The opinion
If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
PETRA PIKE formerly known as PETRA FOR PUBLICATION
HANRAHAN, April 25, 2019
9:05 a.m.
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v No. 344083
Court of Claims
NORTHERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY and LC No. 17-000312-MZ
PETER BOSMA,
Defendant-Appellees.
Before: SWARTZLE, P.J., and CAVANAGH and CAMERON, JJ.
CAVANAGH, J.
In this negligence action, plaintiff appeals as of right an order of the Court of Claims
granting summary disposition to defendants, Northern Michigan University (NMU) and Peter
Bosma, under MCR 2.116(C)(7) on the basis of governmental immunity. We affirm as to NMU,
but reverse as to Bosma and remand for further proceedings.
NMU is a public university in the Michigan university system, primarily located in
Marquette. One of the buildings on NMU’s campus in Marquette is the Physical Education and
Instructional Facility (the Facility). Bosma was an instructor employed by NMU and taught a
class designated as RE 251, called Adventure Activities, in which plaintiff was enrolled.
During class on April 23, 2015, Bosma instructed his students to use a rock-climbing
wall. Students were paired up and required to work together, with one student attempting to
climb the rock wall while blindfolded, relying solely on verbal instructions provided by the other
student who remained on the ground. Students climbing the rock wall were not provided any
training or safety equipment, such as a helmet or harness. Plaintiff was paired with another
student and designated the climber. Plaintiff was allegedly given poor instructions by her partner
on the ground and fell from near the rock wall’s top, striking her head and body on the ground.
A notice of intent (NOI) to file a claim against NMU dated August 21, 2015 was mailed
to the president of NMU and the Court of Claims. Only plaintiff’s attorney signed the NOI. The
NOI was filed with the Court of Claims on August 24, 2015.
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On December 1, 2017, plaintiff filed her complaint, alleging negligence against NMU
under the public building exception to governmental immunity, MCL 691.1406, and gross
negligence against Bosma, as well as NMU via vicarious liability, under MCL 691.1407(2).
In March 2018, defendants filed a motion for summary disposition under MCR
2.116(C)(7), arguing that plaintiff’s NOI was insufficient because MCL 600.6431(1) required her
to file an NOI “signed and verified by the claimant;” thus, her claims must be dismissed.
Further, the Court of Claims did not have jurisdiction over Bosma because he was an instructor,
not a “state officer;” thus, he was entitled to summary dismissal under MCR 2.116(C)(1).
Plaintiff responded to defendant’s motion for summary disposition, arguing that the
requirements of MCL 600.6431(1) did not apply because her claim against NMU was brought
under MCL 691.1406 which sets forth the applicable notice requirements and those requirements
were satisfied. Notice was timely served by mail on NMU’s president as required by MCL
691.1406, and this notice also constituted notice to the State of Michigan in the manner specified
by MCL 691.1404, as prescribed by MCL 691.1406. Further, as clearly stated in MCL
600.6419(7), the Court of Claims had jurisdiction over Bosma who was an employee of the state.
Defendants filed a reply brief, arguing that MCL 691.1404 required plaintiff to file her
NOI with the Court of Claims within 120 days from the date of the incident. But plaintiff
admitted in her complaint that her NOI was filed with the Court of Claims on August 24, 2015,
which was three days too late; 120 days from April 23, 2015 was August 21, 2015. Thus, as
explained in Goodhue v Dep’t of Transp, 319 Mich App 526; 904 NW2d 203 (2017), notice was
deficient and the case must be dismissed.
On April 24, 2018, the Court of Claims granted defendants’ motion for summary
disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7), concluding that plaintiff failed to comply with MCL
691.1404 because her NOI was filed with the Court of Claims more than 120 days after the
injury occurred. Notice of this action against the state had to be filed with the clerk of the Court
of Claims within 120 days of the incident. The Court of Claims noted that, although plaintiff did
not present any argument as to whether her gross negligence claim against NMU should also be
dismissed for failure to comply with the 120-day notice requirement, in light of the overlap of
the allegations, dismissal was proper for failure to provide the requisite notice. Further, the
Court of Claims dismissed plaintiff’s gross negligence claim against Bosma because plaintiff
failed “to satisfy MCL 600.6431’s signature and verification requirements as to that count.” The
Court rejected defendants’ argument that it lacked jurisdiction over Bosma as “entirely without
merit” in light of MCL 600.6419(7); he was an employee of NMU.
Plaintiff filed a motion for reconsideration, conceding that her NOI had not been “filed”
with the Court of Claims by August 21, 2015, but asserting that MCL 691.1406 and MCL
691.1404 only required that the notice be “served” on the responsible agency, i.e., NMU, within
120 days and it was so served by mail. Further, no notice of any kind was required to maintain a
claim against Bosma because MCL 600.6431 only applies to claims “against the state” and
Bosma is not “the state.” Thus, summary disposition was improper as to plaintiff’s claim against
Bosma. The Court of Claims denied the motion for reconsideration. Plaintiff now appeals.
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Plaintiff argues that NMU was not entitled to summary disposition because she complied
with the notice requirements set forth in MCL 691.1404, as prescribed by MCL 691.1406, which
was sufficient to constitute compliance with MCL 600.6431. We disagree.
This Court reviews de novo a trial court’s grant of summary disposition, as well as the
“applicability of governmental immunity and the statutory exceptions to immunity . . . .”
Moraccini v City of Sterling Hts, 296 Mich App 387, 391; 822 NW2d 799 (2012). Summary
disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7) is appropriate if a claim is barred because of immunity
granted by law. Id. “The contents of the complaint must be accepted as true unless contradicted
by the documentary evidence.” Id. Any documentary evidence is viewed in the light most
favorable to the nonmoving party. Id. A factual dispute about whether a plaintiff’s claim is
barred precludes summary disposition. Id. If there is no factual dispute, a trial court must
determine whether summary disposition is appropriate under MCR 2.116(C)(7) as a matter of
law. Id. (citation omitted). We also consider de novo issues of statutory interpretation.
Goodhue, 319 Mich App at 530.
The governmental tort liability act (GTLA), MCL 691.1401 et seq., generally provides
immunity from tort liability to a “governmental agency” if the agency “is engaged in the exercise
or discharge of a governmental function.” MCL 691.1407(1). A “governmental agency” is
defined by the act to include “this state or a political subdivision.” MCL 691.1401(a). And
“state” is defined to include this state and its agencies and departments, as well as a public
university or state college. MCL 691.1401(g). Because NMU is a state university, it is generally
entitled to tort immunity.
There are several exceptions to the broad grant of immunity and one such exception is the
public-building exception, MCL 691.1406. Goodhue, 319 Mich App at 531. Under the public-
building exception, a governmental agency may be “liable for bodily injury and property damage
resulting from a dangerous or defective condition of a public building” under certain
circumstances. MCL 691.1406. Consistent with the fact that “the government may voluntarily
subject itself to liability, it may also place conditions or limitations on the liability imposed.”
McCahan v Brennan, 492 Mich 730, 736; 822 NW2d 747 (2012). A condition for recovery
under the public-building exception, MCL 691.1406, is the provision of notice as follows:
[T]he injured person, within 120 days from the time the injury occurred, shall
serve a notice on the responsible governmental agency of the occurrence of the
injury and the defect. The notice shall specify the exact location and nature of the
defect, the injury sustained and the names of the witnesses known at the time by
the claimant.
The notice may be served upon any individual, either personally, or by
certified mail, return receipt requested, who may lawfully be served with civil
process directed against the responsible governmental agency . . . . Notice to the
state of Michigan shall be given as provided in [MCL 691.1404].
MCL 691.1406 states: “Notice to the state of Michigan shall be given as provided in
[MCL 691.1404].” Because NMU is a state university, we turn to MCL 691.1404, which also
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provides that notice must be served on the governmental agency within 120 days from the time
of injury caused by a defective highway, MCL 691.1404(1), and:
In case of the state, such notice shall be filed in triplicate with the clerk of the
court of claims. Filing of such notice shall constitute compliance with section
6431 of Act No. 236 of the Public Acts of 1961, being section 600.6431 of the
Compiled Laws of 1948, requiring the filing of notice of intention to file a claim
against the state. [MCL 691.1404(2).]
However, MCL 600.6431 of the Court of Claims Act states that no claim for property
damage or personal injuries may be maintained “against the state” unless the claimant files with
the clerk of the Court of Claims “a notice of intention to file a claim or the claim itself within 6
months following the happening of the event giving rise to the cause of action.” MCL
600.6431(1) and (3). In other words, rather than the 120-day notice requirements set forth in
MCL 691.1404 and MCL 691.1406, the Court of Claims Act, MCL 600.6431, only requires
notice within six months of the injury-causing incident.
In Goodhue, this Court held that the requisite notice of claims made under the defective
highway and the public-building exceptions must be filed with the clerk of the Court of Claims
within 120 days of the injury-causing incident. Goodhue, 319 Mich App at 535-536. The
plaintiff in Goodhue had argued that MCL 600.6431 stated that he had six months from the time
of his injury to file his notice in the Court of Claims and, thus, his notice was timely filed. Id.
The Goodhue Court rejected the plaintiff’s argument, holding that the timing requirements set
forth in MCL 600.6431 were not incorporated into MCL 691.1404(2). Id. at 536. Accordingly,
the plaintiff had to file the requisite notice in the Court of Claims within 120 days from the time
the injury occurred and, because he did not, his claims were barred by governmental immunity
and properly dismissed under MCR 2.116(C)(7). Id. at 537.
Here, plaintiff makes the same argument as the plaintiff in Goodhue, distinguishing
between the 120-day notice requirements set forth in MCL 691.1404 and MCL 691.1406, and
the six-month notice requirement set forth in MCL 600.6431(3). But we are bound to follow this
Court’s published precedent. MCR 7.215(C)(2). Further, it is a well-established rule of statutory
construction that when two applicable statutory provisions conflict the one that is more specific
to the subject matter prevails over the provision that is only generally applicable. Miller v
Allstate Ins Co, 481 Mich 601, 613; 751 NW2d 463 (2008), quoting Jones v Enertel, Inc, 467
Mich 266, 271; 650 NW2d 334 (2002). Because plaintiff’s claim arises under the public-
building exception to governmental immunity, the notice provisions in MCL 691.1404 and MCL
691.1406 are more specific to the subject matter and prevail over the notice provision in MCL
600.6431 that is only generally applicable to claims against the state. See Jones, 467 Mich at
271. Accordingly, as the Court of Claims concluded, plaintiff’s failure to file her NOI in the
Court of Claims within 120 days of sustaining her injuries is fatal to her claim and, as in the case
of Goodhue, summary dismissal was warranted under MCR 2.116(C)(7).
Next, plaintiff argues that defendant Bosma was not entitled to summary disposition
under MCL 2.116(C)(7) for failure to comply with MCL 600.6431 of the Court of Claims Act
because the requirements of that notice statute do not apply to state employees. We agree.
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The Court of Claims has exclusive jurisdiction over all claims and demands “against the
state or any of its departments or officers . . . .” MCL 600.6419(1)(a). MCL 600.6419(7)
provides:
As used in this section, “the state or any of its departments or officers” means this
state or any state governing, legislative, or judicial body, department,
commission, board, institution, arm, or agency of the state, or an officer,
employee, or volunteer of this state or any governing, legislative, or judicial body,
department, commission, board, institution, arm, or agency of this state, acting, or
who reasonably believes that he or she is acting, within the scope of his or her
authority while engaged in or discharging a government function in the course of
his or her duties.
Because Bosma was a state employee, the Court of Claims had jurisdiction over this claim
“against the state or any of its departments or officers.”
As discussed above, under MCL 600.6431 of the Court of Claims Act, no claim for
personal injuries may be maintained against “the state” unless timely notice is filed.
Specifically, MCL 600.6431 states, in relevant part:
(1) No claim may be maintained against the state unless the claimant, within 1
year after such claim has accrued, files in the office of the clerk of the court of
claims either a written claim or a written notice of intention to file a claim against
the state or any of its departments, commissions, boards, institutions, arms or
agencies . . . which claim or notice shall be signed and verified by the claimant
before an officer authorized to administer oaths.
(2) Such claim or notice shall designate any department, commission, board,
institution, arm or agency of the state involved in connection with such claim, and
a copy of such claim or notice shall be furnished to the clerk at the time of the
filing of the original for transmittal to the attorney general and to each of the
departments, commission, boards, institutions, arms or agencies designated.
(3) In all actions for property damage or personal injuries, claimant shall file with
the clerk of the court of claims a notice of intention to file a claim or the claim
itself within 6 months following the happening of the event giving rise to the
cause of action.
The Court of Claims dismissed plaintiff’s gross negligence claim against Bosma for
failure to comply with MCL 600.6431(1); specifically, the signature and verification
requirements. MCL 600.6431(1) states that the claim or notice “shall be signed and verified by
the claimant before an officer authorized to administer oaths.” Plaintiff admits that her notice
was not signed and verified, but argues that the claim against Bosma was not required to be
signed and verified because MCL 600.6431 only applies to claims made against “the state.”
Plaintiff contends that “the state” is not defined in the Court of Claims Act, MCL 600.6401 et
seq., and therefore, its general definition, which would not include Bosma, should be used.
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Plaintiff is correct that MCL 600.6431(1) expressly addresses maintaining a claim against
“the state,” not against the “the state or any of its departments or officers” which is defined to
include employees but only with respect to “this section,” i.e., the jurisdiction statute, MCL
600.6419—not the entire Court of Claims Act. In other words, “the state or any of its
departments or officers” is a specifically defined term but, as denoted by the words “[a]s used in
this section,” the definition only applies to the term as used in the statute that confers jurisdiction
on the Court of Claims, Section 6419, i.e., MCL 600.6419. Even the second reference in MCL
600.6431(1) is only to “the state or any of its departments, commissions, boards, institutions,
arms or agencies.” Noticeably absent in the notice statute is any reference to officers,
employees, members, volunteers, or other individuals.
The rules of statutory interpretation are well established. Our primary goal when
interpreting a statute is to discern the legislative intent and the specific language used is the most
reliable evidence of its intent. McCahan, 492 Mich at 736 (citation omitted). Thus, when the
language of a statute is unambiguous, no judicial construction is permitted and the statute must
be enforced as written in accordance with the plain and ordinary meaning of its words. Echelon
Homes, LLC v Carter Lumber Co, 472 Mich 192, 196; 694 NW2d 544 (2005), quoting People v
Morey, 461 Mich 325, 330; 603 NW2d 250 (1999). Further,
[w]hen the Legislature uses different words, the words are generally intended to
connote different meanings. Simply put, “the use of different terms within similar
statutes generally implies that different meanings were intended.” 2A Singer &
Singer, Sutherland Statutory Construction, (7th ed), § 46:6, p 252. If the
Legislature had intended the same meaning in both statutory provisions, it would
have used the same word. [United States Fidelity & Guaranty Co v Mich
Catastrophic Claims Ass’n (On Rehearing), 484 Mich 1, 14; 795 NW2d 101
(2009).]
Thus, the rules of statutory construction generally require this Court to infer that the
Legislature intended to refer to three separate entities when it referenced 1) “the state,” 2) “the
state and any of its departments or officers,” and 3) “the state or any of its departments,
commissions, boards, institutions, arms or agencies.” This interpretation is reinforced by
considering subsection (1) and subsection (2) of MCL 691.6431 together. Like subsection (1),
subsection (2) refers to “any department, commission, board, institution, arm or agency of the
state . . . .” Subsection (2) also contains no references to any term that implies individual state
actors. Moreover, these governmental groups are referred to as being “of the state,” not “the
state.” Our interpretation is also supported by the Legislature’s use of the disjunctive word “or”
with regard to the filing of a written “notice of intention to file a claim against the state or any of
its departments, commissions, boards, institutions, arms, or agencies . . . .” MCL 600.6431(1)
(emphasis added). “The Legislature’s use of the disjunctive word ‘or’ indicates an alternative or
choice between two things.” Covenant Med Ctr, Inc v State Farm Mut Auto Ins Co, 500 Mich
191, 209; 895 NW2d 490 (2017) (quotation marks and citation omitted). By referencing first
“the state” and then its various subdivisions, the Legislature clearly intended that a claim against
“the state” be something different than a claim against a department, commission, board,
institution, arm, or agency of the state. And, as noted above, there are no references anywhere in
MCL 600.6431 to claims against individuals.
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While it may be a logical argument that plaintiff’s gross negligence claim should be
deemed a claim against “the state” to which MCL 600.6431 applies, we are not permitted to
revise an unambiguous statute under the guise of interpretation to achieve a “logical” result. See
Lotoszinski v State Farm Mut Auto Ins Co, 417 Mich 1, 10; 331 NW2d 467 (1982). In other
words, “[a] court must not judicially legislate by adding into a statute provisions that the
Legislature did not include.” In re Wayne Co Prosecutor, 232 Mich App 482, 486; 591 NW2d
359 (1998), citing Empire Iron Mining Partnership v Orhanen, 455 Mich 410, 421; 565 NW2d
844 (1997). The wisdom of a statute is a matter for the Legislature and the law must be enforced
by a court as written. Johnson v Recca, 492 Mich 169, 187; 821 NW2d 520 (2012).
The Legislature could have, but did not, use the defined term “the state or any of its
departments or officers” anywhere in MCL 600.6431. Therefore, this Court must assume that,
by electing to use a different term, the Legislature did not intend to refer to the entities and
people included in the MCL 600.6419(7) definition. See United States Fidelity, 484 Mich at 14.
And, again, MCL 600.6419(7) specifically states that the definition of “the state or any of its
departments or officers” only applies to “this section,” i.e., the jurisdiction statute: it does not
state that it applies to “this act,” i.e., the entire Court of Claims Act. Although it may seem
improbable that the Legislature intended MCL 600.6431 to only apply to claims against “The
State of Michigan,” “[i]f this is not what the Legislature intended by its use of different terms in
the two provisions, it is up to the Legislature to amend accordingly and it is not a matter for this
Court.” Rymal v Baergen, 262 Mich App 274, 299; 686 NW2d 241 (2004).
Therefore, the requirements of MCL 600.6431 did not apply to the gross negligence
claim against Bosma because it was not a claim against “the state.” Accordingly, we reverse the
order of the Court of Claims granting summary disposition in favor of Bosma. Because plaintiff
did not challenge the dismissal of her vicarious liability claim against NMU, we do not consider
this matter. See Mitcham v Detroit, 355 Mich 182, 203; 94 NW2d 388 (1959).
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded to the Court of Claims for proceedings
consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.
/s/ Mark J. Cavanagh
/s/ Thomas C. Cameron
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