explaining that, when the agency’s evaluation of the record contains errors, “we will affirm only when remanding the case to the agency would be futile,” such as “when the IJ articulates an alternative and sufficient basis for her determination” or “when overwhelming evidence in the record makes it clear that the same decision is inevitable on remand” (quotation marks omitted)
How later courts described this case
- explaining that, when the agency’s evaluation of the record contains errors, “we will affirm only when remanding the case to the agency would be futile,” such as “when the IJ articulates an alternative and sufficient basis for her determination” or “when overwhelming evidence in the record makes it clear that the same decision is inevitable on remand” (quotation marks omitted)
- explaining that remand is not warranted if it would be “futile,” that is, when the agency has “articulate[d] an alternative and sufficient basis” for the decision, when the erroneous reasoning is “substantially tangential” to non-erroneous findings, or when “overwhelming evidence in the record makes it clear that the same decision is inevitable on remand”
- explaining that, 12 when the agency’s evaluation of the record contains errors, the Court can affirm 13 “only when remanding the case to the agency would be futile,” such as “when 14 overwhelming evidence in the record makes it clear that the same decision is 15 inevitable on remand” (quotation marks omitted)
- explaining that agency 10 remand is futile when “when overwhelming evidence in the record makes it clear 11 that the same decision is inevitable on remand, or, in short, whenever the 12 reviewing panel is confident that the agency would reach the same result upon a 13 reconsideration cleansed of errors”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
16‐3883‐ag
Gurung v. Barr
1 IN THE
2 United States Court of Appeals
3 For the Second Circuit
4 ________
5 AUGUST TERM, 2018
6
7 SUBMITTED: MAY 31, 2019
8 DECIDED: JULY 8, 2019
9
10 No. 16‐3883‐ag
11
12 JHOK BAHADUR GURUNG,
13 Petitioner,
14
15 v.
16
17 WILLIAM P. BARR, United States Attorney General,
18 Respondent.
19
20 ________
21
22 On Petition for Review from the
23 Board of Immigration Appeals
24
25 ________
26
27
28 Before: CALABRESI and LOHIER, Circuit Judges, and DONNELLY, District Judge.
29
30 ________
Judge Ann M. Donnelly, of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York, sitting
by designation.
16‐3883‐ag – Gurung v. Barr
1 Jhok Bahadur Gurung challenges the denial of his application for asylum and
2 related relief. The Immigration Judge denied relief solely on a finding that Gurung was
3 not credible. That finding stemmed from three purported inconsistencies in Gurung’s
4 testimony regarding: (1) the dates when Gurung received medical treatment after he was
5 assaulted in 2012 by members of the Maoist Party; (2) the details of his encounter with
6 the police following this attack; and (3) the severity of his father’s injuries after an assault
7 in 2000. The Board of Immigration Appeals affirmed the Immigration Judge’s ruling. On
8 review, we conclude that the second and third asserted inconsistencies do not amount to
9 inconsistent statements at all. As to the first inconsistency, we are doubtful that it
10 would—on its own—justify an adverse credibility finding. But, in any event, we do not
11 believe that remanding the case to the agency would be futile. We therefore GRANT
12 Gurung’s petition for review, VACATE the order of removal, and REMAND the case.
13
14
15 JHOK BAHADUR GURUNG (pro se), in support of Petitioner.
16 SCOTT M. MARCONDA, JESSICA E. BURNS (U.S. Department of Justice, Civil
17 Division, Office of Immigration Litigation), CHAD A. READLER (U.S.
18 Department of Justice, Civil Division), in support of Respondent.
19
20
21 CALABRESI, Circuit Judge:
22 Petitioner Jhok Bahadur Gurung is a native and citizen of Nepal. Gurung
23 seeks relief from political persecution in the form of asylum, withholding of
24 removal, and protection under the Convention Against Torture. Relying
25 exclusively on three purported inconsistencies in Gurung’s testimony, the
26 Immigration Judge (IJ) and the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) denied
27 Gurung’s petition on credibility grounds. Gurung sought review of that denial in
2
16‐3883‐ag – Gurung v. Barr
1 federal court. A member of our Court, sitting on the non‐argument calendar panel,
2 determined that this case should be heard on our regular argument calendar.
3 Having now reviewed Gurung’s petition as part of that calendar, we remand the
4 case to the BIA and take the opportunity to address two issues that the petition
5 raises.
6 First, what kinds of statements should be treated as “inconsistent” in
7 making an adverse credibility finding? Simply because two statements are not
8 identical does not mean that they are inconsistent. Given that an inconsistency
9 finding places a heavy burden on the applicant, it is especially important for the IJ
10 and the BIA to apply the correct standard. Hard as it is to explain away true
11 inconsistencies, it is even harder to “justify” an inconsistency that does not exist.
12 Second, what is the proper remedy when the IJ and the BIA have committed
13 legal error, but some evidence exists that might be sufficient—on its own—to
14 support the agency’s findings? In those situations, the correct course is to remand
15 the case to the BIA, unless doing so would be futile. The mere possibility that our
16 Court may believe the remaining evidence would be sufficient to support the
17 agency’s conclusion cannot justify affirmance.
18 In Gurung’s case, the IJ and the BIA mistook two discrepancies in wording
19 as inconsistencies. One possible inconsistency remains. Because we are not certain
20 that the agency would have reached the same conclusion as to Gurung’s credibility
21 in the absence of the errors it made, we GRANT Gurung’s petition for review,
22 VACATE the order of removal, and REMAND the case to the Board of
23 Immigration Appeals for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
24
3
16‐3883‐ag – Gurung v. Barr
1 FACTUAL BACKGROUND
2 Gurung entered the United States in 2012 on a B‐1 temporary visa. After his
3 visa expired, Gurung applied for asylum, withholding of removal, and
4 Convention Against Torture relief. Gurung’s application asserted that, if he
5 returned to Nepal, members of the Maoist Party would persecute him because of
6 his support for the National Democratic Party (NDP). Gurung’s application
7 contained, in relevant part, testimony that he was the victim of two politically
8 motivated assaults before he escaped to the United States. A summary of Gurung’s
9 allegations follows.
10 1. 2000 Assault. Soon after the Maoists murdered Gurung’s uncle because
11 of his NDP activism in the fall of 2000, they targeted Gurung and his father, who
12 had both refused to pledge allegiance to the Maoist Party. In his written testimony,
13 Gurung explained: “[M]y father and I were taken to a remote area where we were
14 beaten all over our bodies and my father had serious injuries sustained from this
15 attack; he was beaten almost to death. I was beaten severely and I lost
16 consciousness.” Cert. Admin. R. 154. During the hearing before the IJ, Gurung
17 stated: “they beat [my father] very badly, but it is not like he was going to die, not
18 like that. . . . He was old, so he got more injuries.” Id. at 87‐88. Shortly after this
19 assault, Gurung left his village and escaped to Kathmandu. In the city, Gurung
20 opened a guest house. As his business flourished, he made financial contributions
21 to the NDP.
22 2. 2012 Assault. In April 2008, members of the Maoist Party came to
23 Gurung’s hotel and demanded a donation. Gurung told them that he had no cash,
24 so they agreed to return the following month. After this incident, Gurung went
4
16‐3883‐ag – Gurung v. Barr
1 into hiding. According to Gurung’s written declaration, late one night in February
2 2012, he was found and abducted by members of the Maoist Party. The abductors
3 put Gurung in a van, blindfolded him, and drove for about 90 minutes to a jungle
4 area, in the suburbs of Kathmandu. The Maoists locked Gurung in a dark room
5 and severely beat him for three hours. In the morning, the Maoists told Gurung
6 that if he didn’t pay a large contribution to the Maoist Party, they would kill him.
7 They released Gurung only after he promised to donate one million rupees to the
8 Maoist Party.
9 Once Gurung made his way home, he went to the hospital and to the police.
10 According to the hospital records—an “O.P.D. Ticket” booklet (a medical chart of
11 sorts), id. at 187‐92, and a later letter signed by the treating physician—Gurung
12 complained of an assault and received x‐rays, stiches, fluids, and various
13 prescriptions. After he returned home, Gurung also attempted to report the attack
14 to the police, to no avail.
15 Gurung subsequently sold his hotel and went further into hiding, “changing
16 [his] apartment from one place to another, like one month one place, another
17 month another place.” Id. at 83. He learned that members of the Maoist Party
18 continued to look for him at his former hotel. On July 3, 2012, Gurung left Nepal.
19 PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
20 Gurung arrived in the United States on July 4, 2012, on a B‐1 visa, which
21 expired on January 3, 2013. In September 2013, he applied for asylum and related
22 relief. In November 2013, he was placed in removal proceedings for overstaying
23 his visa. After a merits hearing, during which Gurung testified through the help
5
16‐3883‐ag – Gurung v. Barr
1 of an interpreter, the IJ denied all relief. In making her adverse credibility finding,
2 the IJ relied mainly on what she deemed to be three inconsistencies.
3 First, the IJ noted how Gurung “wrote in his own written statement that his
4 father was beaten ‘almost to death’ . . . [but] [i]n court, [Gurung] indicated that
5 ‘they beat him very badly but it’s not like he was going to die.’” Id. at 31. In the
6 eyes of the IJ, this was a “minor inconsistency.” Id.
7 Second, Gurung’s written declaration stated that, “even though the police
8 took my complaint, they can’t help and protect me and my family.” Id. at 156
9 (emphasis added). Yet, during the hearing, Gurung testified that the “[p]olice
10 refused to take a report” because “[t]his is [a] political matter,” id. at 82 (emphasis
11 added); the police, he explained, “looked at” his complaint and then “return[ed]”
12 it to him, id. at 95. The IJ found these statements about the police to be inconsistent
13 and unexplained.
14 Third, Gurung’s written testimony indicated that he was abducted on
15 February 10, 2012, and released the following day. At the hearing, Gurung first
16 affirmed that he was “[h]alf conscious” when he was taken to the hospital “two or
17 three hours after [he] returned,” on February 11. Id. at 90. Later on, he stated that
18 he “was afraid that the Maoists would attack [him],” so he hid in his home “for
19 two days” and went to the hospital on February 13. Id. at 91‐92. But, the IJ noted,
20 Gurung’s medical records are dated February 20. Gurung’s attempt at explaining
21 the inconsistency—“[m]aybe they put the date [on the O.P.D. Ticket], the day [he]
22 paid off the bill there,” he said, id. at 90‐91—did not convince the IJ.
6
16‐3883‐ag – Gurung v. Barr
1 Relying on these three inconsistencies, the IJ ruled that Gurung was not
2 credible and ordered him removed. After the BIA affirmed the IJ’s ruling on the
3 same credibility grounds, Gurung petitioned our Court for review.
4 DISCUSSION
5 Congress has specified that an IJ’s “administrative findings of fact are
6 conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to
7 the contrary.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B). Our Court has interpreted this statutory
8 standard to mean that the IJ’s factual findings—including her adverse credibility
9 determinations—merit deference so long as they are supported by substantial
10 evidence. See Xue Hong Yang v. U.S. Depʹt of Justice, 426 F.3d 520, 522 (2d Cir. 2005).
11 The “substantial evidence” standard requires that the factual findings be based on
12 “reasonable, substantial[,] and probative evidence in the record.” Lin Zhong v. U.S.
13 Depʹt of Justice, 480 F.3d 104, 116 (2d Cir. 2007) (quoting Islami v. Gonzales, 412 F.3d
14 391, 396 (2d Cir. 2005)).
15 But, in dealing with cases like this, we must also be mindful of the Supreme
16 Court’s holding in S.E.C. v. Chenery Corp., 318 U.S. 80 (1943). Chenery instructs us
17 that “a judicial judgment cannot be made to do service for an administrative
18 judgment.” Id. at 88. That is because, if the administrative order is “based upon a
19 determination of law . . . [, that] order may not stand if the agency has misconceived
20 the law.” Id. at 94. The agency must reconsider the matter free from the error it
21 made. For these reasons, our Court has repeatedly held that, where factual
22 findings “rely upon legal errors, the appropriate remedy is generally to vacate
23 those findings and remand to the BIA for reconsideration of an applicant’s claim.”
7
16‐3883‐ag – Gurung v. Barr
1 Li Hua Lin v. U.S. Depʹt of Justice, 453 F.3d 99, 106 (2d Cir. 2006). But we must do
2 so, we added, only unless a remand would be futile. Id. at 106‐07.
3 In Gurung’s case, we conclude that two of the three purported
4 inconsistencies on which the IJ relied were not inconsistencies at all. And we have
5 doubts that—in the absence of those errors—the IJ would have reached the same
6 conclusion based on the third inconsistency alone. We therefore cannot say, as
7 required by Chenery and Li Hua Lin, that remanding the case to the BIA would be
8 futile.
9 I.
10 The first two purported inconsistencies noted by the IJ—concerning the
11 severity of Gurung’s father’s beating and the details of Gurung’s encounter with
12 the police—are not in fact inconsistent. In reviewing an IJ’s evaluation of a
13 witness’s credibility, we require that evaluation to be “tethered to the evidentiary
14 record.” Siewe v. Gonzales, 480 F.3d 160, 169 (2d Cir. 2007). And, here, we conclude
15 that a reasonable reading of the record fails to support an inconsistency finding.
16 That Gurung’s father was beaten “almost to death” is just another way of
17 saying that an elderly person was beaten “very badly.” This is what Gurung’s later
18 statement asserted.
19 Similarly, Gurung’s account of his exchange with the police is consistent. He
20 handed over a written complaint, and they took it and read it. They then handed
21 it back to him without filing a report.
22 We believe it to be well worth emphasizing that trivial differences in the
23 wording of statements describing the same event are not sufficient to create
8
16‐3883‐ag – Gurung v. Barr
1 inconsistencies. This is especially so where an immigrant applicant is relying on
2 an interpreter to convey his story, as Gurung did here.
3 Credibility should not be questioned based on trivial differences in word
4 choices alone. Once an inconsistency has been identified, “[a] petitioner must do
5 more than offer a plausible explanation for his inconsistent statements to secure
6 relief; he must demonstrate that a reasonable fact‐finder would be compelled to
7 credit his testimony.” Majidi v. Gonzales, 430 F.3d 77, 80 (2d Cir. 2005) (internal
8 quotation marks and citations omitted). It is essential that petitioners be asked to
9 meet this stringent standard only where there is, indeed, something to explain
10 away.
11 II.
12 This leaves us with the third possible inconsistency that the IJ identified: the
13 dates of Gurung’s 2012 assault and hospitalization.
14 Because the IJ based her determination on the totality of the circumstances
15 as she evaluated them, we cannot say with confidence that this inconsistency
16 alone—between February 10 and February 20, 2012—amounts to “substantial
17 evidence” capable of supporting an adverse credibility finding. As we recently
18 explained in Hong Fei Gao v. Sessions, 891 F.3d 67, 77 (2d Cir. 2018),
19 “[a] trivial inconsistency . . . that has no tendency to suggest a petitioner fabricated
20 his or her claim will not support an adverse credibility determination.” Therefore,
21 for example, we have held that “a reasonable fact‐finder could not conclude that
22 [a petitioner]’s credibility was undermined solely by the minor inconsistencies
23 remaining in her testimony about whether her mother‐in‐law was taken as a
9
16‐3883‐ag – Gurung v. Barr
1 hostage on September 22 or 23 of 2000 or when she was notified about the . . . fine.”
2 Su Chun Hu v. Holder, 579 F.3d 155, 160 (2d Cir. 2009) (per curiam). 1
3 But we do not need to go as far as we did in Hong Fei Gao or Su Chun Hu at
4 this time in this case. When an administrative agency—as here—has based its
5 decision in part on a legal error, it is important to remember what our Court’s role
6 is. In such situations, our job is generally not to decide whether the agency could
7 have reached the same result based on the remaining evidence. The standard that
8 we apply is not sufficiency of the evidence. Chenery forecloses that. See 318 U.S. at
9 94 (concluding that an administrative ruling “may not stand if the agency has
10 misconceived the law”).
11 At the same time, we are cognizant of the extraordinary number of vacaturs
12 and remands that an intransigent interpretation of Chenery would require. In the
13 immigration context, errors by overworked IJs are inevitably legion. Therefore,
14 where the IJ or the BIA has committed legal error, we will nonetheless affirm as
15 long as we can do so consistently with Chenery. That is, we will affirm only when
1 In asserting the inconsistency concerning the dates of his hospitalization, the agency relies in part on
omissions in Gurung’s application. That is probably erroneous. Although Gurung submitted documents
proving he received medical treatment following the 2012 assault, his written statement did not mention
his trip to the hospital. Similarly, his wife’s letter did not say anything about it. In our recent opinion in
Hong Fei Gao, however, our Court has pointed out how “omissions are less probative of credibility than
inconsistencies created by direct contradictions in evidence and testimony.” 891 F.3d at 78 (internal
quotation marks and citations omitted). In particular, the omission from Gurung’s written statement of
any reference to medical treatment, as in Hong Fei Gao, “was not inconsistent with [his] initial accounts.
The information was supplementary, not contradictory: that [his] beating[] warranted medical attention
reinforces [his] claims of persecution.” Id. at 79. Similarly, the fact that the letter from Gurung’s wife
omitted the visit to the hospital has “little, if any, weight”—because, “where a third party’s omission
creates no inconsistency with an applicant’s own statements,” the petitioner need not “speculate about
the state of mind” of that third party. Id. at 81.
10
16‐3883‐ag – Gurung v. Barr
1 remanding the case to the agency would be futile—namely, “a) when the IJ
2 articulates an alternative and sufficient basis for her determination; b) when her
3 reliance on the erroneous aspect of her reasoning is substantially tangential to her
4 non‐erroneous findings; or c) when overwhelming evidence in the record makes
5 it clear that the same decision is inevitable on remand, or, in short, whenever the
6 reviewing panel is confident that the agency would reach the same result upon a
7 reconsideration cleansed of errors.” Li Hua Lin, 453 F.3d at 107.
8 In other words, under Chenery and Li Hua Lin, we cannot affirm simply
9 because we believe that the agency is likely to come out the same way, or because
10 we would—in our own judgment—come out that way. When the agency has
11 denied asylum and related relief on credibility grounds, we can (and we will)
12 affirm only if (a) the agency offered a clearly independent and sufficient ground
13 for its ruling, one that is not affected by any erroneous adverse credibility findings,
14 or (b) the evidentiary record includes statements that are so inconsistent that we
15 can be confident that the agency would not accept any kind of explanation.
16 In the instant case, we have doubts that—in the absence of legal error—the
17 agency would have reached the same conclusion. Accordingly, we need not decide
18 whether, under our precedents, the inconsistency concerning the dates of
19 Gurung’s assault and hospitalization would be sufficient to justify an adverse
20 credibility finding at all. Remanding to the BIA is clearly not futile.
21 CONCLUSION
22 We GRANT Gurung’s petition for review, VACATE the BIA’s order of
23 removal, and REMAND the case to the agency for reconsideration consistent with
24 this opinion.
11