion, filed December 20, 2002, was previously reported at 104 Cal.App.4th
774 pursuant to the Court of Appeal’s certification for partial publication.
Review was granted February 25, 2003 (S112982); on November 15, 2006, the
Supreme Court remanded the cause to the Court of Appeal and ordered
partial publication of the opinion.”
8 In Marichalar, supra, 144 Cal.App.4th 1331, a Reporter’s Note states:
“This opinion, filed June 26, 2003, was previously reported at 109
Cal.App.4th 1513. Review was granted July 28, 2003 (S117796); on
November 15, 2006, the Supreme Court remanded the cause to the Court of
Appeal and ordered publication of the opinion.”
18
republished.9 The effect of the republication orders was to restore the
precedential effect of both opinions. While we would not go so far as to treat
these orders as an express approval of the results and rationales in Baker
and Marichalar, the affirmative action by the Supreme Court holds
significance.
With this background in mind, we return to Brown’s arguments. At the
outset, we are unpersuaded by his contention that Baker is distinguishable
because it dealt only with determinate terms whereas his sentence includes
both determinate and indeterminate sentences. He believes this distinction
is significant because his terms did not merge into a singular whole.
Although Baker did explain that concurrent determinate sentences
necessarily merge under California law, its holding does not therefore dictate
that Brown’s indeterminate terms fall outside the scope of section 2933.2.
(Baker, supra, 144 Cal.App.4th at p. 1328.) Brown reads both Reeves and a
later case, In re Tate (2006) 135 Cal.App.4th 756 (Tate)10 as supporting his
position that he escapes the blanket application of section 2933.2 due to his
9 Under former California Rules of Court, rule 8.1105(e), a grant of
review in a case depublished the appellate opinion and made it permanently
uncitable thereafter, barring some affirmative action taken by the Supreme
Court.
10 Tate is distinguishable in more than one way. An inmate who was
serving a sentence for a violent felony committed a nonviolent offense while
in prison; he pled guilty to the latter, received a consecutive sentence, and
then contested the application of section 2933.1, subdivision (a) to limit his
postsentence worktime credits as to the second offense after his first sentence
was completed. (135 Cal.App.4th at p. 761.) Relying on Reeves, the Tate court
found in his favor, distinguishing his in-prison sentence from the general
sentencing scheme that governs out-of-prison consecutive sentences. (Id. at
p. 765.)
19
mixed (and thus disaggregated) terms. But in doing so, he ignores the
opinion that speaks most clearly to the issue.
People v. McNamee, (2002) 96 Cal.App.4th 66, 73–74, another opinion
that relies on Ramos, supra, 50 Cal.App.4th 810, confronted the application
of section 2933.2 to a defendant who was convicted of murderer and received
a sentence composed of both determinate and indeterminate terms. In
concluding the presentence credit prohibition of subdivision (c) applies
uniformly to such a sentence, the McNamee court noted that a contrary
holding would undermine the law by perversely awarding a murderer who
“commit[ed] sentence-enhancing conduct, such as gun use” more presentence
conduct credits than his or her counterpart who did not use a gun. It
concluded that “[s]ection 2933.2 should be interpreted so as to avoid that
anomalous result.” (McNamee, at p. 73.) We find no reason to depart from
this holding.
Brown’s more compelling argument is not about the purported merger
or separation of the components of his sentence, but rather the timing of each
of his charges in light of the statutory language. He points out that section
2933.2, subdivision (c) specifically confines its own scope to the period
“following arrest for any person specified in subdivision (a),” suggesting it
does not become operative until an arrest for a murder takes place. (Italics
added.) This language could support the inference that the Legislature
intended the statute to apply to defendants only after their arrest for a
qualifying offense. In a case such as the one before us, where the defendant
is already in custody for a nonqualifying offense, it could be argued that
subdivision (c) would attach when defendant is charged with murder, but not
before.
20
While there is some support in the statutory language for Brown’s
position that section 2933.2, subdivision (c) does not reach the earlier custody
period attributable only to his cocaine possession offense, his argument is
nonetheless built on the untenable premise that Reeves, supra, 35 Cal.4th
765 implicitly disapproved Baker, supra, 144 Cal.App.4th 1320 and
Marichalar, supra, 144 Cal.App.4th 1331. We decline to read Reeves in this
manner given the postreview procedural history of those cases. The Supreme
Court took the affirmative action—where it need not have acted at all—to
order both appellate opinions republished after Reeves was decided. This
casts serious doubt on any interpretation of Reeves that would undermine the
two appellate cases that confronted the precise issue before us almost 20
years ago.
Respecting our role as an intermediate appellate court, we believe the
appropriate course is to follow existing precedent as reflected in Baker, supra,
144 Cal.App.4th 1320 and Marichalar, supra, 144 Cal.App.4th 1331, leaving
it to the Supreme Court to reexamine those decisions if it now believes they
were in error. We thus affirm the trial court’s application of section 2933.2 to
all of Brown’s presentence custody, including the period attributable solely to
his cocaine possession charge.
b. Actual Credits
Brown’s assertion that his actual custody credits were calculated
incorrectly is a far simpler issue to address. The probation department
initially calculated 890 days of actual credit based on a December date for his
sentencing hearing. When the hearing was pushed forward to January, the
Department’s updated calculation reflected 923 days in actual custody.
Relying on this calculation, the court awarded Brown 923 days of actual
custody credits, but the abstract of judgment and the minute order both
21
reflect the earlier (outdated) figure of 890 days. Where these parts of the
record conflict, the oral pronouncement controls. (People v. Mitchell (2001) 26
Cal.4th 181, 185; People v. Zackery (2007) 147 Cal.App.4th 380, 385.) But
fixing this clerical error does not entirely resolve the issue, because the
probation department’s calculation was based on an incorrect date of arrest.
It lists Brown’s arrest as July 8, 2016,, but Brown was taken into custody on
July 7, 2016. He is thus entitled to one additional day of actual credit,
bringing his total up to 924 days.
3. Enhancement Issues
According to Brown, some of the trial court’s comments at sentencing
indicate it was unaware of its discretion to strike his firearm enhancements.
Brown claims he is therefore entitled to a new hearing on remand. Our
review of the record suggests no such confusion on the part of the trial judge.
In fact, we find affirmative indications the court was fully aware of its
discretion. But Brown’s other enhancement-related challenge is meritorious.
The gang enhancements added to his sentence were unauthorized under
clearly established law and must be stricken.
Brown was found guilty in count 1 of attempted murder (§§ 187, subd.
(a), 664), guilty in count 2 of assault with a semiautomatic firearm (§ 245,
subd. (b)), and guilty in count 4 of murder (§ 187, subd. (a)). The jury also
determined that Brown committed the crime for the benefit of a criminal
street gang (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1), and (b)(5)), and personally used a firearm
(§§ 12022.5, subd. (a), and 12022.53, subds. (b), (c), and (d)). Brown admitted
a previous robbery conviction that qualified as a prison prior, serious felony
prior, and strike prior. He was sentenced to a total prison term of 140 years
to life as follows:
22
On count 1, Brown received an indeterminate term of 60 years to life:
15 to life for attempted murder, doubled due to his strike prior (§§ 187, subd.
(a), 664; §§ 667, subd. (e)(1), and 1170.12, subd. (c)(1)), with 20 years added
for a firearm use enhancement (§ 12022.53, subd. (c)), and 10 years for the
gang enhancement (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1)(C)). On this conviction, the court
struck the serious felony prior that would have added 5 years, and stayed an
additional firearm use enhancement.
On count 2, the court imposed and stayed a determinate 9-year upper
term for assault with a firearm (§ 245, subd. (b)), a 10-year upper term for a
firearm use enhancement (§ 12022.5 subd. (a)), and a 4-year upper term for a
gang enhancement (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1)(A)).
On count 4, Brown received an indeterminate term of 80 years to life:
25 to life for murder, doubled due to his strike prior (§ 187, subd (a); §§ 667,
subd. (e)(1), 1170.12, subd. (c)(1)), 25 years to life for a firearm use
enhancement (§ 12022.53, subd. (d)), and an additional 5-year enhancement
for his serious felony prior (§ 667.5, subd. (a)(1)). On this conviction, the
court stayed two additional firearm use enhancements and a 10-year gang
enhancement (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1)(C)).
a. Firearm enhancements
Relatively recent amendments to sections 12022.5, subdivision (c) and
12022.53, subdivision (h) gave sentencing courts discretion to strike or
dismiss firearm enhancements in the interest of justice that would otherwise
be required under the sections. These changes became effective on January
1, 2018. (Stats. 2017, ch. 682, §§ 1–2; People v. Zamora (2019) 35 Cal.App.5th
200, 206.) Brown was sentenced in January 2019. If the record shows the
trial court was unaware of the scope of its discretion at sentencing, remand is
justified. (People v. Brown (2007) 147 Cal.App.4th 1213, 1228.) But “[i]f the
23
record demonstrates on its face that the sentencing court was aware of its
statutory authority . . . it may be presumed that the court did exercise its
discretion . . . .” (People v. Belmontes (1983) 34 Cal.3d 335, 348, fn. 8.)
Generally, the trial court’s order is “ ‘ “presumed correct” ’ ” and any claim of
error “ ‘ “must be affirmatively shown” ’ ” by the appellant. (People v.
Johnson (2016) 1 Cal.App.5th 953, 960; accord People v. White Eagle (1996)
48 Cal.App.4th 1511, 1523.)
In an effort to make this showing, the defendant points to two
comments by the trial judge at his sentencing hearing. Immediately before it
imposed sentence on the murder conviction, the court stated, “I have to do
what we have to do.” Later, when the court was advised by the prosecutor of
its new discretion to strike the serious felony, it struck the enhancement on
count 1 but imposed it on count 4, remarking: “The five-year prior on Count
1 is going to be stricken, PC 1385(c),[11] because I think that’s just piling on.
Okay. You got all the gang allegations, the gun allegations, that’s just too
much, it’s excessive. . . .”
Brown asserts these comments suggest the court was unaware of its
discretion to strike his firearm enhancements. To reach this conclusion, we
would need to accept the proposition that the court’s exercise of discretion in
one area shows it was ignorant of its discretion in another. The conclusion
simply does not follow from the premise. Moreover, even if we were to
entertain the idea, a contextual read of the sentencing transcript provides
affirmative evidence that the court was generally aware of its discretion and
usually imposed harsher terms on Brown based on his conduct.
11 Although the transcription specifies a nonexistent subdivision (c), the
court’s reference here was undoubtedly to section 1385, subdivision (b).
24
At sentencing, the court heard and considered defense counsel’s motion
to strike Brown’s prior robbery conviction pursuant to its discretionary
powers under People v. Superior Court (Romero) (1996) 13 Cal.4th 497 and
section 1385. Counsel asked the court to give Brown an opportunity to get
out of prison someday. The court responded at length about the mitigating
and aggravating circumstances in the case and expressed its concern for the
losses suffered by everyone, including both families. But it ultimately denied
the Romero motion, saying it had “thought about it” and decided “I am not
going to strike the strike [prior]” because “it was a residential burglary, he
hadn’t done well on probations in between, and it just continued.” The effect
of this decision was to double Brown’s time on the murder conviction,
increasing it from 25 years to life to 50 years to life. It is clear from the
record that the court was aware it could have been more lenient.
On count 2, the court also exercised its discretion to impose harsher
terms. It gave Brown the upper terms of nine years for his assault conviction
and 10 years for the firearm enhancement, both “based on the callousness” of
his actions. Although these terms were stayed, the court’s decision indicates
it was aware of its discretion and thought Brown’s conduct merited the most
punitive result. The court also declined to accept defense counsel’s
suggestion to run Brown’s life sentences concurrently, noting that the
attempted murder was particularly callous.
Considered as a whole, the record paints a clear picture that the court
knew of and exercised its discretion. The comments Brown points to do not
change our analysis—in fact, taken in context, they further support our
conclusion. The first comment was made after the court opined about the
defendant’s personal decisions and the environment he grew up in, saying “it
creates a hostile situation where the gang influence becomes too great, and it
25
may have just become too great. But this has been going on for just too many
years. And I have to do what we have to do.” Given that this discussion
came on the heels of the court’s decision to deny the Romero motion, we do
not read it as an indicator that the court was unaware of its discretionary
power to strike the enhancements. Rather, it expressed its reticence to
impose a long prison sentence, but did so because gang influences and
allegiance had become an intractable part of Brown’s life. The sentencing
transcript is peppered with other candid statements along these lines.
The second set of comments also indicates the court was aware of and
in fact exercised its discretion. It only used the terms “too much” and
“excessive” after it decided to strike the serious felony enhancement as to
count 1: “[T]he five-year prior on Count 1 is going to be stricken, PC 1385(c),
because I think that’s just piling on. Okay. You got all the gang allegations,
the gun allegations, that’s just too much, it’s excessive.” Here, the court did
not mean the sentence was excessive, but rather that it would have become
excessive without removal of the serious felony enhancement. That the court
only struck the enhancement on count 1 and not on count 4 further shows it
considered the overall sentence well balanced after removal of one
enhancement.
In addition to reading the sentencing transcript in context, there is
further affirmative evidence that the court understood its discretion. Not
only had the amended statute for firearm enhancements been operative for a
year, but both the People and the defense called the court’s attention to this
change in their respective sentencing memoranda. We assume, expect, and
believe that the court fully considered both memoranda.
26
b. Gang enhancements
Brown challenges the 10-year gang enhancements that were added to
his murder and attempted murder convictions pursuant to section 186.22,
subdivision (b)(1). He asserts these were unauthorized under People v. Lopez
(2005) 34 Cal.4th 1002. The People agree, as do we. Lopez found that “the
Legislature intended section 186.22(b)(5) to encompass both a straight life
term as well a term expressed as years to life . . . and therefore intended to
exempt those crimes from the 10-year gang enhancement in subdivision
(b)(1)(C).”12 (Lopez, at p. 1007.) Because Brown received indeterminate life
sentences for murder and attempted murder, both of these convictions are
exempt from the 10-year enhancement of subdivision (b)(1)(C) and subject
only to the 15-year minimum parole eligibility of subdivision (b)(5), even if it
will have no practical effect in his case. (See Lopez, at pp. 1008–1009; see
also People v. Johnson (2003) 109 Cal.App.4th 1230, 1238–1239.)
12 Section 186.22, subdivision (b)(5) imposes a parole limitation on
defendants convicted of a gang-related felony that is punishable by a life term
in state prison; they “shall not be paroled until a minimum of 15 calendar
years have been served.”
27
DISPOSITION
The judgment is modified to reflect that Brown accumulated 924 days
of actual credits under section 2900.5. The unauthorized 10-year gang
enhancements to Brown’s murder and attempted murder convictions under
section 186.22, subdivision (b)(1) are stricken. As so modified, the judgment
is affirmed. The clerk of the superior court is directed to prepare an amended
abstract of judgment and forward a certified copy to the Department of
Corrections and Rehabilitation.
DATO, J.
WE CONCUR:
HALLER, Acting P. J.
AARON, J.
28