The opinion
Case: 19-14804 Date Filed: 07/23/2020 Page: 1 of 5
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 19-14804
Non-Argument Calendar
________________________
D.C. Docket No. 5:95-cr-05016-LC-EMT-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
JAMES KEITH JOHNSON,
a.k.a. Thunder Eagle Ghost Dancer,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Florida
________________________
(July 23, 2020)
Before JORDAN, NEWSOM, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
James Keith Johnson, proceeding pro se, appeals the district court’s denial
of his request for a total sentence reduction in light of Amendment 599 to the
Case: 19-14804 Date Filed: 07/23/2020 Page: 2 of 5
guidelines, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2). He contends that Amendment 599
was retroactively applicable, it lowered his offense level by five levels, the record
was silent as to whether he was a career offender, and the court erred in not
weighing the § 3553(a) sentencing factors. The government moves for summary
affirmance, and contends that even if Amendment 599 were applicable, it did not
change Johnson’s guideline range due to his status as a career offender.
Summary disposition is appropriate either where time is of the essence, such
as “situations where important public policy issues are involved or those where
rights delayed are rights denied,” or where “the position of one of the parties is
clearly right as a matter of law so that there can be no substantial question as to the
outcome of the case, or where, as is more frequently the case, the appeal is
frivolous.” Groendyke Transp., Inc. v. Davis, 406 F.2d 1158, 1162 (5th Cir. 1969).
In a § 3582(c)(2) proceeding, “we review de novo the district court’s legal
conclusions regarding the scope of its authority under the Sentencing Guidelines.”
United States v. Moore, 541 F.3d 1323, 1326 (11th Cir. 2008). A district court’s
decision whether to reduce a sentence pursuant to § 3582(c)(2) is reviewed for an
abuse of discretion. United States v. White, 305 F. 3d 1264, 1267 (11th Cir. 2002).
It is well-established that a district court has no inherent authority to modify
a defendant’s sentence and may do so “only when authorized by statute or rule.”
United States v. Puentes, 803 F.3d 597, 605-06 (11th Cir. 2015). A district court
2
Case: 19-14804 Date Filed: 07/23/2020 Page: 3 of 5
may “modify an imposed term of imprisonment to the extent . . . expressly
permitted by statute.” 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(B). Under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2), a
district court may reduce a prisoner’s term of imprisonment where a prisoner was
sentenced based on a sentencing range that was subsequently lowered by the
Sentencing Commission. 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2). However, “[a]ny retroactive
reduction in sentence subsequent to a motion filed under § 3582(c)(2) must be
‘consistent with applicable policy statements issued by the Sentencing
Commission.”’ United States v. Armstrong, 347 F.3d 905, 907 (11th Cir. 2003)
(quoting 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2)).
The Sentencing Commission’s policy statement on retroactive reduction of
sentences, U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10, provides the following:
(a) Authority—
(1) In General—In a case in which a defendant is serving
a term of imprisonment, and the guideline range
applicable to that defendant has subsequently been
lowered as a result of an amendment to the Guidelines
Manual listed in subsection (d) below, the court may
reduce the defendant’s term of imprisonment as provided
by 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2).
(2) Exclusions—a reduction in the defendant’s term of
imprisonment is not consistent with this policy statement
and therefore is not authorized under []§ 3582(c)(2) if:
(A) none of the amendments listed in subsection
(d) is applicable to the defendant
[ . . .]
3
Case: 19-14804 Date Filed: 07/23/2020 Page: 4 of 5
(d) Covered Amendments—Amendments covered by this
policy statement [include] . . . 599 . . . .
U.S.S.G. §§ 1B1.10(a)(1)-(2), (d) (emphasis added). Thus, as outlined above, “for
a sentence to be reduced retroactively under § 3582(c)(2), a court must determine
whether there has been an amendment to the sentencing guidelines that has
lowered the guideline range applicable to that sentence and is listed under §
1B1.10([d]).” Armstrong, 347 F.3d at 907. Amendment 599 is a listed amendment
in § 1B1.10(d). See U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10(d).
However, “[w]here a retroactively applicable guideline amendment reduces
a defendant’s base offense level but does not alter the sentencing range upon which
his or her sentence was based, § 3582(c)(2) does not authorize a reduction in
sentence.” United States v. Moore, 541 F.3d 1323, 1330 (11th Cir. 2008); see also
U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10, comment (n.1(A)(ii)) (a reduction is not authorized where “the
amendment does not have the effect of lowering the defendant’s applicable
guideline range because of the operation of another guideline or statutory
provision.”). A § 3582(c)(2) proceeding does not constitute a de novo
resentencing, and all original sentencing determinations remain unchanged with
the sole exception of the guideline range that has been amended since the original
sentencing.” Unite State v. Bravo, 203 F. 3d 778, 781 (11th Cir. 2000) (emphasis
omitted).
4
Case: 19-14804 Date Filed: 07/23/2020 Page: 5 of 5
“Amendment 599 was enacted in order to clarify under what circumstances a
weapons enhancement may properly be applied to an underlying offense when the
defendant has also been convicted of the use or possession of a firearm pursuant to
18 U.S.C. § 924(c).” United States v. Pringle, 350 F. 3d 1172, 1179 (11th Cir.
2004); see U.S.S.G. App. C., Amend. 599. The purpose of this amendment was to
“prevent ‘double counting’ for firearms use in any one criminal event.” Pringle,
350 F. 3d at 1180 (emphasis in original). The Sentencing Guidelines explicitly
state that Amendment 599 can be retroactively applied upon a motion under §
3582(c)(2). U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10(a), (c).
Here, the district court did not abuse its discretion by denying Johnson’s
motion to reduce his total sentence. Even though Amendment 599 might have
applied to his case, the PSI expressly observed that he alternatively would have
qualified as a career offender, under § 4B1.1, which would have yielded the same
offense level. See U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10, comment. (n.1(A)(ii)). Therefore, the
application of Amendment 599 would not have changed his guideline range, and
his motion was properly denied. Moore, 541 F. 3d at 1330.
Accordingly, because the government’s position is clearly correct as a matter
of law, we GRANT the government’s motion for summary affirmance and DENY
as moot its motion to stay the briefing schedule.
5