The opinion
06/20/2019
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT KNOXVILLE
April 15, 2019 Session
WASHINGTON COUNTY EDUCATION ASSOCIATION ET AL. v.
WASHINGTON COUNTY BOARD OF EDUCATION ET AL.
Appeal from the Chancery Court for Washington County
No. 17-CV-0428 John C. Rambo, Chancellor
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No. E2018-01037-COA-R3-CV
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Kimber Halliburton, the director of the Washington County Board of Education, notified
Stacia Howard, a non-tenured teacher, that her employment contract would not be
renewed. The Washington County board did not review the director’s decision because
the board’s attorney believed that the board lacked the legal authority to do so. Ms.
Howard and the Washington County Education Association (WCEA) filed a complaint
against the board and the director. Plaintiffs sought a declaratory judgment regarding the
authority of the board to review and modify the director’s personnel decisions, including
the director’s decision to non-renew Ms. Howard’s contract. Defendants filed a motion
to dismiss, arguing that plaintiffs lacked standing. The trial court granted the defendants’
motion. Plaintiffs appeal. We affirm.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court
Affirmed; Case Remanded
CHARLES D. SUSANO, JR., J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which RICHARD H.
DINKINS and THOMAS R. FRIERSON, II, JJ., joined.
Richard L. Colbert and C. Joseph Hubbard, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellants,
Washington County Education Association and Stacia Howard.
Samuel K. McPeak, Johnson City, Tennessee, for the appellee, Washington County
Board of Education.
Jeffrey M. Ward, Greeneville, Tennessee, for the appellee, Kimber Halliburton.
OPINION
I.
In reviewing the trial court’s dismissal of this case pursuant to the provisions of
Tenn. R. Civ. P. 12.02(6), this Court is required to take the allegations in plaintiffs’
complaint as true. Nelson v. Myres, 545 S.W.3d 428, 430 (Tenn. 2018) (quoting Crews
v. Buckman Labs. Int’l, Inc., 78 S.W.3d 852, 857 (Tenn. 2002)).
Ms. Howard worked as a music teacher at Gray Elementary School for five
consecutive school years. Each year, she received positive evaluations. Despite these
positive evaluations, the director notified Ms. Howard that her employment contract
would not be renewed for the 2017-18 school year. The board did not provide written
notice to Ms. Howard of the specific reasons for her non-renewal, as permitted (but not
required) by Tenn. Code Ann. § 49-2-203(b)(8) (2016). As a result, Ms. Howard never
had the opportunity to request a hearing pursuant to that statutory provision. See id.
(“[A]ny teacher so notified shall be given, upon request, a hearing to determine the
validity of the reasons given for failure of reelection [.]”). Ms. Howard would have been
eligible for tenure if her contract had been renewed.
On June 1, 2017, the board met in regular session. Ms. Howard and various other
individuals attended the public meeting for the purpose of expressing concern about some
of the director’s personnel decisions. Before receiving public comments, members of the
board met privately for approximately thirty minutes. When the public meeting began,
the board’s attorney, Tom Seeley, instructed the board that the personnel decisions made
by the director were final. Plaintiffs allege that Mr. Seeley’s advice led the board to
believe that it “had no power or authority to review, overrule, or otherwise modify or
change the personnel decisions of Director Halliburton.” Plaintiffs also allege that if Mr.
Seeley had not advised the board as he did, “the Board of Education would have
reviewed and reconsidered the decision by Director Halliburton to non-renew the
Plaintiff Howard’s employment.”
Plaintiffs filed a complaint seeking a declaratory judgment regarding the authority
of the board to review and modify the director’s personnel decisions, including the
director’s decision to non-renew Ms. Howard’s contract. Defendants filed a motion to
dismiss, arguing that plaintiffs lacked standing. The trial court granted defendants’
motion. Plaintiffs timely appealed.
II.
Plaintiffs raise the following two issues:
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Does a teacher who is the subject of a personnel decision
made by a director of schools pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. §
49-2-301(b)(1)(EE) have standing to seek a declaratory
judgment regarding the board of education’s power to review
that personnel decision?
Does a professional employees’ organization whose members
are affected by personnel decisions made by a director of
schools pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 49-2-301(b)(1)(EE)
have standing to seek a declaratory judgment regarding the
board of education’s power to review those decisions?
The following issue was also briefed and argued by the parties, although plaintiffs
failed to raise it in their brief’s statement of the issues:
[i]n the interest of judicial economy, [and] because this action
presents a question of law, this Court should declare that the
Board of Education has the power and authority to review the
Director’s personnel decisions generally and the Director’s
non-renewal of Howard in particular, rather than remanding
for such a declaration by the Chancellor.
III.
As previously noted, the trial court granted defendants’ motion to dismiss pursuant
to Tenn. R. Civ. P. 12.02(6). We review the court’s decision de novo with no
presumption of correctness. Nelson v. Myres, 545 S.W.3d 428, 431 (Tenn. 2018)
(quoting Metro. Gov’t of Nashville v. Bd. of Zoning Appeals of Nashville, 477 S.W.3d
750, 754 (Tenn. 2015)). “A motion filed under Rule 12.02(6) tests ‘the legal sufficiency
of the complaint, not the strength of the plaintiff’s proof or evidence.’ ” Id. at 430 (Tenn.
2018) (quoting Webb v. Nashville Area Habitat for Humanity, Inc., 346 S.W.3d 422,
426 (Tenn. 2011)). Accordingly, “courts ‘should grant a motion to dismiss only when it
appears that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of the claim that would
entitle the plaintiff to relief.’ ” Id. at 431 (quoting Crews v. Buckman Labs. Int’l, Inc.,
78 S.W.3d 852, 857 (Tenn. 2002)).
IV.
A.
We begin by considering whether the trial court erred when it determined that Ms.
Howard lacked standing. As an initial matter, we reject plaintiffs’ argument that the
Declaratory Judgments Act, codified at Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 29-14-101 et seq. (2012),
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independently confers standing on Ms. Howard. “[I]n order to maintain an action for a
declaratory judgment a justiciable controversy must exist.” West v. Schofield, 460
S.W.3d 113, 130 (Tenn. 2015) (quoting State v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 18
S.W.3d 186, 193 (Tenn. 2000)). Consequently, “[t]he justiciability doctrines of standing,
ripeness, mootness, and political question continue as viable defenses [to declaratory
judgment actions].” Colonial Pipeline Co. v. Morgan, 263 S.W.3d 827, 838 (Tenn.
2008).
The justiciability doctrine at issue in this case is the doctrine of standing. “Our
jurisprudence recognizes two categories of standing that govern who may bring a civil
cause of action: non-constitutional standing and constitutional standing.” City of
Memphis v. Hargett, 414 S.W.3d 88, 98 (Tenn. 2013). “Constitutional standing, the
issue in this case, is one of the ‘irreducible . . . minimum’ requirements that a party must
meet in order to present a justiciable controversy.” Id. (quoting Lujan v. Defenders of
Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560 (1992)). In order to establish constitutional standing, a
plaintiff must satisfy the following “three ‘indispensable’ elements”:
First, a party must show an injury that is “distinct and
palpable”; injuries that are conjectural, hypothetical, or
predicated upon an interest that a litigant shares in common
with the general citizenry are insufficient in this regard.
Second, a party must demonstrate a causal connection
between the alleged injury and the challenged conduct.
While the causation element is not onerous, it does require a
showing that the injury to a plaintiff is “fairly traceable” to
the conduct of the adverse party. The third and final element
is that the injury must be capable of being redressed by a
favorable decision of the court.
Id. (citations omitted).
Here, the parties dispute whether Ms. Howard suffered “an injury that is ‘distinct
and palpable.’ ” Id. Plaintiffs argue that Ms. Howard’s injury was the “loss of the
opportunity to have her termination reviewed and reconsidered by the Board, a
reconsideration the Board otherwise would have undertaken.” Defendants argue, and the
trial court ruled, that if anyone suffered an injury from Mr. Seeley’s allegedly inaccurate
legal advice, it was the board, not Ms. Howard.
“The sort of distinct and palpable injury that will create standing must be an injury
to a recognized legal right or interest.” McFarland v. Pemberton, 530 S.W.3d 76, 105-
06 (Tenn. 2017) (emphasis added) (quoting Metro. Gov’t of Nashville v. The Bd. of
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Zoning Appeals of Nashville, 477 S.W.3d 750, 755 (Tenn. 2015)). 1 Under Tennessee
law,
[t]eachers in service and under control of the public
elementary and high schools of this state shall continue in
such service until they have received written notice from their
board of education or director of schools, as appropriate, of
their dismissal or failure of reelection.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 49-5-409(a) (2016). This written notice “must be received within five
(5) business days following the last instructional day for the school year to be applicable
to the next succeeding school year[.]” Id. at § 49-5-409(b). This Court has previously
noted that
a non-tenured teacher may be dismissed without cause by
written notice that the teacher has not been re-elected to teach
the next school year, as long as the notice complies with the
time limits set in Tenn. Code Ann. § 49-[5]-409. Snell v.
Brothers, 527 S.W.2d at 116; Malone v. Shelby Co. Bd. of
Educ., 773 S.W.2d 256, 259 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1989).
Cannon Co. Bd. of Educ. v. Wade, No. M2006-02001-COA-R3-CV, 2008 WL 3069466,
at *10 (Tenn. Ct. App., filed July 31, 2008), perm. app. denied (Tenn. 2009) (footnote
omitted).
Tenn. Code Ann. § 49-2-203(b) is the only statutory provision that affirmatively
gives legal rights to non-tenured teachers whose employment contracts are not renewed.
That statute provides as follows:
The local board of education has the power to:
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1
Technically, “a plaintiff in a declaratory judgment action need not show a present injury, [but]
an actual ‘case’ or ‘controversy’ is still required.” Colonial Pipeline Co., 263 S.W.3d at 837-38 (citing
Cardinal Chem. Co. v. Morton Int’l, 508 U.S. 83, 95 (1993)). “For a controversy to be justiciable . . . a
legally protectable interest must be at stake.” West, 460 S.W.3d at 130 (quoting Brown & Williamson
Tobacco Corp., 18 S.W.3d at 193). Regardless of how one chooses to characterize the issue, the critical
question is whether Ms. Howard had a legal right to “the opportunity to have her termination reviewed
and reconsidered by the Board, a reconsideration the Board otherwise would have undertaken.”
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(8) Provide written notice to probationary teachers of specific
reasons for failure of reelection pursuant to this title;
provided, that any teacher so notified shall be given, upon
request, a hearing to determine the validity of the reasons
given for failure of reelection[.]
Tenn. Code Ann. § 49-2-203(b)(8) (emphasis added). 2
In the present case, the board did not exercise its discretionary power to “[p]rovide
written notice to [Ms. Howard] of specific reasons for failure of reelection.” Tenn. Code
Ann. § 49-2-203(b)(8). Accordingly, Ms. Howard never had the opportunity to request a
hearing pursuant to that statutory provision. Nevertheless, plaintiffs insist that the board
had the inherent authority to review the director’s non-renewal decision, even though the
board did not follow the procedures identified in Tenn. Code Ann. § 49-2-203(b)(8).
Because the board did not exercise this inherent authority, plaintiffs argue that Ms.
Howard was deprived of “the opportunity to have her termination reviewed and
reconsidered by the Board, a reconsideration the Board otherwise would have
undertaken.”
We confronted a similar situation in Parker v. Lowery, Nos. E2012–00547–COA–
R3–CV, E2012–00565–COA–R3–CV, 2013 WL 1798958 (Tenn. Ct. App., filed Apr. 26,
2013). In Parker, the director of Monroe County Schools notified a non-tenured teacher
that her employment contract would not be renewed. Id. at *1. The teacher and one
member of the Monroe County Board of Education filed suit against the director and the
board of education. Id. The plaintiffs argued that the director’s notice of non-renewal
was defective for two reasons. Id. at *1-2. First, the plaintiffs argued that the director
violated board policy by failing to notify the board of the director’s non-renewal decision
prior to sending the notice of non-renewal. Id. Second, the plaintiffs argued that the
notice was defective because it did not contain “a statement of prior authorization by a
majority vote of the membership of the board,” as required by a prior version of Tenn.
Code Ann. § 49-5-409.3 Id. at *2. Ultimately, the trial court ruled that both plaintiffs
lacked standing. This Court affirmed:
Despite specific provisions providing a procedure in which to
recommend and elect teachers for tenure, Teacher had no
right of judicial review regarding the non-renewal of her
2
Plaintiffs suggest that this provision is “the product of a legislative oversight,” because under
prior versions of the statute, it was the responsibility of the board – not the director – to notify a non-
tenured teacher if the teacher’s contract was not going to be renewed. We express no opinion on
plaintiffs’ theory because it has no bearing on the disposition of this case.
3
The General Assembly deleted this provision. 2011 Pub. Acts, c. 255, § 1, eff. May 23, 2011.
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contract and her corresponding failure to receive tenure
because she was a probationary employee. See Cannon Cnty.
Bd. of Educ. v. Wade, No. M2006–02001–COA–R3–CV,
2008 WL 3069466, at *10 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 31, 2008),
perm. app. denied (Tenn. Feb. 17., 2009) (“[A] non-tenured
teacher whose employment is not renewed, i.e., who is not
reelected to a teaching position during his or her probation
period, has no right to judicial review of the local school
administrators’ decision not to renew employment.”).
Nevertheless, Appellants assert that they were injured by
Director’s actions and the Board’s inaction because Teacher
was deprived of a hearing before the Board and because
Board Member was deprived of the opportunity to review
Director’s decisions concerning Teacher. These claims
implicate injuries suffered by the Board, not Teacher or
Board Member.
Id. at *5 (emphasis added). Later, the Court reiterated that the “Teacher and Board
Member . . . did not suffer a personal injury or loss as a result of Director’s actions or the
Board’s inaction.” Id. at *6.
Plaintiffs attempt to distinguish Parker by emphasizing that the teacher in Parker
was seeking judicial review of the director’s non-renewal decision, whereas Ms. Howard
and WCEA are seeking a declaratory judgment regarding the legal relationship between
the board and the director. In our view, that distinction is not outcome-determinative.
Although plaintiffs in the present case are seeking a different form of relief (i.e., a
declaratory judgment), they are making the same argument with respect to Ms. Howard’s
standing to sue. Plaintiffs, like the teacher in Parker, argue that Ms. Howard’s was
injured because she “was deprived of a hearing before the Board” or, more precisely,
because she was deprived of the “opportunity” for a hearing before the board.
Consistent with our holding in Parker, we hold that even if the board had inherent
authority to review the director’s decision, plaintiffs’ claims “implicate injuries suffered
by the Board, not [the] Teacher[.]” Id. at *6. The board did not exercise its discretionary
power to provide written notice pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 49-2-203(b)(8). No other
statute provides non-tenured teachers the right to a hearing or the “opportunity” for a
hearing when their contracts are not renewed. We recognize that “a legal right or
interest” does not necessarily have to “be created or defined by statute.” Metro. Gov’t of
Nashville, 477 S.W.3d at 755 (quoting State v. Harrison, 270 S.W.3d 21, 27–28 (Tenn.
2008)). However, plaintiffs have failed to identify a single legal authority in support of
their position that non-tenured teachers have a right to a hearing or the “opportunity” for
a hearing under the circumstances presented in this case. Conclusory assertions are not
enough. Accordingly, the trial court properly concluded that Ms. Howard lacked
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standing and failed to establish the existence of justiciable controversy.
B.
Next, we consider whether the trial court erred when it determined that WCEA
lacked standing. In the trial court, plaintiffs argued that WCEA had standing to bring this
declaratory judgment action under the doctrine of “organizational standing,” also known
as “associational standing.” The Supreme Court has adopted the following test for
determining the availability of associational standing:
To establish standing, an association . . . must show that: (1)
its members would otherwise have standing to sue in their
own right; (2) the interests it seeks to protect are germane to
the organization's purpose; and (3) neither the claim asserted,
nor the relief requested, requires the participation of
individual members in the lawsuit.
American Civil Liberties Union of Tennessee v. Darnell, 195 S.W.3d 612, 626 (Tenn.
2006) (citing Citizens for Collierville, Inc. v. Town of Collierville, 977 S.W.2d 321, 323
(Tenn. Ct. App. 1998), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Sept. 14, 1998); Curve Elementary Sch.
Parent & Teacher’s Org. v. Lauderdale Co. Sch. Bd., 608 S.W.2d 855, 858 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 1980), perm. app. denied (Tenn. June 30, 1980) (citing Hunt v. Washington State
Apple Advertising Comm’n, 432 U.S. 333 (1977))). Here, plaintiffs have failed to show
that WCEA’s “members would otherwise have standing to sue in their own right.” See
supra Part IV.A. Accordingly, the trial court correctly determined that WCEA lacks
associational standing.
In their brief, plaintiffs argue that WCEA also has standing pursuant to the
Professional Educators Collaborative Conferencing Act (PECCA), which provides that
“[p]rofessional employees have the right to . . . be assisted by organizations . . . and to
engage in other concerted activities for the purpose of other mutual aid and benefit[.]”
Tenn. Code Ann. § 49-5-603 (2016). According to plaintiffs, “[t]he act of seeking a
declaratory judgment regarding important employment-related rights of professional
employees is a concerted activity [within the meaning of the PECCA].” This argument
was raised for the first time on appeal. It is therefore waived. Waters v. Farr, 291
S.W.3d 873, 918 (Tenn. 2009) (citations omitted) (“One cardinal principle of appellate
practice is that a party who fails to raise an issue in the trial court waives its right to raise
that issue on appeal.”).
V.
For the reasons discussed above, we conclude that the trial court properly granted
defendants’ motion to dismiss for lack of standing. We express no opinion on the merits
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of plaintiffs’ declaratory judgment action. The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
Costs on appeal are assessed to the appellants, Washington County Education
Association and Stacia Howard. This case is remanded, pursuant to applicable law, for
enforcement of the trial court’s judgment and collection of costs assessed below.
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CHARLES D. SUSANO, JR., JUDGE
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