Lowman, D. v. UCBR, Aplt.

[J-73-2019][M.O. - Donohue, J.]

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

EASTERN DISTRICT

DONALD LOWMAN, : No. 41 EAP 2018

:

Appellee : Appeal from the Order of the

: Commonwealth Court entered on

: 1/24/18 at No. 686 CD 2016 reversing

v. : and remanding the order entered on

: 4/22/16 by the Unemployment

: Compensation Board of Review at

UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION : Nos. B-15-09-H-3978 and B-586362-A

BOARD OF REVIEW, :

:

Appellant : ARGUED: September 11, 2019

DISSENTING OPINION

CHIEF JUSTICE SAYLOR DECIDED: July 24, 2020

An analysis of the “control” and “independence” factors involves consideration of

a number of different factual circumstances, some of which pertain to both facets of the

Section 4(l)(2)(B) standard. As the majority recognizes, the Commonwealth Court has

listed several such circumstances, including

how the claimant was paid; how taxes on the claimant’s earnings were paid;

whether the claimant or the person for whom she worked supplied tools or

equipment necessary to perform the services; whether the person for whom

claimant worked provided on-the-job training; whether claimant was

required to attend meetings or report on her work; who set the time and

location of the work; whether the claimant’s work was subject to supervision

or review; the terms of any written contract between the parties; the degree

to which the claimant was directed with respect to the work; and whether

the claimant was free to refuse work assignments without repercussions.

Stauffer v. UCBR, 74 A.3d 398, 405 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2013), cited in Majority Opinion, slip

op. at 42; see also Razak v. Uber Techs., Inc., 951 F.3d 137, 145-46 (3d Cir. 2020).

In discussing these types of considerations, the majority, in my view, attributes

substantial weight to those which suggest Appellee was subject to Uber’s control, but

does not assign sufficient import to those militating against such a finding. With regard

to income taxes, for example, Uber gave Appellee an IRS 1099 form, which “reports

miscellaneous income for individuals and entities that received payment of at least $600

for non-employee services during a given calendar year.” Cooper v. Schoffstall, 588 Pa.

505, 509 n.2, 905 A.2d 482, 485 n.2 (2006) (emphasis added). As well, Uber contributed

only two items to Appellee’s activities: access to the mobile application, and a physical

Uber decal – the latter of which was supplied as needed for legal and/or regulatory

compliance. See In re Lowman, Decision No. B-586362-A, Finding No. 6 (UCBR Apr. 22,

2016) (“Board Decision”); see also Software License and Online Services Agreement (last

updated Nov. 10, 2014), (“Agreement”), at ¶2.4 (stating that, except as required by law,

Uber lacked the right to require Appellee to display its name or logo, or wear a uniform

containing its emblem).

Further, the Board found that Uber allowed Appellee to perform driving services

independently or for its competitors such as Lyft. See Board Decision, Finding No. 14.

Separately, the majority appears to treat the e-mail and text message exchanges, which

contained guidance as to how drivers could maximize their driving experiences, as a form

of training “in lieu of face-to-face encounters in brick and mortar meeting rooms.” Majority

Opinion, slip op. at 45. The Board, however, expressly found that “Uber did not train the

claimant,” adding that it only provided “guidance.” Board Decision, Finding Nos. 3, 8.

I also find it salient that, although Uber mandated that Appellee fulfill ride requests

at least once each month, see Agreement, at ¶2.1, one ride per month is a particularly

[J-73-2019][M.O. – Donohue, J.] - 2

lax requirement and, as such, does not seem consistent with anything more than de

minimus control by Uber. Just as important, Appellee had the flexibility to choose which

days or hours he wanted to work, and he was free to accept or decline any specific ride

request. While the majority suggests this right may have been “illusory,” Majority Opinion,

slip op. at 49, the Board, as the ultimate fact-finder, see Peak v. UCBR, 509 Pa. 267, 276,

501 A.2d 1383, 1388 (1985), determined otherwise. See Board Decision, Finding No. 7

(concluding Appellee “was able to accept and refuse assignments through Uber’s mobile

phone application”). Because the Board’s finding, which is supported by the terms of the

Agreement, is binding on this Court, see Taylor v. UCBR, 474 Pa. 351, 355, 378 A.2d

829, 831 (1977) (observing that, in an unemployment compensation dispute, findings by

the Board are conclusive so long as they are supported by substantial record evidence),

I believe it is beyond our present appellate function to re-weigh the evidence and arrive

at a contrary determination along the lines of that articulated by the majority.

By contrast, I would assign little if any weight to Appellee’s assertion, during the

hearing before the referee, that he subjectively considered himself an employee. See

Majority Opinion, slip op. at 46. Particularly as Appellee was seeking benefits, this type

of self-serving statement says little about the actual employment relationship which

existed at the time Appellee was performing Uber-related driving services. It is also

unpersuasive in light of other factors such as the content of the Agreement, which states

that Uber “does not, and shall not be deemed to, direct or control you generally or in your

performance under this Agreement specifically, including in connection with your

provision of Transportation Services,” Agreement, at ¶2.4, and certain findings made by

the Board – some of which have been noted above – such as that: Uber did not set

Appellee’s hours or train him; Appellee used his own vehicle and was not reimbursed for

[J-73-2019][M.O. – Donohue, J.] - 3

mileage or fuel; and Appellee was allowed to drive for Uber’s competitors. See Board

Decision, Findings Nos. 3, 5, 9, 13, 14.1

Nor would I attribute significance to the fact that Appellee could not “deviate from

the destination provided by the passenger when requesting the ride service from Uber.”

Majority Opinion, slip op. at 44. That circumstance is due to the nature of a ride request

and has nothing to do with Uber’s control over Appellee or lack thereof. Indeed, few

customers ever hire a taxi or similar service simply to go on a ride with no fixed

destination.

In terms of the independence factor, the majority emphasizes that an Uber

customer would not have been able independently to seek out Appellee’s services, and

hence, Appellee’s “ability to develop a separate relationship with clients was not existent.”

Id. at 47. But this shifts the focus from Appellant to the end user, as it speaks to what an

Uber customer could do and says nothing about whether Appellee could, separately from

Uber, sell his services to individuals who were not Uber customers. It does not, for

example, negate that, as discussed, Appellee could offer his services through a

competing platform or drive independently for non-Uber customers.

Finally, under the majority’s reasoning, in considering multiple drivers working for

Uber pursuant to identical contracts, some may be deemed Uber employees and others

may be adjudicated as independent contractors, depending on their non-Uber activities.

To my mind, this is an untenable result.

Accordingly, I would reverse the Commonwealth Court’s order and reinstate the

Board’s determination that Appellee was an independent contractor for Uber. As such, I

respectfully dissent.

1In this regard, I am not aligned with the majority’s suggestion that “what a claimant could

do” or “could have done,” is never relevant to the question of whether he or she was an

employee. Majority Opinion, slip op. at 41.

[J-73-2019][M.O. – Donohue, J.] - 4

Justice Mundy joins this dissenting opinion.

[J-73-2019][M.O. – Donohue, J.] - 5