citing, inter alia, Farmer, 511 U.S. at 834
How later courts described this case
- citing, inter alia, Farmer, 511 U.S. at 834
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any Jul 25 2018, 9:18 am
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK
the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.
APPELLANT PRO SE ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES
Asher B. Hill Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Wabash Valley Correctional Facility Attorney General
Carlisle, Indiana
Evan Matthew Comer
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Asher B. Hill, July 25, 2018
Appellant-Plaintiff, Court of Appeals Case No.
49A02-1711-CT-2557
v. Appeal from the Marion Superior
Court
Frank Littlejohn, Robbie The Honorable Patrick Dietrick,
Marshall, Christopher Judge
Nicholson, Linda VanNatta, Trial Court Cause No.
Adam Davis, and Wade Collins, 49D12-1510-CT-32839
Appellees-Defendants
Crone, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1711-CT-2557 | July 25, 2018 Page 1 of 12
Case Summary
[1] Asher B. Hill, an inmate at Wabash Valley Correctional Facility (“Wabash
Valley”), filed a complaint and supplemental complaint against Indiana
Department of Correction (“DOC”) employees Frank Littlejohn, Robbie
Marshall, Christopher Nicholson, Linda VanNatta, Adam Davis, and Wade
Collins (collectively “Defendants”), claiming that they violated his Eighth
Amendment right against cruel and unusual punishment as well as his due
process rights. Defendants filed a motion for summary judgment, which the
trial court granted. Hill now appeals, claiming that the trial court erred in
granting summary judgment on his Eighth Amendment claims arising from a
February 2014 incident. Finding no error, we affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[2] The facts most favorable to Hill as the party opposing summary judgment are as
follows. Hill is housed in Wabash Valley’s secured control unit, which consists
of different ranges. Inmates are housed individually and are not permitted to go
into each other’s cells. The cell doors can only be opened remotely by
correctional officers who work in the control pod. When the inmates are
outside their cells, they are generally handcuffed and escorted by correctional
officers. Each range has an inmate range worker who is responsible for
cleaning the common areas and cells.
[3] “Sometime in February 2014[,]” Hill was involved in a verbal altercation with
fellow inmate Christopher Bailey, who was a range worker on Hill’s range.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1711-CT-2557 | July 25, 2018 Page 2 of 12
Appellees’ App. Vol. 2 at 127. Bailey told Hill, “I will have a [correctional
officer] roll your door and beat your punk ass, you check in mother f***er.” Id.
Hill and Bailey had no previous history of animosity. “Shortly thereafter” –
whether a matter of hours or days is unclear from the record before us – at
approximately 8:00 p.m. on February 14, Hill was asleep in his cell when he
heard the cell door being opened, which allowed Bailey to enter his cell. Id.1
According to Hill, “I jumped up and I ran into [Bailey]. We fought inside my
cell. He got the best of me because I was half asleep.” Id. Bailey left Hill’s cell,
and Hill could hear him bragging to other inmates about how he beat up Hill.
Hill “grabbed a broomstick and went after Bailey.” Id. at 128. Bailey grabbed
another broomstick. They “swung the sticks at each other but didn’t make any
contact.” Id. Hill and Bailey were secured by correctional officers and ordered
back to their cells. The entire incident lasted ten to fifteen minutes. Hill
suffered cuts inside his lips and on his hands, as well as bruises on his arms and
legs as a result of the fight in his cell. He did not think that his injuries were
“life threatening,” but he “asked to see the nurse because [he] wanted it
documented medically[.]” Id. at 134. “[T]he nurse never came.” Id. “The
next day both [his] eyes had dark marks underneath them.” Id. at 128.
[4] On February 18, DOC Internal Affairs Investigator Randall Rasner was
assigned to investigate the incident. In his report, which was completed on
1
Defendants allege that a prison surveillance video contradicts Hill’s claim that Bailey entered his cell. Hill
alleges that Defendants deleted the portion of the video that shows Bailey entering Hill’s cell. Because
Defendants concede for purposes of summary judgment that Bailey entered Hill’s cell, we need not address
the matter further.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1711-CT-2557 | July 25, 2018 Page 3 of 12
February 21, Rasner stated that Correctional Officer Dustin Robbins was
operating the control panel in the control pod on February 14 and had received
“very little training” in that regard. Id. at 203. Rasner interviewed Robbins and
zone supervisor Lieutenant Christopher Nicholson. According to Rasner,
Robbins “openly admitted that he did not scrutinize his actions closely enough
and let keeping track of the officer (A[dam] Davis), as he was doing his rounds,
to be an added distraction.” Id. Robbins also “stated that he opened the door
to [the cell] believing that [Bailey] was going to be cleaning [it] and that it was
an empty cell, when in actuality it was occupied by Hill ….” Id. Rasner and
Nicholson “were in agreement that this incident happened as a result of human
error and that no malicious intent was involved.” Id. at 204.
[5] On March 5, Hill filed a grievance with Wabash Valley officials regarding his
altercation with Bailey. He asserted that Davis opened his cell door so Bailey
could attack him and that “this is not an isolated incident.” Appellant’s App.
Vol. 2 at 30. Hill stated that on October 22, 2011, Officer Keller opened his cell
door; when Hill went to the door, Officer Everhart “was standing there with
handcuffs around his hands like brass knuckles challenging [him] to a fight.”
Id. Hill asked for the matter to be investigated and for “appropriate disciplinary
action” to be taken against “all officers involve[d]” because he “fear[ed] for
[his] life and safety.” Id.
[6] On March 26, a response was issued to Hill’s grievance that reads in relevant
part as follows:
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1711-CT-2557 | July 25, 2018 Page 4 of 12
Internal Affairs Supervisor R[obbie] Marshall’s Statement - This
matter was fully investigated by the Office of Internal Affairs.
The offender will not be provided the outcome of the
investigation.
Lieutenant C[hristopher] Nicholson’s Statement - I investigated
the complaint of Asher Hill. The complaint was over his door
being opened while the range runner was on the range, both
offenders got into a fight. This incident was investigated by
Internal Affairs.
Assistant Superintendent F[rank] Littlejohn’s Statement via
Phone - The incident was investigated and appropriate actions
were taken.
G.S. Finding - Per the statements noted above the incident was
investigated and appropriate action was taken.
GRIEVANCE FOUNDED/ISSUE ADDRESSED
Id. at 31. On April 4, Hill filed a grievance appeal in which he essentially
reasserted the allegations in his grievance. On September 29, DOC Grievance
Manager Leslie VanNatta issued the following response: “Your appeal has
been reviewed and appropriate actions were taken. Grievance appeal denied.”
Appellees’ App. Vol. 2 at 63.
[7] In October 2015, Hill filed a complaint against Defendants in their official and
individual capacities under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (“Section 1983”), alleging that
they “violated the Eighth Amendment by their deliberate indifference to [his]
safety and acted clearly outside the scope of their employment when they
criminally and maliciously exposed [him] to violence at the hands of another
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1711-CT-2557 | July 25, 2018 Page 5 of 12
prisoner” in February 2014. 2 Appellees’ App. Vol. 2 at 42. He further alleged
that prior to that incident he had notified Littlejohn, Marshall, and Nicholson
“in writing about their subordinate officers breaching security by rolling his cell
door and challenging him to a fist fight, but apparently [they] did nothing to
rectify the problem” because Davis “breached security again when he rolled
[Hill’s] cell door to allow him to be attack[ed] by another prisoner and thereby
forcing him into a physical confrontation.” Id. at 47. Hill also alleged that
Nicholson and Correctional Officer Wade Collins “criminally and maliciously
destroyed” his television. Id. at 49. Hill requested $25,000 in compensatory
damages and $10,000 in punitive damages for his physical injuries and $160 in
compensatory damages for his television.
[8] In March 2016, Hill filed a supplemental complaint alleging that in January
2016 two other correctional officers had improperly “open[ed] the shower door
while [he] was taking a shower in [an] attempt to provoke [him] into a fight.”
Id. at 87.3 Hill further alleged that “the defendants [had] done absolutely
nothing to rectify the problem with their subordinate officers breaching security
2
Section 1983 states in pertinent part,
Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any
State …, subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States … to the
deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall
be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for
redress ….
3
Hill filed a grievance regarding this incident, which was denied. There is no indication that he filed a
grievance appeal.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1711-CT-2557 | July 25, 2018 Page 6 of 12
….” Id. at 88. Hill did not specifically allege any Eighth Amendment
violations or request any additional relief for this incident.
[9] Hill was deposed in November 2016. In March 2017, Defendants filed a
motion for summary judgment as to “all claims presented in the complaint and
supplemental complaint.” Id. at 8. Among other things, Defendants asserted
that Robbins, not Davis, opened the cell door before Hill’s fight with Bailey,
and therefore Davis was not personally involved in the alleged Eighth
Amendment violation. Hill filed a response to Defendants’ motion.
Defendants were granted leave to file a reply, in support of which they
designated an affidavit from Robbins stating that he accidentally opened the
door to Hill’s cell while Davis was patrolling the range. Hill was granted leave
to file a surreply, in support of which he designated an affidavit from a fellow
inmate stating that he saw Davis “working in the control pod when the
altercation between Hill and Bailey occurred.” Appellant’s App. Vol. 2 at 28.
[10] In September 2017, the trial court issued an order that reads in relevant part as
follows:
Regarding [Hill’s] Eighth Amendment claim under 42 U.S.C.
Section 1983 stemming from an altercation that occurred on
February 14, 2014 and a shower cell incident that occurred in
2016, the Court FINDS that two basic requisites for liability are
absent from [Hill’s] claim. First, Defendants in their official
capacities are not “person[s]” subject to suit under Section 1983.
Second, even if the Defendants were named in their individual
capacities, they lack the requisite personal involvement for a
successful Eighth Amendment claim.
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Regarding [Hill’s] Procedural Due Process claim under the
Fourteenth Amendment for destruction of property the Court
FINDS that the Defendants named in this claim were not
personally involved, and even if they were the claim would fail as
it falls within the Supreme Court’s holding in Hudson v. Palmer,
468 U.S. 517, 533 (1984). Not only was [sic] there meaningful
post-deprivation remedies available to [Hill], but the State
voluntarily provided [Hill] a different television after [Hill]
complained about the original television being broken. This
replacement was a suitable compensation for the purposes of Due
Process; therefore, there was no Due Process violation.
IT IS THERFORE ORDERED, ADJUDGED and DECREED
that judgment be entered in favor of Defendants Frank
Littlejohn, Robbie Marshall, Christopher Nicholson, Linda
Van[N]atta, Adam Davis, and Wade Collins.
Id. at 14-15.
[11] Hill now appeals the trial court’s ruling on his Eighth Amendment claims
arising from the February 2014 incident; he does not challenge the trial court’s
determination that Defendants are not amenable to suit in their official
capacities. He does not specifically challenge the trial court’s ruling on his
Eighth Amendment claims, if any, arising from the January 2016 incident, so
we summarily affirm as to those claims.4 Hill also does not challenge the trial
court’s ruling on his due process claims, so we summarily affirm as to those
claims, thereby removing Collins from the equation in this appeal.
4
The arguments raised in Hill’s initial brief relate solely to the February 2014 incident. See Appellant’s Br. at
14 (“There is factual dispute about whether defendant Davis was working in the control pod February 14,
2014.”) and 19 (“There is factual dispute as to whether defendants Littlejohn, Marshall, Nicholson and
VanNatta are liable for their subordinate opening Hill’s cell door to facilitate the attack on him.”).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1711-CT-2557 | July 25, 2018 Page 8 of 12
Discussion and Decision
Section 1 – The trial court did not err in granting Defendants’
summary judgment motion.
[12] Hill contends that the trial court erred in granting Defendants’ summary
judgment motion. He has litigated this proceeding pro se, and we hold him “to
the same performance standards as practicing attorneys.” Lee v. State, 91
N.E.3d 978, 990 (Ind. Ct. App. 2017). Our standard of review is well settled:
When reviewing the grant or denial of summary judgment, this
court applies the same standard as the trial court. Specifically,
we must determine whether there is a genuine issue of material
fact requiring a trial and whether the moving party is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law. Neither the trial court nor the
reviewing court may look beyond the evidence specifically
designated to the trial court. A party seeking summary judgment
must make a prima facie showing that there are no genuine issues
of material fact and that the party is entitled to judgment as a
matter of law. Once the moving party satisfies this burden
through evidence designated to the trial court pursuant to Trial
Rule 56, the nonmoving party may not rest on its pleadings, but
must designate specific facts demonstrating the existence of a
genuine issue for trial. On appeal, we will assess the trial court’s
decision to ensure that the parties were not improperly denied
their day in court. A genuine issue of material fact exists where
facts concerning an issue that would dispose of the litigation are
in dispute or where undisputed material facts are capable of
supporting conflicting inferences on such an issue.
Handy v. P.C. Bldg. Materials, Inc., 22 N.E.3d 603, 605-06 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014)
(quoting Hassan v. Begley, 836 N.E.2d 303, 306-07 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005)), trans.
denied (2015).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1711-CT-2557 | July 25, 2018 Page 9 of 12
[13] “A trial court’s order granting or denying a motion for summary judgment is
cloaked with a presumption of validity.” McDonald v. Lattire, 844 N.E.2d 206,
211 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006). “A party appealing from an order granting summary
judgment has the burden of persuading us that the decision was erroneous.” Id.
“The trial court’s findings and conclusions are not binding upon this court, but
do facilitate appellate review and offer insight into the trial court’s rationale for
its decision.” Id. Although we are limited to reviewing only the evidence
designated to the trial court, we are not constrained to the claims and
arguments presented below, and “we may affirm a grant of summary judgment
on any theory supported by the designated evidence.” Lagro Twp. v. Bitzer, 999
N.E.2d 902, 904 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013).
[14] The Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the
infliction of “cruel and unusual punishment.” The Constitution does not
mandate comfortable prisons, but it does not permit inhumane ones, and “‘the
treatment a prisoner receives in prison and the conditions under which he is
confined are subject to scrutiny under the Eighth Amendment[.]’” Farmer v.
Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 832 (1994) (quoting Helling v. McKinney, 509 U.S. 25, 31
(1993)). The Constitution imposes duties on prison officials, “who must
provide humane conditions of confinement,” including “‘tak[ing] reasonable
measures to guarantee the safety of the inmates[.]’” Id. (quoting Hudson v.
Palmer, 468 U.S. 517, 526-27 (1984)). In particular, prison officials have a duty
to protect prisoners from violence at the hands of fellow prisoners. Id. at 833.
“Being violently assaulted in prison is simply not ‘part of the penalty that
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1711-CT-2557 | July 25, 2018 Page 10 of 12
criminal offenders pay for their offenses against society.’” Id. at 834 (quoting
Rhodes v. Chapman, 452 U.S. 337, 347 (1981)).
[15] “It is not, however, every injury suffered by one prisoner at the hands of
another that translates into constitutional liability for prison officials responsible
for the victim's safety.” Id. “[I]nmates are entitled to relief only when their
injury is objectively serious and the prison official acted with deliberate
indifference to the inmate’s safety.” Fisher v. Lovejoy, 414 F.3d 659, 662 (7th
Cir. 2005) (citing, inter alia, Farmer, 511 U.S. at 834).5 Here, as Defendants
point out, “Hill suffered what amounted to no more than minor bumps and
bruises” during his altercation with Bailey, which Hill initiated by jumping up
and running into Bailey. Appellees’ Br. at 26-27. Hill requested a nurse
because he wanted to document his injuries, but his own deposition testimony
establishes that those injuries were not objectively serious. See Appellees’ App.
Vol. 2 at 134 (Hill’s deposition) (“I didn’t think my, you know, busted lip and
[…] little bruises was like life threatening, I didn’t feel like, you know, I was
going to die or anything […].”). Hill cites Brown v. Budz, 398 F.3d 904 (7th Cir.
2005), to support his assertion that he was “severely beaten[,]” Appellant’s
Reply Br. at 18, but that opinion offers no details regarding the plaintiff’s
injuries beyond saying that another detention facility resident “attacked and
severely beat [him] several times in succession, causing [him] to suffer physical
5
In his complaint and supplemental complaint, Hill did not request injunctive relief to protect himself against
harm from future door-rolling incidents.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1711-CT-2557 | July 25, 2018 Page 11 of 12
injuries.” Brown, 398 F.3d at 907-08. Because Hill has failed to demonstrate a
genuine issue of material fact regarding whether his injuries were objectively
serious, we affirm the trial court’s entry of summary judgment for Defendants. 6
[16] Affirmed.
Bailey, J., and Brown, J., concur.
6
Consequently, we need not address whether genuine issues of material fact exist regarding whether Davis
was the officer who opened Hill’s cell door, whether Defendants were deliberately indifferent to Hill’s safety,
or whether Defendants are entitled to qualified immunity, among other things.
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