The opinion
[Cite as State v. Griffin, 2020-Ohio-3707.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
STATE OF OHIO, : APPEAL NO. C-190369
TRIAL NO. 18CRB-29119A
Plaintiff-Appellee, :
vs. :
O P I N I O N.
TERRY LEE GRIFFIN, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
Criminal Appeal From: Hamilton County Municipal Court
Judgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed in Part, Reversed in Part, and Cause
Remanded
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: July 15, 2020
Paula Boggs Muething, City Solicitor, William T. Horsley, Chief Prosecuting
Attorney, and Jon Vogt, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Plaintiff-Appellee,
Raymond T. Faller, Hamilton County Public Defender, and David Hoffman,
Assistant Pubilc Defender, for Defendant-Appellant.
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
CROUSE, Judge.
{¶1} Defendant-appellant Terry Lee Griffin was charged with improperly
handling a firearm in a motor vehicle in violation of R.C. 2923.16(E)(1). After a two-
day bench trial, he was found guilty, sentenced to 180 days in jail, and ordered to pay
a $100 fine and court costs. The court suspended the sentence and placed Griffin on
probation for one year. The court also ordered that two handguns seized from him
during the arrest be forfeited.
{¶2} Griffin has appealed, arguing in four assignments of error that: (1) his
conviction was based on insufficient evidence and was against the manifest weight of
the evidence; (2) the trial court erred in sentencing him for a first-degree
misdemeanor rather than a minor misdemeanor; (3) the trial court erred in forfeiting
the handguns that were confiscated from him at the time of his arrest; and (4) R.C.
2923.16(E)(1) is unconstitutionally vague and violates Article I, Section 16 of the
Ohio Constitution, and the Due Process Clause in the Fourteenth Amendment to the
United States Constitution.
{¶3} For the following reasons, we sustain Griffin’s third assignment of
error as to the Springfield firearm, but overrule it as to the Kel-Tek firearm. We
overrule all other assignments of error and affirm the judgment of the trial court in
all other respects.
Factual Background
{¶4} This case arose out of a traffic stop that took place on November 6,
2018. Ohio Highway State Trooper Matthew Allard arrested Griffin for failing to
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promptly inform Allard of his concealed handgun license (“CHL”) and that he had
two loaded firearms in the car.
{¶5} Allard testified that he was on patrol as a member of the “Violent
Crimes Squad” along with several Cincinnati police officers. Allard testified that he
was instructed by officers in an unmarked police car to pull Griffin over for excessive
window tint. When Allard approached Griffin’s driver’s side window, he explained
the reason for the stop and asked for his identification. Griffin opened his wallet and
gave Allard his driver’s license. Allard testified that he looked inside the car and saw
what he believed to be a CHL in Griffin’s wallet. He asked Griffin if he had a CHL,
and Griffin replied, “Yes.” He then asked Griffin where the firearm was located, and
Griffin told him that it was in between the center console and the driver’s seat (the
Springfield firearm). Allard testified that when he asked Griffin why he did not
immediately inform him of his CHL and the firearm, Griffin said, “Oh, I forgot.”
{¶6} Allard testified that he was not sure exactly how much time had passed
from the moment he approached the window to the moment Griffin informed him of
his CHL and the firearm. He claimed that Griffin had time to notify him about his
CHL and the firearm either after Allard informed him of the reason for the stop, or
when Griffin retrieved his identification and handed it to Allard.
{¶7} Allard testified that when he ordered Griffin out of the car, he asked if
there was anything else in the car, and Griffin said, “No.” He testified that it was not
until he placed Griffin in handcuffs and walked him to the back of the car that Griffin
informed him that there was another firearm (the Kel-Tek) in the car.
{¶8} Griffin testified that when Allard approached his window, he had his
identification and insurance card already in his hand. Griffin claimed that he thought
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that he had his CHL in his hand as well, but it was in his wallet, “open in plain view
where [Allard] could see it.” Griffin testified that Allard asked about firearms “not
even two seconds” after he walked up to the window. Griffin testified that through
his CHL training he was aware that he was required to disclose the presence of all
firearms in the vehicle if pulled over by law enforcement. He admitted that at first he
only disclosed the Springfield firearm. He testified that he did not initially disclose
the Kel-Tek because it was not his and he forgot that it was in the car.
{¶9} Video from Allard’s police cruiser camera, which showed his
interaction with Griffin, was admitted into evidence. No body camera video or audio
of the interaction was admitted.
{¶10} A review of the cruiser camera video shows that at two minutes into
the video, Allard approached Griffin’s driver’s side window. Allard appeared to take
something in his hand at 2:06 and look down at it. He looked back in the car and
appeared to continue talking with Griffin. At 2:18, Allard appeared to take
something else in his hand and look down at it. He stood by Griffin’s car, alternating
between talking on his radio and talking to Griffin. At 3:15, Allard removed Griffin
from the car and placed him under arrest.
First Assignment of Error
{¶11} In his first assignment of error, Griffin argues that his conviction was
not supported by sufficient evidence and was against the manifest weight of the
evidence.
{¶12} The test for determining if the evidence was sufficient to sustain a
conviction is whether, “after viewing the probative evidence and inferences
reasonably drawn therefrom in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any
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rational trier of fact could have found all the essential elements of the offense beyond
a reasonable doubt.” State v. MacDonald, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-180310, 2019-
Ohio-3595, ¶ 12, quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717
(1st Dist.1983). It is a question of law for the court to determine, the court is not to
weigh the evidence. MacDonald at ¶ 12.
{¶13} As relevant, R.C. 2923.16(E)(1) provides that no person who has been
issued a CHL that is the driver or occupant of a vehicle stopped as a result of a traffic
stop shall:
Fail to promptly inform any law enforcement officer who approaches the
vehicle while stopped that the person has been issued a concealed
handgun license * * * and that the person then possesses or has a loaded
handgun in the motor vehicle.
We note that it is undisputed that the handguns recovered from Griffin’s car were
loaded.
{¶14} The first issue we must determine is the appropriate culpable mental
state, the “mens rea.” R.C. 2923.16(E) provides five routes for a conviction of
improperly handling firearms in a motor vehicle. Those routes are laid out in
subsections (1) through (5). A conviction under R.C. 2923.16(E)(1) does not require
a specified mens rea. Rather, the legislature only specified a mens rea in subsections
(E)(3)-(5).
{¶15} The state argues that this is a strict liability offense and there is no
culpable mental state. Griffin argues that the mens rea is recklessness.
{¶16} In State v. Johnson, 128 Ohio St.3d 107, 2010-Ohio-6301, 942 N.E.2d
347, ¶ 20-38, the Ohio Supreme Court analyzed three categories of offenses in order
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to determine whether the statute in question imposed strict liability or required a
mental state of recklessness. The court emphasized that “strict liability for an offense
is the exception to the rule.” Id. at ¶ 18.
{¶17} For the first category of offenses, the court examined R.C. 2901.21(B),
and held that an offense is a strict liability offense when the section defining the
offense does not specify a mens rea and also plainly indicates a purpose to impose
strict liability. Id. at ¶ 19. However, when the section defining the offense does not
specify a mens rea and the section does not plainly indicate an intent to impose strict
liability, then the default mens rea of recklessness must be imposed. Id. at ¶ 19-24,
discussing State v. Adams 62 Ohio St.2d 151, 152-153, 404 N.E.2d 144 (1980)
(interpreting the endangering-children statute, former R.C. 2919.22(B)(2), as
requiring a mens rea of recklessness), and State v. Wharf, 86 Ohio St.3d 375, 377,
715 N.E.2d 172 (1999) (interpreting second-degree robbery, as defined in R.C.
2911.02(A)(1), to be a strict liability offense).
{¶18} In the second category of offenses, the statutes have “specified a mens
rea in one discrete clause or subsection of a section defining the offense, but not in
another clause or subsection.” Johnson at ¶ 26, 27-30 (citing as an example R.C.
2915.03, the offense of operating a gambling house). In determining legislative
intent, courts are required “to examine the entire section defining the offense, not
merely a clause or subsection.” Id. at ¶ 31.
{¶19} In a third category offenses, the statutes “include a mens rea for one
element but not for other elements in the section defining the offense.” (Emphasis in
original.) Id. at ¶ 38. In this category, “if the General Assembly intends for the
additional elements to carry their own mens rea, they must say so. Otherwise, no
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
culpable mental state needs to be proved for those elements.” Id. The Johnson court
found that R.C. 2923.13(A)(3), having a weapon while under disability, fell under
this third category of offenses. See id. at ¶ 42.
{¶20} The state argues that R.C. 2923.16(E)(1) falls within the third category
of offenses and strict liability is the proper mens rea for the elements for which a
mens rea is not specified by the legislature. Griffin argues that R.C. 2923.16(E)(1)
falls within the first category of offenses that requires the mental state of
recklessness to be imposed.
{¶21} We find that R.C. 2923.16(E)(1) falls within the second category of
offenses discussed in Johnson. In Johnson, the court examined R.C. 2915.03, the
offense of operating a gambling house, which states:
(A) No person, being the owner or lessee, or having custody, control, or
supervision of premises, shall:
(1) Use or occupy such premises for gambling in violation of section
2915.02 of the Revised Code;
(2) Recklessly permit such premises to be used or occupied for gambling
in violation of 2915.02 of the Revised Code.
Johnson, 128 Ohio St.3d 107, 2010-Ohio-6301, 942 N.E.2d 347, at ¶ 27-29.
{¶22} The court pointed to its prior case, State v. Wac, 68 Ohio St.2d 84, 428
N.E.2d 428 (1981), where it held that “[b]ecause the General Assembly specified the
mental state of recklessly in subsection (A)(2) but did not specify a mens rea for
subsection (A)(1), * * * the missing mens rea in (A)(1) was a plain indication of a
purpose to impose strict criminal liability for a violation of R.C. 2915.03(A)(1).”
Johnson at ¶ 30.
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{¶23} R.C. 2923.16(E) is similarly constructed. It states in pertinent part:
(E) No person who has been issued a concealed handgun license * * * who
is the driver or an occupant of a motor vehicle that is stopped as a result
of a traffic stop * * * and who is transporting or has a loaded handgun in
the motor vehicle * * * in any manner, shall do any of the following:
(1) Fail to promptly inform any law enforcement officer who approaches
the vehicle while stopped that the person has been issued a concealed
handgun license * * * and that the person then possesses or has a loaded
handgun in the motor vehicle;
(2) Fail to promptly inform the employee of the unit who approaches the
vehicle while stopped that the person has been issued a concealed
handgun license * * * and that the person then possesses or has a loaded
handgun in the commercial motor vehicle;
(3) Knowingly fail to remain in the motor vehicle while stopped or
knowingly fail to keep the person’s hands in plain sight at any time after
any law enforcement officer begins approaching the person while stopped
and before the law enforcement officer leaves, unless the failure is
pursuant to and in accordance with directions given by a law enforcement
officer;
(4) Knowingly have contact with the loaded handgun by touching it with
the person’s hands or fingers in the motor vehicle at any time after the
law enforcement officer begins approaching and before the law
enforcement officer leaves, unless the person has contact with the loaded
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
handgun pursuant to and in accordance with directions given by the law
enforcement officer;
(5) Knowingly disregard or fail to comply with any lawful order of any law
enforcement officer given while the motor vehicle is stopped, including,
but not limited to, a specific order to the person to keep the person’s
hands in plain sight.
{¶24} The General Assembly specified the mental state of knowingly in
subsections (E)(3)-(5), but did not specify a mens rea for subsections (E)(1) and (2).
Statutes that fall under the third category of offenses require that the state prove a
specified mens rea in order to achieve any conviction under that statute. See R.C.
2923.13 (state must prove that the offender knowingly acquired, had, carried, or used
a firearm or dangerous ordnance in order to achieve a conviction). In contrast, for
statutes that fall under the second category of offenses, the state can achieve a
conviction under one subsection without proving a specified mens rea, but in order
to achieve a conviction under another subsection, the state must prove a specified
mens rea. See Wac, 68 Ohio St.2d at 87, 428 N.E.2d 428 (finding that the state is
not required to prove a mens rea to achieve a conviction under R.C. 2915.03(A)(1),
but must prove recklessness under subsection (A)(2)).
{¶25} Accordingly, pursuant to Johnson, we find that the missing mens rea
in (E)(1) was a plain indication of a purpose to impose strict criminal liability for a
violation of R.C. 2923.16(E)(1).
{¶26} Next, we turn our attention to how to interpret “promptly inform.”
Griffin argues that his conviction is not supported by sufficient evidence because
only seconds had passed before Allard learned of the CHL and because his failure to
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
hand Allard the CHL was an accident. Griffin makes no argument on appeal
regarding his delay in notifying the officer about both loaded firearms. At trial, his
explanation for failing to inform Allard about the firearms was that he forgot.
{¶27} In State v. Brown, 168 Ohio App.3d 314, 2006-Ohio-4174, 859 N.E.2d
1017, ¶ 23 (11th Dist.), the defendant challenged former R.C. 2923.16(E)(3) (now
(E)(1)) as unconstitutionally vague. Citing Black’s Law Dictionary, the Eleventh
District determined that to do something “promptly” is to do it “without delay and
with reasonable speed.” Id. Therefore, a person of common intelligence would
readily understand “promptly inform” as requiring the CHL holder to inform the
officer about the firearm “as soon as possible.” Id.; see State v. Loyd, 2018-Ohio-
4320, 121 N.E.3d 840, ¶ 22, 27 (5th Dist.) (the court adopted the analysis and
rationale of Brown, and overruled the defendant’s sufficiency and manifest-weight
challenges of his conviction under R.C. 2923.16(E)(1) for failing to promptly inform
the officer of his CHL and the presence of a firearm in the vehicle).
{¶28} The duty to “promptly inform” is for officer safety, so that during an
interaction between an officer and a CHL holder, the officer is aware that there is a
loaded firearm in the vehicle. Brown at ¶ 19. Allard testified that Griffin did not
inform him of his CHL until after Allard explained the reason for the stop, Griffin
handed him his identification, and Allard saw what be believed to be a CHL card in
his wallet. It is undisputed that Griffin did not inform Allard of his CHL or the
firearms until Allard asked about them. Griffin did not inform Allard of the
Springfield, which was tucked in between the driver’s seat and the center console,
until Allard asked him where the firearm was located. Furthermore, Griffin did not
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
inform Allard of the second firearm, the Kel-Tek, until he was removed from the car
and placed under arrest and Allard asked him if there was anything else in the car.
{¶29} Considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecution, there was sufficient evidence presented that Griffin’s notification of his
CHL and the loaded firearms was not “as soon as possible” and did not meet the
standard of informing “without delay and with reasonable speed.” See Brown at ¶
23. Therefore, the evidence was sufficient to sustain the conviction.
{¶30} Having determined that there was sufficient evidence presented to
sustain the conviction, we consider Griffin’s claim that his conviction was against the
manifest weight of the evidence. In doing so, we review the record, weigh the
evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of the witnesses, and
determine whether the trier of fact, in resolving conflicts in the evidence, “clearly lost
its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be
reversed.” Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d at 175, 485 N.E.2d 717. Reversal of a conviction
and a grant of a new trial should only be done in “exceptional cases in which the
evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.” Id.
{¶31} After a thorough review of the record, we find that this is not an
exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction. The
trial court did not clearly lose its way and create a manifest miscarriage of justice.
Accordingly, Griffin’s conviction was not against the manifest weight of the evidence.
The first assignment of error is overruled.
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
Second Assignment of Error
{¶32} In his second assignment of error, Griffin argues that the trial court
erred when it sentenced him for a first-degree misdemeanor and not a minor
misdemeanor.
{¶33} A conviction under R.C. 2923.16(E)(1) is by default a first-degree
misdemeanor. R.C. 2923.16(I). But, if:
at the time of the stop of the offender for a traffic stop * * * any law
enforcement officer involved with the stop * * * had actual knowledge of
the offender’s status as a licensee, a violation of division (E)(1) or (2) of
this section is a minor misdemeanor.
Id.
{¶34} R.C. 2923.16(I) is written more broadly than R.C. 2923.16(E)(1), which
proscribes a failure to promptly inform any officer who “approaches the vehicle.”
R.C. 2923.16(I) refers to any officer “involved with the stop,” and clearly
contemplates a greater number of officers who might know of the offender’s status as
a CHL holder than just the officer who approaches the offender’s vehicle.
{¶35} Griffin argues that because Cincinnati Police Officer Kenny Dotson
was “involved with the stop” and had actual knowledge of his status as a CHL
licensee, the trial court should have determined that the offense was a minor
misdemeanor.
{¶36} Dotson testified that he was a member of the “Violent Crimes Squad”
and ordered Allard to pull Griffin over for a tinted window violation. He testified
that he did not arrive “on scene” until Griffin was in handcuffs and in the back of
Allard’s cruiser. He claimed that “after later review” he remembered that he had
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
pulled Griffin over approximately nine months prior. During the previous
encounter, Griffin was driving the same vehicle and informed Dotson that he
possessed a CHL.
{¶37} Allard testified that at the time of the stop he did not know that Dotson
was familiar with Griffin and had pulled him over in the past.
{¶38} We review misdemeanor sentences with considerable deference and
apply an abuse-of-discretion standard of review. See State v. Frazier, 158 Ohio
App.3d 407, 2004-Ohio-4506, 815 N.E.2d 1155, ¶ 15 (1st Dist.) (where a
misdemeanor sentence is within the statutory limits, the trial court is presumed to
have considered the required sentencing factors, absent a showing to the contrary by
the defendant); see also State v. Femuels, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-190486, 2020-
Ohio-2926, ¶ 34. An abuse of discretion means more than a mere error of law or
judgment; it implies that the trial court’s decision was unreasonable, arbitrary, or
unconscionable. Frazier at ¶ 15.
{¶39} The burden of persuasion to demonstrate a mitigating factor in
sentencing is on the defendant. See State v. Rhodes, 63 Ohio St.3d 613, 590 N.E.2d
261 (1992), syllabus; State v. Duncan, 154 Ohio App.3d 254, 2003-Ohio-4695, 796
N.E.2d 1006, ¶ 27 (1st Dist.). The standard is a preponderance of the evidence.
Rhodes at syllabus.
{¶40} The trial court rejected Griffin’s mitigation argument, stating,
With regards to your suggestion, this is really a minor misdemeanor. I’m
really not moved on that. The arresting trooper, Allard, had no
knowledge of whether or not your client was licensed or not, and any
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attempt to impute any information from the other officers to this trooper,
there’s no evidence of that either. So based on that the finding is guilty.
{¶41} Griffin argues that the trial court abused its discretion in finding that
there was no evidence presented to support his argument that the offense should be a
minor misdemeanor. Griffin contends that even though Dotson did not arrive on the
scene until after Griffin was placed in handcuffs, his general involvement in the stop
and knowledge that Griffin had a CHL at the time of the previous stop proves the
mitigating elements by a preponderance of the evidence.
{¶42} We agree that Griffin proved by a preponderance of the evidence that
Dotson was “involved with the stop.” However, Griffin did not prove that Dotson had
“actual knowledge of [Griffin’s] status as a licensee.”
{¶43} First, simply because Griffin may have had a valid CHL nine months
earlier, does not mean he still had a valid CHL at the time of the stop.
{¶44} Second, we must remember that the purpose of R.C. 2923.16(E)(1) is
for officer safety. Thus, the timing of when an officer “involved with the stop”
realizes, i.e., has “actual knowledge,” that the offender has a valid CHL is important.
Griffin was driving a car registered in his wife’s name. Dotson ordered him to be
pulled over for a tinted window violation. See R.C. 4513.241 (prohibiting the tinted
glass from preventing a person from seeing inside of the car). There was no
testimony presented that Dotson knew that Griffin was driving the car when he
ordered the car to be pulled over. It was not until after Allard approached the vehicle
and Griffin was in handcuffs that Dotson encountered Griffin and remembered their
interaction nine months earlier. Thus, there was no evidence that Dotson could have
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made Allard aware that Griffin had a valid CHL before Allard approached the vehicle
and potentially put himself in danger.
{¶45} Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion
in holding that Griffin had failed to prove that R.C. 2923.16(I) was applicable.
Griffin’s second assignment of error is overruled.
Third Assignment of Error
{¶46} In his third assignment of error, Griffin argues that the trial court
erred in forfeiting the two firearms.
{¶47} R.C. 2981.04 permits the state to seek forfeiture of a defendant’s
property as part of a criminal sentence. R.C. 2981.04(A) requires that the complaint
contain a forfeiture specification, or if forfeiture is not reasonably foreseeable at the
time the complaint is filed, that a forfeiture specification be provided in a Crim.R.
7(E) bill of particulars. Forfeiture may also be pursued through a civil action under
R.C. 2981.05.
{¶48} The firearms were ordered forfeited as part of Griffin’s criminal
sentence. Griffin argues that the state’s failure to comply with R.C. 2981.04(A)
renders the forfeitures improper. The state agrees that it did not comply with R.C.
2981.04(A), and concedes that the trial court erred in forfeiting the Springfield. But,
the state argues that Griffin does not have standing to challenge the forfeiture of the
Kel-Tek since he denied ownership of it.
{¶49} The state did not raise the issue of standing before the trial court. In a
civil forfeiture action, standing is jurisdictional and may be raised at any time. In re
$75,000.00 U.S. Currency, 2017-Ohio-9158, 101 N.E.3d 1209, ¶ 45 (8th Dist.); State
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
v. Langston, 6th Dist. No. L-12-1014, 2012-Ohio-6249, ¶ 7. We hold that standing in
a criminal forfeiture is also jurisdictional and may be raised at any time.
{¶50} Standing is “a party’s right to make a legal claim or seek judicial
enforcement of a duty or right.” In re $449 U.S. Currency, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-
110176, 2012-Ohio-1701, ¶ 24, quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 1442 (8th Ed.2004).
The party must have “some real interest in the subject matter of the action.” In re
$449 at ¶ 24, quoting State ex rel. Dallman v. Court of Common Pleas, 35 Ohio St.2d
176, 298 N.E.2d 515 (1973), syllabus.
{¶51} Griffin testified that the Kel-Tek was not his, that he had found it in his
car while he was cleaning one day, and then had forgotten that it was in there. He
testified that he did not know where it came from, but offered, “I give people rides
and stuff.” Griffin cites In re $449 for the proposition that he was not required to
prove ownership of the Kel-Tek in order to challenge its forfeiture. Rather, his lawful
possession of the Kel-Tek was sufficient. However, In re $449 is distinguishable
from this case.
{¶52} In In re $449, the defendant never denied having an interest in the
vehicle subject to foreclosure. Rather, the defendant argued the opposite, that
although the vehicle was not titled in his name at the time of forfeiture, the vehicle
had been gifted to him. In re $449 at ¶ 4.
{¶53} The present case is more analogous to In re 1995 Mercedes C280, 168
Ohio App.3d 48, 2006-Ohio-1565, 858 N.E.2d 823, ¶ 4 (1st Dist.), where the
defendant denied any ownership interest in the vehicle subject to forfeiture. This
court held that where a person is not the owner of property subject to forfeiture, the
person lacks standing to challenge the forfeiture. Id. at ¶ 5. Multiple other districts
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
have likewise held that if a defendant claims no interest in the seized property or
claims that another person is the true owner of the property, the defendant has no
standing to contest or appeal the forfeiture. See, e.g., State v. Langston, 6th Dist.
Lucas No. L–12–1014, 2012-Ohio-6249, ¶ 9 (listing cases from other districts).
{¶54} Because Griffin denied ownership of the Kel-Tek, he does not have
standing to challenge the forfeiture of it. The third assignment of error is sustained
as to the Springfield and overruled as to the Kel-Tek.
Fourth Assignment of Error
{¶55} In his fourth assignment of error, Griffin argues that R.C.
2923.16(E)(1) is unconstitutionally vague and violates Article I, Section 16 of the
Ohio Constitution, and the Due Process Clause in the Fourteenth Amendment to the
United States Constitution.
{¶56} “Failure to raise at the trial court level the issue of the constitutionality
of a statute or its application, which issue is apparent at the time of trial, constitutes
a waiver of such issue and a deviation from this state’s orderly procedure, and
therefore need not be heard for the first time on appeal.” State v. Pleatman, 1st Dist.
Hamilton No. C-160234, 2016-Ohio-7659, ¶ 16, quoting State v. Awan, 22 Ohio
St.3d 120, 489 N.E.2d 277 (1986), syllabus. An appellate court has discretion to
review a constitutional challenge not raised before the trial court for plain error, but
will not do so absent extraordinary reasons. Pleatman at ¶ 19.
{¶57} Griffin has failed to show that his circumstances are extraordinary and
deserving of our review. His fourth assignment of error is waived.
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Conclusion
{¶58} Griffin’s third assignment of error is sustained as to the Springfield
firearm, but overruled as to the Kel-Tek firearm. All other assignments of error are
overruled and the judgment of the trial court is affirmed in all other respects. The
cause is remanded to the trial court with instructions to amend its forfeiture order
and to order the Springfield firearm returned to Griffin.
Judgment affirmed in part, reversed in part, and cause remanded.
MOCK, P.J., and WINKLER, J., concur.
Please note:
The court has recorded its own entry on the date of the release of this opinion.
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