Robert Oglesby v. Amy Lesan

United States Court of Appeals

For the Eighth Circuit

___________________________

No. 18-1827

___________________________

Robert Oglesby

lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellant

v.

Amy Lesan; Chad Hein

lllllllllllllllllllllDefendants - Appellees

____________

Appeal from United States District Court

for the District of Nebraska - Lincoln

____________

Submitted: May 15, 2019

Filed: July 3, 2019

____________

Before COLLOTON, MELLOY, and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges.

____________

SHEPHERD, Circuit Judge.

Robert Oglesby appeals the district court’s1 adverse grant of summary

judgment on his Fourth Amendment claims against law enforcement officers Amy

1

The Honorable Richard G. Kopf, United States District Judge for the District

of Nebraska.

Lesan and Chad Hein for unlawful seizure, unlawful arrest, and excessive force.

Having jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.

I.

On January 28, 2013, around 11:00 P.M., Deputy Amy Lesan of the Lancaster

County, Nebraska Sheriff’s Department responded to a citizen’s report about a

woman with luggage loitering in the parking lot outside of a Casey’s General Store

in Hickman, Nebraska.2 Around the same time, an acquaintance of the woman,

Robert Oglesby, arrived to pick the woman up. Deputy Lesan recognized Oglesby

from Oglesby’s prior encounters with the sheriff’s department, which included

instances where Oglesby made threats against law enforcement. Deputy Lesan was

also aware of reports that Oglesby had access to weapons. She approached Oglesby

and asked for his license and registration, which he provided. Deputy Lesan then told

him to “wait here.”

After returning to her car and checking Oglesby’s documents, Deputy Lesan

discovered that the Lincoln, Nebraska Police Department (LPD) had a broadcast3 out

for him due to a disturbance that had occurred within the Lincoln city limits. The

broadcast indicated that any LPD officer who encountered Oglesby should issue a

citation to him. Deputy Lesan returned Oglesby’s documents and told him that LPD

had a broadcast out for him. She did not provide Oglesby with any details about the

broadcast.

2

When reviewing an adverse grant of summary judgment, we must take the

facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Robinson v. Am. Red Cross,

753 F.3d 749, 754 (8th Cir. 2014). We therefore recite the facts in the light most

favorable to Oglesby.

3

LPD uses the term “broadcast” to refer to a notation in police records

indicating that “law enforcement . . . wants to contact and speak with a person but

[has] been unable to locate them.” Dep. Amy Lesan 22, Dist. Ct. Dkt. 112-4.

-2-

Oglesby told Deputy Lesan that LPD staff could call him if they wished to talk

to him. He asked if he was under arrest and Deputy Lesan told him he was not.

Oglesby then asked if he could leave. Deputy Lesan told him that he could but that

she would follow him. Oglesby got in his car and drove home. Deputy Lesan

followed him, calling dispatch on the way to make certain an LPD officer would meet

her at Oglesby’s residence.

LPD dispatched Officer Chad Hein to take care of the LPD broadcast for

Oglesby. Officer Hein, who knew of Oglesby as a dangerous individual who had

made threats against law enforcement in the past and had access to weapons,

determined, based on existing police reports, that he had probable cause to cite

Oglesby for the Lincoln disturbance. He reached Oglesby’s residence, which is

outside the Lincoln city limits, and completed the citation while waiting for Oglesby

and Deputy Lesan to arrive.

Oglesby arrived first, parked in the driveway, and walked toward the house.

Officer Hein followed him up the driveway and asked Oglesby to stop and talk.

Oglesby asked if Officer Hein had a warrant. Officer Hein replied that he did not

need a warrant. Oglesby asked Officer Hein if he was under arrest, and Officer Hein

replied, “No.” At this point Officer Hein pulled out a stun gun, pointed it at Oglesby,

and tased him, with the electrodes becoming embedded in his chest.4 Oglesby then

entered his residence. Officer Hein followed him to the porch and radioed for

assistance. Oglesby and his mother began arguing with Officer Hein through the

open door to the porch. Oglesby refused to step outside to sign the citation, and

Oglesby’s mother attempted to close the door.

4

Officer Hein and Deputy Lesan deny that Officer Hein tased Oglesby at this

point. Additionally, there is no medical evidence in the record indicating whether the

stun gun’s electrodes embedded in Oglesby’s chest as he claims.

-3-

Oglesby states that Officer Hein then burst through the door, knocking

Oglesby’s mother to the floor, and rushed him. Officer Hein states that he placed his

foot between the door and the door frame to prevent the door from closing on

Oglesby’s mother and injuring her. When Oglesby used his full body weight to

attempt to close the door, Officer Hein asked him to let go because his foot was

painfully wedged between the door and the door frame. After 10 to 15 seconds,

Officer Hein deployed his Taser, which had little effect on Oglesby due to the heavy

winter coat he was wearing but did cause him to stop pushing on the door.

The parties agree that Oglesby ran farther into the house. Officer Hein

followed and tackled him. The two struggled and Officer Hein deployed his Taser

once or twice. Deputy Lesan then entered the home and, after more struggling, the

officers handcuffed Oglesby, walked him outside, and turned him over to other LPD

officers who had arrived on scene. As a result of these events, Oglesby was charged

in state court with hindering, delaying, or obstructing arrest in violation of the

Lincoln Municipal Code. See Lincoln, Neb., Mun. Code § 9.08.030 (“It shall be

unlawful for any person to intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly . . . physically

hinder, delay, interrupt, or in any manner physically oppose any police officer of the

city, or any peace officer, in making an arrest.”). Oglesby pled no contest, was

sentenced to a $500 fine, and did not appeal his conviction or sentence.

Oglesby then filed a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 suit in United States District Court

against Officer Hein and Deputy Lesan in their individual capacities, alleging that the

officers violated his Fourth Amendment rights by unlawfully seizing him on the

Hickman street, unlawfully arresting him at his residence, and using unreasonable

force against him. Officer Hein and Deputy Lesan moved for summary judgment

based on qualified immunity. Oglesby filed a 111-page single-spaced brief in

opposition to the motion for summary judgment, in which he objected to virtually

every exhibit the officers submitted with their motion. The officers attached

additional exhibits to their reply brief, to which Oglesby also objected.

-4-

The district court overruled all evidentiary objections. It found that Deputy

Lesan did not seize Oglesby on the street in Hickman, that the officers had probable

cause to arrest Oglesby at his residence, and that the officers were entitled to qualified

immunity on Oglesby’s excessive force claim because Oglesby failed to show the

right at issue was clearly established at the time. The district court therefore granted

summary judgment in the officers’ favor on all claims. Oglesby now appeals.

We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, taking the

facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Robinson, 753 F.3d at 754.

We additionally draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party. Id.

Summary judgment is appropriate when “there is no genuine dispute as to any

material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ.

P. 56(a). “The nonmoving party must cite to specific facts in the record

demonstrating a genuine issue of fact for trial and may not rely solely on allegations.”

Lucke v. Solsvig, 912 F.3d 1084, 1087 (8th Cir. 2019).

Summary judgment is appropriate if a state actor, such as a police officer, is

entitled to the affirmative defense of qualified immunity. See Malley v. Briggs, 475

U.S. 335, 340 (1986); Gomez v. Toledo, 446 U.S. 635, 640 (1980). Qualified

immunity shields state actors from suit based on official conduct. Hunter v. Bryant,

502 U.S. 224, 227 (1991) (per curiam); Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 641

(1987). To defeat a motion for summary judgment based on qualified immunity, a

plaintiff must show that the defendant violated his clearly-established rights. Pearson

v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 232 (2009). The analysis thus has two prongs: (1) whether

the defendant violated a constitutional or statutory right; and (2) whether that right

was “‘clearly established’ at the time of [the] defendant’s alleged misconduct[,]” and

courts may address either prong first. Id. (quoting Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 201

(2001)). “Qualified immunity is appropriate only if no reasonable factfinder could

answer yes to both of these questions.” Hess v. Ables, 714 F.3d 1048, 1051 (8th Cir.

2013) (quoting Nelson v. Corr. Med. Servs., 583 F.3d 522, 528 (8th Cir. 2009)). In

-5-

the police officer context, qualified immunity applies when “reasonable officers in

the same position could have believed their conduct was ‘lawful, in light of clearly

established law and the information the . . . officers possessed’ at the time.” Waters

v. Madson, 921 F.3d 725, 734-35 (8th Cir. 2019) (quoting Anderson, 483 U.S. at

641). With this framework in mind, we now address each of Oglesby’s claims on

appeal.

II.

Oglesby first argues that Deputy Lesan unlawfully seized him on the Hickman

street when she requested his identification. Consensual encounters between law

enforcement officers and citizens that do not involve coercion or restraint are not

seizures. United States v. Poitier, 818 F.2d 679, 682 (8th Cir. 1987). “[E]ven when

officers have no basis for suspecting a particular individual, they may

generally . . . ask to examine the individual’s identification . . . as long as the police

do not convey a message that compliance with their requests is required.” Florida v.

Bostick, 501 U.S. 429, 434-35 (1991). “Only when the officer, by means of physical

force or show of authority, has in some way restrained the liberty of a citizen may we

conclude that a ‘seizure’ has occurred.” Id. at 434. In other words, a police officer

does not effect a seizure as long as “a reasonable person would feel free to terminate

the encounter.” United States v. Angulo-Guerrero, 328 F.3d 449, 451 (8th Cir. 2003).

Courts consider several factors in determining whether a person would feel free

to terminate an encounter with police, including

officers positioning themselves in a way to limit the person’s freedom

of movement, . . . . the presence of several officers, the display of

weapons by officers, physical touching, the use of language or

intonation indicating compliance is necessary, the officer’s retention of

the person’s property, or an officer’s indication the person is the focus

of a particular investigation.

-6-

United States v. Griffith, 533 F.3d 979, 983 (8th Cir. 2008) (citation omitted). In

United States v. Vera, this Court found no seizure occurred when a deputy asked the

defendant to exit his vehicle, produce identification, and wait in the patrol car while

the deputy examined his license. 457 F.3d 831, 836 (8th Cir. 2006). This Court

concluded that no “reasonable person would have believed that assent to [the

deputy]’s requests was required” because the deputy did not use force, physical

contact, or “any other intimidating movements[,]” did not draw his weapon, and

“[t]he record include[d] no other indicia of coercion.” Id.

The record shows that Deputy Lesan arrived on scene, recognized Oglesby, and

asked him for his license and registration. Oglesby provided these documents

without objection and waited approximately 15 minutes while Deputy Lesan

conducted a records inquiry. Oglesby never objected to Deputy Lesan’s records

search, and when he asked if he was free to leave she told him he was. These are all

earmarks of a consensual encounter involving police questioning rather than a

seizure. See id. at 835.

Oglesby argues that Deputy Lesan seized him when she told him to “wait here”

while she checked his documentation. However, an officer’s “use of language . . .

indicating compliance is necessary” is only one factor we use to determine if an

officer effected a seizure. Griffith, 533 F.3d at 983. The record does not indicate that

Deputy Lesan made any show of force or authority when she approached Oglesby.

She was alone and did not activate her patrol car’s lights or siren, brandish her

firearm, physically block Oglesby’s departure, or make physical contact with

Oglesby. See id. Nor did she threaten Oglesby with arrest or tell him he was the

focus of an investigation. Further, while Deputy Lesan held Oglesby’s license and

registration for 15 minutes, there is no indication that Oglesby requested their return.

-7-

Oglesby himself admitted at his deposition that Deputy Lesan did nothing to

stop him from leaving other than asking for his identification. Dep. Robert Oglesby

31-32, Dist. Ct. Dkt. 117-4. We therefore find as a matter of law that Deputy Lesan

did not restrain Oglesby’s liberty through a showing of force, authority, or otherwise.

See Bostick, 501 U.S. at 434. We conclude that Deputy Lesan did not seize Oglesby

in Hickman and that, therefore, he has shown no violation of his Fourth Amendment

rights. We affirm the district court’s dismissal of this claim.

III.

Oglesby’s second claim alleges that Officer Hein and Deputy Lesan unlawfully

arrested him at his residence. The district court found that Oglesby’s sole

argument—that Officer Hein lacked jurisdiction to perform an arrest for a violation

of the Lincoln Municipal Code outside of the city limits—was irrelevant to the Fourth

Amendment inquiry. It further found that Officer Hein had probable cause to arrest

Oglesby and that, therefore, no Fourth Amendment violation occurred.

In this appeal, Oglesby reasserts his jurisdictional argument. However, for

Fourth Amendment purposes, the relevant question is whether an arrest was

reasonable, not whether an arrest violated state law or whether an officer was acting

within his geographical jurisdiction. Virginia v. Moore, 553 U.S. 164, 178 (2008)

(stating that a police officer who has probable cause but violates a state law in

effecting an arrest does not violate the Fourth Amendment because “it is not the

province of the Fourth Amendment to enforce state law”); Rose v. City of Mulberry,

533 F.3d 678, 680 (8th Cir. 2008) (stating that a city police officer who has probable

cause but arrests someone outside his jurisdiction does not violate the Fourth

Amendment even if he violates state law). We find, therefore, that Officer Hein and

Deputy Lesan did not violate the Fourth Amendment solely by arresting Oglesby

outside of the Lincoln city limits.

-8-

Oglesby also argues, for the first time before this Court, that Officer Hein

lacked probable cause to arrest him. In general, we “will not consider arguments

raised for the first time on appeal” unless failure to do so would result in a

miscarriage of justice. Trs. of Electricians’ Salary Deferral Plan v. Wright, 688 F.3d

922, 926 (8th Cir. 2012). Oglesby failed to raise this argument before the district

court. He has therefore waived it, and “[w]e find no miscarriage of justice warranting

further analysis.” Cole v. UAW, 533 F.3d 932, 936 (8th Cir. 2008). We affirm the

district court’s dismissal of this claim.

IV.

Next, Oglesby claims that Officer Hein and Deputy Lesan used excessive force

in effectuating his arrest. The district court found that Oglesby failed to show that the

facts established a violation of his constitutional rights and that, even if they did,

those rights were not clearly established at the time of Oglesby’s arrest. It therefore

granted summary judgment in favor of the officers, finding that they were entitled to

qualified immunity. We agree.

On appeal, Oglesby argues that non-violent, non-fleeing suspects have a

clearly-established right to not be shot with stun guns. However, in opposition to

summary judgment, Oglesby’s sole argument against applying qualified immunity

was that Officer Hein possessed no authority to arrest him outside of the city of

Lincoln. He failed to identify the right at issue, argue that right was clearly

established, or cite any case that would have put the officers on notice that their

conduct was unconstitutional. By failing to do so, Oglesby waived the arguments he

now asserts. See Wright, 688 F.3d at 926. We therefore affirm the district court’s

grant of summary judgment to the officers on Oglesby’s excessive force claim.

-9-

V.

Oglesby finally argues that the district court improperly admitted a host of

evidentiary materials and relied on those materials in making its decision. “We defer

to admissibility determinations under an abuse-of-discretion standard of review, even

at summary judgment.” Morgan v. United Parcel Serv. of Am., Inc., 380 F.3d 459,

467 (8th Cir. 2004). A district court abuses its discretion in admitting evidentiary

materials if those materials could not “be presented at trial in an admissible form.”

Gannon Int’l, Ltd. v. Blocker, 684 F.3d 785, 793 (8th Cir. 2012).

Oglesby argues that multiple exhibits Officer Hein and Deputy Lesan

submitted5 were not properly authenticated. However, Oglesby makes no showing

that these documents could not be presented at trial in an admissible form. We thus

find that the district court did not abuse its discretion in admitting these documents.

See id. (stating that a district court did not abuse its discretion in admitting evidence

when the objecting party “[did] not even attempt to argue that the [evidence] could

not have been presented in an admissible form at trial”).

Oglesby next argues that Officer Hein improperly attached authentication of

several of his exhibits to an index of evidence instead of his attorney’s affidavit.

However, the district court’s local rules require parties to attach exhibits to an index

of evidence and to provide an affidavit authenticating those exhibits. See NECivR

7.1(a)(2). Similarly, Oglesby objects to the officers’ submission of an index of

evidence and supplemental affidavits on reply at summary judgment. However, the

district court’s local rules provide that a moving party may file an index of evidence

attached to a reply brief if it is filed within seven days of the filing of the opposing

brief. See NECivR 7.1(c). Oglesby does not argue that the reply was untimely. We

5

Specifically, Oglesby objects to the submission of the docket report from his

state criminal case, the transcript of proceedings in that case, and his own deposition.

-10-

decline to find that the district court abused its discretion in admitting the officers’

exhibits pursuant to a local rule.

Oglesby also avers that all evidence related to his state conviction for

interfering with an arrest, including a certified copy of the chapter of the Lincoln

Municipal Code under which he was arrested, was inadmissible as irrelevant to the

instant case. However, a plea of no contest in a matter forecloses a subsequent

§ 1983 claim for arrest without probable cause. Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477,

484 (1994) (stating that a prior criminal proceeding must terminate in favor of the

accused to support a later § 1983 claim). Officer Hein raised this defense in response

to Oglesby’s unlawful arrest claim. Evidence that Oglesby pled no contest to and was

subsequently convicted in state court of charges stemming from his arrest was

therefore relevant to whether Oglesby could prevail on his unlawful arrest claim. See

Fed. R. Evid. 401; see also Heck, 512 U.S. at 484. The district court did not abuse

its discretion in finding this evidence relevant and admitting it.

Oglesby finally argues that the district court improperly admitted Deputy

Lesan’s and Officer Hein’s affidavits because those affidavits detail events that

occurred at Oglesby’s residence, which is outside the Lincoln city limits. Oglesby

does not actually explain why he believes this evidence is inadmissible; rather, he

reiterates his argument that Officer Hein did not have jurisdiction to arrest him at his

residence. Moreover, Deputy Lesan’s and Officer Hein’s affidavits detail events

which underlie this case, of which they have personal knowledge. See Fed. R. Civ.

P. 56(c)(4). We therefore conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion

in admitting the affidavits.

VI.

We affirm the district court’s judgment in full.

______________________________

-11-