The opinion
MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT Reporter of Decisions
Decision: 2018 ME 105
Docket: Ken-17-478
Argued: June 14, 2018
Decided: July 24, 2018
Panel: SAUFLEY, C.J., and ALEXANDER, MEAD, GORMAN, JABAR, HJELM, and HUMPHREY, JJ.
TOWN OF MOUNT VERNON
v.
JAMES LANDHERR et al.
SAUFLEY, C.J.
[¶1] James Landherr and Valerie Center, whom we refer to as the
landowners, appeal from a judgment entered by the District Court (Waterville,
Stokes, J.) in favor of the Town of Mount Vernon on its land use violation
complaint filed pursuant to 30-A M.R.S. § 4452 (2017) and M.R. Civ. P. 80K. The
dispute between the landowners and the Town centers on a relatively large
generator that the landowners had installed on their small lot on Minnehonk
Lake before seeking a permit or a variance.
[¶2] Prior to the proceedings before us, on appeal from a decision of the
Town’s code enforcement officer, the Mount Vernon Board of Appeals
determined that the landowners’ generator was a “structure” pursuant to the
Town’s Land Use Ordinance. When the landowners did not appeal that decision
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and yet failed to comply with the Town’s request for the removal of the
generator because that structure was placed on the lot in violation of the
Ordinance, the Town filed a land use violation complaint. The court determined
that the previous decision of the Board of Appeals was res judicata as to
whether the generator met the definition of “structure” in the Town’s Land Use
Ordinance and found the landowners in violation of the Ordinance, assessing a
penalty and attorney fees. We affirm the judgment of the court.
I. BACKGROUND
[¶3] In early 2015, after experiencing a number of power outages, the
landowners installed a generator on their lakefront property. The generator
was set on a concrete pad and was connected to the house by underground
electric and gas lines. The landowners did not consult with the Town or apply
for a permit before installing the generator.
[¶4] The Town’s Land Use Ordinance requires that all new and accessory
“structures” be set back at least 100 feet from the normal high-water line of any
great pond within the shoreland zone. Mount Vernon, Me., Land Use Ordinance
§ 5(C)(2)(a) (June 13, 2015).1 The Ordinance further provides that “[n]o person
1 The Ordinance defines “structure” as “[a]nything temporarily or permanently located, built,
constructed or erected for the support, shelter or enclosure of persons, animals, goods or property
of any kind, together with anything constructed or erected on or in the ground.” Mount Vernon, Me.,
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shall engage in any activity, land use, or placement of a structure . . . requiring a
permit in the district in which such activity or use would occur . . . without first
obtaining a permit.” Id. § 11(B). There is no dispute that the landowners’
generator was placed less than 100 feet from the lake.
[¶5] On July 15, 2015, the Town’s CEO sent a letter to the landowners
advising them that “[a]ll structures located in a shoreland district require a
permit” and stating that a generator on their property appeared to be in
violation of the Ordinance’s setback requirements. The letter ordered them to
either remove the generator or apply for a permit on or before August 10, 2015.
[¶6] The landowners filed an application for an after-the-fact permit to
maintain the generator in its location. By letter dated August 12, 2015, the CEO
denied the permit, stating that “the structure is nonconforming from side, front
and rear setbacks on the lot.” The CEO provided the landowners with
instructions for appealing his decision and applications for hardship and
administrative variances. They timely appealed the CEO’s denial of their permit
to the Mount Vernon Board of Appeals, arguing that their generator was not a
“structure” as defined by the Town’s Land Use Ordinance.
Land Use Ordinance § 3 (June 13, 2015). “Accessory structure” is defined as a “structure 100 square
feet or greater, except in the shoreland zone, where there is no minimum size.” Id.
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[¶7] In September 2015, the Board of Appeals held a public hearing on
the appeal. The landowners attended the hearing, where they were provided
an opportunity to argue their position. At the conclusion of the hearing, the
Board of Appeals unanimously voted to uphold the CEO’s decision and issued a
written decision concluding that the generator was a “structure” after finding
that “the generator sits on a pad, has underground propane pipes and [a] power
line, and was intended to remain in place.” The landowners did not appeal the
decision of the Board of Appeals to the Superior Court.2 See 30-A M.R.S.
§ 2691(3)(G) (2017); M.R. Civ. P. 80B.
[¶8] Approximately one month later, the CEO sent a letter requesting
that the landowners agree in writing to either remove the generator by
November 30, 2015, or incur a penalty for every day after November 30 that
the generator remained in violation of the Ordinance. On November 11, 2015,
after the landowners failed to respond to his letter and the time for filing an
appeal had expired, the CEO sent them a notice of violation pursuant to
30-A M.R.S. § 4452, requiring the landowners to sign and return a consent
agreement, which would require that they pay a $1,000 fine and remove the
2 The landowners also applied for a variance, which the Board of Appeals denied after a public
hearing. They do not appeal from that decision.
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generator by November 30. The notice stated that they “must notify the Code
Enforcement Officer when corrective action is taken so that a compliance check
may be made” and warned that a failure to comply would “result in court
action.” (Emphasis in original.) The landowners responded with an email to
the CEO, acknowledging the notice of violation and stating that they planned to
make the generator mobile, but that it was unlikely that the work would be
completed by November 30, and that they would update the CEO when the
expected date of completion became known. They did not have any further
communication with the CEO.
[¶9] On February 3, 2016, the Town filed a land use citation and
complaint in the District Court pursuant to 30-A M.R.S. § 4452 and M.R.
Civ. P. 80K, alleging that the generator had not been removed as required by the
notice of violation and order for corrective action dated November 11, 2015.
The Town sought a permanent injunction and order for the removal of the
generator as well as attorney fees and civil penalties. The landowners denied
the allegations and the matter was set for trial.
[¶10] Prior to trial, the Town moved for summary judgment on the issue
of whether the generator was a “structure” as defined by the Town’s Land Use
Ordinance, see M.R. Civ. P. 56, asserting that the decision of the Board of Appeals
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was a valid, final judgment and that relitigating the matter was barred by
principles of res judicata, see 30-A M.R.S. § 2691(4) (2017). Landherr and
Center objected.
[¶11] The court held a one-day trial in April 2017. After hearing
argument, the court granted the Town’s motion for summary judgment.
Because the landowners did not dispute that the generator was located within
100 feet of a great pond in violation of the Town’s Land Use Ordinance, the trial
proceeded to the dispositional phase during which the landowners asserted
that the Town should be equitably estopped from prosecuting the violation and
that the violation was de minimis. On August 21, 2017, the court entered a
judgment in favor of the Town. The court found that the landowners failed to
present sufficient evidence to prove their equitable defenses, ordered them to
pay a minimal civil penalty of $500, and awarded the Town attorney fees and
costs totaling $2,264.73. The landowners timely filed a notice of appeal. See
14 M.R.S. § 1901 (2017); M.R. App. P. 2A, 2B.
II. DISCUSSION
[¶12] The landowners contend that the court erred by concluding that
the decision of the Board of Appeals precluded them from relitigating the issue
of whether their generator was a “structure” as defined by the Town’s Land Use
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Ordinance, arguing that summary judgment was inappropriate in a Rule 80K
proceeding and that they were entitled to a de novo hearing on the merits. They
urge us to determine that, as a matter of judicial policy, it would be better for
the public to be able to litigate issues anew in any land use violation litigation.
[¶13] The effect of a prior judgment on a present action is a question of
law that we review de novo. State v. Thompson, 2008 ME 166, ¶ 8, 958 A.2d 887.
Preliminarily, we reject the landowners’ contention that Rule 80K prohibits the
use of summary judgment in land use violation proceedings. See M.R.
Civ. P. 80K(a) (stating that “[e]xcept as otherwise provided in this rule, [the
Rules of Civil Procedure] shall apply to proceedings in the District Court
involving alleged violations of land use laws and ordinances”).
[¶14] We note, however, that the Town was not required to file a motion
for summary judgment in order to have the court apply the decision of the
Board of Appeals. The issue could have been addressed in a more
straightforward manner by a request from the Town that the court take judicial
notice of that decision. See M.R. Evid. 201; see also Manguriu v. Lynch, 794 F.3d
119, 121 (1st Cir. 2015) (noting that courts may take judicial notice of agency
determinations); Furnari v. Warden, Allenwood Fed. Corr. Inst., 218 F.3d 250,
255-56 (3d Cir. 2000) (same); Opoka v. INS, 94 F.3d 392, 394-95 (7th Cir. 1996)
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(citing cases from several federal circuit courts of appeals supporting the
“well-settled principle that the decision of another court or agency, including
the decision of an administrative law judge, is a proper subject of judicial
notice”); cf. United States v. Jones, 29 F.3d 1549, 1553 (11th Cir. 1994) (“[A]
court may take judicial notice of a document filed in another court not for the
truth of the matters asserted in the other litigation, but rather to establish the
fact of such litigation and related filings.” (quoting Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. v. Rotches
Pork Packers, Inc., 969 F.2d 1384, 1388 (2d Cir. 1992))).
[¶15] Ultimately, regardless of the vehicle by which the issue was
brought to the court, the court correctly determined that the decision of the
Board of Appeals was binding on the landowners. An issue of law or fact
litigated and decided in a valid, final judgment is conclusive in a subsequent
legal proceeding between the same parties. Town of N. Berwick v. Jones, 534
A.2d 667, 669 (Me. 1987). That form of res judicata known as “collateral
estoppel” or “issue preclusion” prevents the relitigation of issues already
decided “if the identical issue was determined by a prior final judgment, and
the party estopped had a fair opportunity and incentive to litigate the issue in
a prior proceeding.” Macomber v. MacQuinn-Tweedie, 2003 ME 121, ¶ 22, 834
A.2d 131 (alteration omitted) (quotation marks omitted). The doctrine of res
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judicata applies to decisions made by municipal bodies as well as to judgments
issued by the court. See 30-A M.R.S. § 2691(4) (“Any such decision that is not
timely appealed is subject to the same preclusive effect as otherwise provided
by law.”); Jones, 534 A.2d at 670 (establishing that res judicata applies to “a final
adjudication in an administrative proceeding before a quasi-judicial municipal
body”).
[¶16] Each of the elements of issue preclusion was established in this
case. See Macomber, 2003 ME 121, ¶ 22, 834 A.2d 131. First, the landowners
had a fair opportunity and incentive to litigate the issue of whether their
generator was a “structure” before the Board of Appeals. A review of the
minutes of the public hearing reveals that they had notice and an opportunity
to be heard. They did, in fact, advocate assertively for their position. Second,
after the Board of Appeals issued its decision and the period for filing a Rule
80B appeal expired without an appeal, the Board’s decision became a valid,
final judgment. See 30-A M.R.S. § 2691(3)(G), (4). Third, the issue before the
Board of Appeals—whether the landowners’ generator is a “structure” as
defined by the Town’s Ordinance—is the identical issue that they sought to
litigate in the District Court in the land use violation trial. Based on these
facts—which the landowners do not dispute—and for these reasons, the court
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did not err by concluding that they were precluded from relitigating the issue
of the generator as a structure pursuant to the Ordinance.3
[¶17] Finally, the landowners’ argument that the application of the
principles of res judicata in these circumstances will make municipal land use
compliance more difficult and more expensive for landowners is not
persuasive. To the contrary, knowing the Town’s interpretation of the
Ordinance before the initiation of a land use violation complaint pursuant to
Rule 80K allows a landowner to take corrective action before risking the
potentially draconian penalties flowing from the filing of a land use violation
complaint, if the landowner is willing to work with the Town toward a solution.
See 30-A M.R.S. § 4452(3) (allowing penalties to be assessed “on a per-day
basis”).
[¶18] Pursuant to the final decision of the Mount Vernon Board of
Appeals, the generator on Landherr and Center’s property is a structure. It
must meet the requirements of Mount Vernon’s Land Use Ordinance regarding
structures. It does not. The court did not err in finding that the landowners
were in violation of the Ordinance and assessing a modest penalty.
3 The landowners also argue that the court erred by finding that they had failed to carry their
burden of proof in establishing their equitable defenses. We are not persuaded by their argument
and do not address it further.
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The entry is:
Judgment affirmed.
Robert E. Sandy, Jr., Esq. (orally), Sherman & Sandy, Waterville, for appellants
James Landherr and Valerie Center
David M. Sanders, Esq. (orally), Sanders & Hanstein, Farmington, for appellee
Town of Mount Vernon
Waterville District Court docket number CV-2016-11
FOR CLERK REFERENCE ONLY