The opinion
NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-3383-17T1
NEW JERSEY CHINESE
COMMUNITY CENTER,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
VINCENT DOMINACH,
Defendant-Respondent.
______________________________
Argued February 5, 2019 – Decided July 9, 2019
Before Judges Rothstadt and Natali.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
Division, Somerset County, Docket No. L-0014-17.
Cynthia Mei Hwang argued the cause for appellant.
Brian P. Trelease argued the cause for respondent
(Rainone Coughlin Minchello, LLC, attorneys; Brian P.
Trelease, of counsel; Conor J. Hennessey, on the brief).
PER CURIAM
Plaintiff New Jersey Chinese Community Center filed a complaint in
January 2017 against defendant Vincent Dominach individually and in his
"official capacity" as the zoning officer for the Township of Franklin. The
complaint sought damages arising from defendant allegedly tortiously
interfering with plaintiff's lease with a former tenant in 2014 and 2016 by using
the powers of his office to assist the tenant in its efforts to break its lease.
Plaintiff now appeals from the Law Division's March 20, 2018 order granting
defendant's motion for summary judgment and dismissing plaintiff's complaint
with prejudice. We affirm, substantially for the reasons stated in Judge Thomas
C. Miller's comprehensive twenty-nine page written decision that accompanied
the order granting summary judgment.
We derive the following facts from the evidence submitted by the parties
in support of, and in opposition to, the summary judgment motion, viewed in the
light most favorable to plaintiff, the party who opposed entry of summary
judgment. Ben Elazar v. Macrietta Cleaners, Inc., 230 N.J. 123, 135 (2017).
Plaintiff operated a school from a building on property it owned in Franklin. In
2008, it leased part of the same building to Central Jersey College Prep Charter
School (Central). In 2014, Central applied to Franklin's zoning board for
variances and approvals relating to its proposed construction of a "bubble"
A-3383-17T1
2
gymnasium on the demised premises. Plaintiff approved Central's application,
although it believed that it gave its approval to plans that were different than
what was submitted to defendant and the zoning board. After a public hearing
in February 2015 at which there were no objectors, Central's application was
approved. Despite that approval, Central never applied for a construction permit
or began construction of the gymnasium.
After the approval, in October 2015, plaintiff filed a summary
dispossession matter seeking Central's eviction for reasons unrelated to the
construction of the gymnasium. Its efforts were unsuccessful and in an
unpublished opinion, we affirmed the dismissal of plaintiff's complaint in that
action. See N.J. Chinese Cmty. Ctr. v. Cent. Jersey Coll. Prep Charter Sch., No.
A-0769-16 (App. Div. Dec. 1, 2017).
Also after the approval, plaintiff determined that there were problems with
Central's plans that would cause the proposed structure to block fire exits from
plaintiff's portion of the building and interfere with its loading dock. For that
reason, plaintiff met with defendant and Central's attorney to discuss its proposal
to construct a larger gym facility that plaintiff and Central could share.
According to plaintiff, at the meeting, Central took the position that
because it already had approval to construct a gymnasium, plaintiff's pursuit of
A-3383-17T1
3
an application to build a different structure would require either Central's
consent or Central's abandonment of its approved project. After the meeting,
defendant emailed plaintiff and confirmed that he agreed with Central's position
and that allowing plaintiff's application to proceed without Central's approval
"would be usurping the rights of an already approved applicant . . . ."
Central's attorney advised plaintiff that Central's cooperation in plaintiff's
pursuit of approvals for a new gymnasium would require a modification to their
lease allowing Central to terminate it at any time with one year's notice. Plaintiff
would not agree to the modification.
In November 2015, plaintiff filed a complaint in lieu of prerogative writs
against defendant, alleging that he wrongfully prevented plaintiff from having
its application considered by the zoning board. The following month, in an
effort to resolve the dispute, Franklin agreed to accept plaintiff's application,
have the zoning board consider it and that, if approved, it would supersede
Central's approval. The Law Division subsequently dismissed plaintiff's
complaint for failure to exhaust administrative remedies and plaintiff pursued
the approvals. However, in reviewing plaintiff's application, defendant required
certain design changes that included, among others, revisions to insure that
A-3383-17T1
4
plaintiff's proposed construction would not interfere with Central's use of the
demised premises. Plaintiff then withdrew its application.
In October 2016, Central filed an application with defendant for approval
of plans that it prepared for alterations to a structure at a different location at
which it intended to relocate its operations. Central later obtained approvals
from the zoning board and in September 2017, it completed its relocation from
plaintiff's building to the new facility.
At about the same time that Central filed for the approvals it needed to
relocate, it also filed a declaratory judgment action against plaintiff seeking a
determination that plaintiff breached its lease with Central by interfering with
its approved plans to construct the gymnasium at plaintiff's property and for
damages. That matter is still pending.
Plaintiff filed this action against defendant in January 2017. In March,
plaintiff filed a Notice of Tort Claim, 1 identifying as wrongful conduct
1
A Notice of Tort Claim is required by New Jersey's Tort Claims Act (TCA),
N.J.S.A. 59:1-1 to 12-3, which governs claims against a public entity or public
employee for money damages. "'[T]he Act establishes the procedures by which
claims may be brought,' including a mandatory pre-suit notification of [the]
claim." Rogers v. Cape May Cty. Office of the Pub. Def., 208 N.J. 414, 420
(2011) (first alteration in original) (quoting Beauchamp v. Amedio, 164 N.J.
111, 116 (2000)).
A-3383-17T1
5
defendant's actions in 2014 through 2016 relating to rejecting plaintiff's
application and those referenced in plaintiff's complaint about defendant's
tortious interference with the lease and his abuse of power. Defendant filed an
answer in which he denied plaintiff's allegations and asserted affirmative
defenses that included his immunity from suit and plaintiff's failure to comply
with the TCA.
Defendant then filed his motion for summary judgment. After considering
the parties' written submissions and oral arguments, Judge Miller entered the
order granting summary judgment, setting forth his reasons in his accompanying
written decision. In his decision, the judge reviewed the parties' contentions on
summary judgment, the history of their relationship, and the various litigations
filed by plaintiff and Central. He then turned to defendant's claim that summary
judgment was warranted because plaintiff failed to comply with the TCA.
The judge set forth a detailed analysis of the TCA and about when
plaintiff's claims relating to defendant's conduct were known or should have
been known by plaintiff. The judge concluded that because plaintiff's
allegations about defendant's wrongful conduct dated back to 2015, its Notice
of Tort Claim was not served in accordance with the TCA's requirements.
A-3383-17T1
6
Judge Miller next addressed defendant's claim that he was immune from
suit by plaintiff. Here again, the judge conducted a detailed analysis of the
applicable law. Citing to N.J.S.A. 59:3-2(b) ("[a] public employee is not liable
for legislative or judicial action or inaction, or administrative action or inaction
of a legislative or judicial nature"), and Siegel v. Bd. of Adjustment of City of
Newark, 137 N.J.L. 423 (1948), he found that defendant's actions throughout the
history of plaintiff's and Central's competing applications were "clearly part of
the discretionary actions that he is required to take as part of his
responsibilities . . . . [a]s such, his actions warrant immunity."
Judge Miller also considered whether if defendant was not entitled to
absolute immunity, under the circumstances, he would still be entitled to
qualified immunity under N.J.S.A. 59:3-3 ("[a] public employee is not liable if
he acts in good faith in the execution or enforcement of any law"). After another
thorough analysis, the judge concluded that, to the extent plaintiff's claim
against defendant was based upon his 2015 view that plaintiff's application could
not be considered without Central withdrawing its approved application, or upon
defendant later processing Central's application to relocate, defendant was
entitled to qualified immunity. The judge stated that defendant's legal position
"had a 'colorable' basis in the law" as it related to plaintiff's application, and he
A-3383-17T1
7
was obligated by the law to process Central's application to relocate. Finally,
he found that plaintiff failed to establish any evidence that "demonstrate[d] that
[d]efendant acted unreasonably or without good faith."
Since he already determined that defendant was entitled to summary
judgment based upon immunities and plaintiff's noncompliance with the TCA,
Judge Miller declined to consider whether plaintiff's claims of tortious
interference with contract or abuse of power were supported by sufficient
evidence to defeat summary judgment. According to the judge, "[i]ssues
involving judgment of reasonableness and state of mind (intent) are matters that
are generally not conducive for disposition by summary judgment." This appeal
followed.
On appeal, plaintiff argues that Judge Miller erred in finding that it was
"implausible" that defendant could be held responsible for "the termination of a
landlord/tenant contract." Also, it contends that the judge abused his discretion
"in dismissing plaintiff's complaint in 2015 on the grounds that damages were
'speculative,'" and then dismissing the present action, when plaintiff has
established its damages, because of plaintiff not serving its Notice of Tort Claim
at that time. Plaintiff also argues that the judge failed to explain "why [its]
position lacks merit" and also abused his discretion by concluding that
A-3383-17T1
8
defendant's actions as zoning officer in not processing plaintiff's zoning
application were discretionary, but as to Central's application to relocate, he was
under a legal duty to process the application.
We review a grant of summary judgment using the same standard that
governs the motion court's decision. RSI Bank v. Providence Mut. Fire Ins. Co.,
234 N.J. 459, 472 (2018) (citing Bhagat v. Bhagat, 217 N.J. 22, 38 (2014)).
Under that standard, summary judgment will be granted when "the competent
evidential materials submitted by the parties," viewed in the light most favorable
to the non-moving party, show that "there are [no] genuine issues of material
fact and . . . the moving party is entitled to summary judgment as a matter of
law." Grande v. Saint Clare's Health Sys., 230 N.J. 1, 23-24 (2017) (quoting
Bhagat, 217 N.J. at 38); accord R. 4:46-2(c). "An issue of material fact is
'genuine only if, considering the burden of persuasion at trial, the evidence
submitted by the parties on the motion, together with all legitimate inferences
therefrom favoring the non-moving party, would require submission of the issue
to the trier of fact.'" Id. at 24 (quoting Bhagat, 217 N.J. at 38). If there is no
genuine issue of material fact, we must then "decide whether the trial court
correctly interpreted the law." DepoLink Court Reporting & Litig. Support
Servs. v. Rochman, 430 N.J. Super. 325, 333 (App. Div. 2013) (citation
A-3383-17T1
9
omitted). We review issues of law de novo and accord no deference to the trial
judge's legal conclusions. RSI Bank, 234 N.J. at 472.
"To defeat a motion for summary judgment, the opponent must '"come
forward with evidence" that creates a genuine issue of material fact.'" Cortez v.
Gindhart, 435 N.J. Super. 589, 605 (App. Div. 2014) (quoting Horizon Blue
Cross Blue Shield of N.J. v. State, 425 N.J. Super. 1, 32 (App. Div. 2012)).
"[C]onclusory and self-serving assertions by one of the parties are insufficient
to overcome the motion." Puder v. Buechel, 183 N.J. 428, 440-41 (2005)
(citations omitted).
We conclude from our de novo that plaintiff failed to meet its burden in
opposition to defendant's motion for summary judgment and its contentions on
appeal are without sufficient merit to warrant discussion in a written opinion.
R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E). We affirm substantially for the reasons expressed by Judge
Miller in his thoughtful and thorough written decision.
Affirmed.
A-3383-17T1
10