The opinion
IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
Earl Allen, :
Petitioner :
:
v. : No. 1460 C.D. 2017
: Submitted: March 23, 2018
Unemployment Compensation :
Board of Review, :
Respondent :
BEFORE: HONORABLE MARY HANNAH LEAVITT, President Judge
HONORABLE MICHAEL WOJCIK, Judge
HONORABLE DAN PELLEGRINI, Senior Judge
OPINION
BY PRESIDENT JUDGE LEAVITT FILED: July 12, 2018
Earl Allen (Claimant), pro se, petitions for review of an adjudication
of the Unemployment Compensation Board of Review (Board) denying his claim
for benefits under Section 402(e) of the Unemployment Compensation Law (Law),
43 P.S. §802(e).1 In doing so, the Board affirmed the Referee’s decision that
Claimant committed disqualifying willful misconduct by confronting and
threatening a co-worker. Finding no error by the Board, we affirm.
Claimant worked full-time for CP Converters, Inc. (Employer) as a
quality control technician, from July 23, 2016, until he was discharged on
March 16, 2017, for threatening another employee. Claimant filed a claim for
unemployment compensation benefits, which the Service Center denied under
Section 402(e) of the Law. Certified Record (C.R.) Item No. 5, at 1. Claimant
appealed, and the Referee conducted a telephonic hearing on May 10, 2017.
1
Act of December 5, 1936, Second Ex. Sess., P.L. (1937) 2897, as amended, 43 P.S. § 802(e),
which states, in relevant part, that “[a]n employe shall be ineligible for compensation for any week
... [i]n which his unemployment is due to his discharge or temporary suspension from work for
willful misconduct....”
At the hearing, Employer presented the testimony of Marvin Isaac, a
second shift supervisor, who testified as follows. He stated that on March 13, 2017,
Claimant approached him after work in the company parking lot and stated that he
knew “it would come to this” between the two men. Notes of Testimony, 5/10/2017,
at 4 (N.T.__). Claimant then said the two should “go around back and handle this
now.” Id. Isaac replied that he was not going to participate, got in his vehicle and
drove away. Claimant drove after him into downtown York, pulled up next to
Isaac’s car and told him to pull over. Claimant also called Isaac’s cell phone and
left the following voicemail:
[Y]ou think that funny ... you little bitch! Give me a tour of the
city gigglin[g]. You’re a fuckin’ nut and a pussy, now what!
You gonna go tell the police you bitch ass nigger, now what! Pull
the fuck over, you know where I’m at. And I hope you play with
them fuckin’ hammers pussy.
C.R. Item No. 3, at 7B.2
In response, Isaac sent Claimant the following text message: “[y]ou
might as well find you another job dumb ass Nigga I promise you this ain’t what you
want [y]ou are a funny nut ass ole head! Your boss will know how you acting like
a teenager I got more to lose than your dumb ass.” C.R. Item No. 10, Claimant
Exhibit 1. Isaac reported the incident to Chad Brenneman, Employer’s Director of
Human Resources.
Brenneman testified that upon learning of the incident, he told Claimant
not to come into work while Employer investigated. Brenneman then asked
Claimant to come in for a meeting with Brenneman, Susan Craley, Claimant’s
supervisor, and Chris Higgs, the Plant Manager. At that meeting, Claimant
2
Isaac explained that the term “hammer” refers to a gun.
2
acknowledged his discussion with Isaac in the parking lot and that the two drove
around the city. Claimant shared the above-quoted text message Isaac had sent him.
Claimant also stated that Isaac had left him a similar voicemail message, but
Claimant could not produce it. Brenneman testified that Employer discharged
Claimant because of his threatening behavior toward Isaac.
Claimant testified about his long-standing personality conflicts with
Isaac. Then, on March 13, 2017, he learned from a co-worker that Isaac was
spreading rumors about Claimant. When Claimant asked Isaac about these rumors,
Isaac responded, “I’m tired of this shit. Let’s go talk about this,” and told Claimant
to follow him in his car. N.T. 9. Claimant became confused about the drive so he
called Isaac. When Isaac did not answer, Claimant left the above-quoted voicemail.
Isaac responded with his own offensive text message, also quoted above.
Based on his conversation with Higgs, Claimant believed that both he
and Isaac would learn about any disciplinary measures on the first work day after
the incident. Instead, only Claimant was told to stay home. Claimant challenged
this disparate treatment and suggested that Employer’s decision to discharge him
was influenced by hearing Isaac’s version of the events first.
The Referee concluded that Claimant’s confrontation with Isaac
constituted willful misconduct. The Referee found that the electronic
communications between the two men corroborated Isaac’s account that he was
trying to avoid a physical confrontation with Claimant. They did not support
Claimant’s version that Isaac told Claimant to follow him. Noting that Employer’s
rules clearly prohibited “[t]he use of profane, abusive, or threatening language
towards fellow employees, customers, [and] guests,” the Referee held that
3
Claimant’s initiation of the confrontation and threats to Isaac constituted willful
misconduct. Referee’s Decision at 3.
Claimant appealed to the Board, arguing that both he and Isaac used
inappropriate language but only Claimant suffered a consequence. Claimant argued
that because the confrontation happened after work hours and the messages were not
exchanged on Employer’s premises, there was no violation of Employer’s work
rules. Finally, Claimant argued that Employer did not uniformly enforce its work
rule.
The Board affirmed the Referee. In doing so, the Board adopted the
Referee’s findings, conclusions and credibility determinations. The Board
explained:
Although the claimant asserts on appeal that his supervisor did
not get fired even though his supervisor sent text messages to the
claimant using profanity with racial slurs, the claimant was the
instigator of the altercation and therefore, they were not similarly
situated. Commonwealth Court has held that “the mere fact that
one employee is discharged for willful misconduct and others are
not discharged for the same conduct does not establish disparate
treatment.” American Racing Equipment, Inc. v. [Unemployment
Compensation Board of Review], 601 A.2d 480, 483 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 1991). Therefore, the claimant has not shown sufficient
evidence of disparate treatment of the employer’s policy to
negate his willful misconduct.
Notably, the interaction between the claimant and his supervisor
began during work and continued after work hours. As such, the
incident was sufficiently connected with his employment.
Board Adjudication at 1. Claimant petitioned for this Court’s review.
4
On appeal,3 Claimant argues that the Board’s conclusion that he
committed disqualifying willful misconduct is not supported by substantial
evidence. He also challenges the fairness and accuracy of Employer’s investigation
because Isaac arrived at work early and spent four hours with Employer; Claimant
was allotted 20 minutes to present his side of the story. Finally, Claimant argues
that Employer did not uniformly enforce its prohibition against threatening and
inappropriate language, rendering the rule a nullity.
Claimant first argues that the Board’s findings of fact are not supported
by substantial evidence, which is “relevant evidence upon which a reasonable mind
could base a conclusion.” Stage Road Poultry Catchers v. Department of Labor and
Industry, Office of Unemployment Compensation, Tax Services, 34 A.3d 876, 885
(Pa. Cmwlth. 2011). In reviewing a substantial evidence argument, this Court
examines the evidence in the light most favorable to the prevailing party and gives
that party the benefit of any inferences that can be logically drawn from the evidence.
Id. “Findings made by the Board are conclusive and binding on appeal if the record,
when examined as a whole, contains substantial evidence to support those findings.”
Kelly v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 776 A.2d 331, 336
(Pa. Cmwlth. 2001).
The Referee found that Isaac’s version of the altercation was supported
by his testimony and by the transcript of the voicemail Claimant left on Isaac’s
phone. Claimant theorizes that Employer’s investigation was improperly influenced
by Isaac, who presented his version of events first. However, it is not disputed that
3
Our scope of review is to determine whether constitutional rights were violated, whether an error
of law was committed or whether necessary findings of fact are supported by substantial competent
evidence. Seton Company v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 663 A.2d 296, 298
n.2 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1995).
5
Employer heard both sides. The Board credited Isaac’s testimony over Claimant’s
contradictory testimony, and it is well-settled that “[q]uestions of credibility and the
resolution of evidentiary conflicts are within the sound discretion of the Board, and
are not subject to re-evaluation on judicial review.” Miller v. Unemployment
Compensation Board of Review, 405 A.2d 1034, 1036 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1979). The
Board’s findings that Claimant used abusive language and made threats in
contravention of Employer’s work rule are supported by substantial evidence, and
we reject Claimant’s argument to the contrary.
Claimant next argues that the Board erred in concluding that he engaged
in willful misconduct. Even so, Claimant asserts that he had good cause for the
conduct for which he was discharged.
Section 402 of the Law establishes eligibility standards for
unemployment compensation. Section 402(e) states:
An employe shall be ineligible for compensation for any week--
***
(e) In which his unemployment is due to his discharge or
temporary suspension from work for willful misconduct
connected with his work, irrespective of whether or not such
work is “employment” as defined in this act[.]
43 P.S. §802(e). As this Court has explained:
There are four categories of activity that can constitute willful
misconduct: (1) the wanton or willful disregard of the
employer’s interests; (2) the deliberate violation of the
employer’s rules; (3) the disregard of the standards of behavior
which an employer can rightfully expect from an employee; and
(4) negligence demonstrating an intentional disregard of the
employer’s interests or the employee’s duties and obligations to
the employer.
6
Kelly v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 747 A.2d 436, 439 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 2000). Whether the conduct for which an employee has been discharged
constitutes willful misconduct is a question of law. Id. at 438. The employer bears
the burden of proving willful misconduct. Where the employer meets that burden,
it then becomes incumbent upon the claimant to prove that his actions did not
constitute willful misconduct or that he had good cause, i.e., his actions were
justified and reasonable under the circumstances. Id. at 439.
Here, Employer presented a copy of its Employee Acknowledgment
Form, signed by Claimant, which established the work rules for all employees.
According to Employer’s policy, “[t]he use of profane, abusive, or threatening
language toward fellow employees, customers, [and] guests” constitutes grounds for
disciplinary action, up to and including immediate discharge. C.R. Item No. 3, at
7C-7D. The Board found that Claimant violated this work rule by initiating the
confrontation with Isaac and making threats, and it concluded that the violation
constituted willful misconduct.
Accordingly, the burden shifted to Claimant to show good cause for his
conduct. Claimant argues that Isaac and Isaac’s supervisor created a hostile work
environment by engaging in “bad work place behavior” and using “threatening
language” toward Claimant. Claimant’s Brief at 8. Claimant testified that Isaac
spread rumors about him, but Claimant did not offer specific examples of Isaac’s
alleged “bad work place behavior” and “threatening language” to support his hostile
work environment argument. Even if Isaac had contributed to a hostile work
environment, it did not give Claimant good cause to initiate a confrontation with
Isaac in the parking lot and threaten physical violence. Simply, Claimant did not
prove that he had good cause for violating Employer’s policy.
7
Finally, we consider Claimant’s disparate treatment argument.
“Disparate treatment is an affirmative defense by which a claimant who has engaged
in willful misconduct may still receive benefits....” Geisinger Health Plan v.
Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 964 A.2d 970, 974 (Pa. Cmwlth.
2009).4 In this respect, “disparate treatment” has different contours.
In the seminal case, Woodson v. Unemployment Compensation Board
of Review, 336 A.2d 867 (Pa. 1975), the employer discharged the claimant (and
others) for excessive absenteeism. Our Supreme Court held that the employer did
not prove willful misconduct because its work rule against excessive absenteeism
had been enforced in a racially discriminatory manner. It held:
[W]e cannot sanction the Bureau’s acceptance of an employer’s
standard which expects certain conduct from black employees,
but not from white employees. The use of such a standard to
determine unemployment benefits constitutes state action based
on the racially discriminating policies of an employer. This is
prohibited.
Id. at 869.5
4
An employee seeking to prove disparate treatment must make an initial showing that:
(1) the employer discharged claimant, but did not discharge other employees who
engaged in similar conduct; (2) the claimant was similarly situated to the other
employees who were not discharged; and (3) the employer discharged the claimant
based upon an improper criterion.
Geisinger, 964 A.2d at 974.
5
The dissent in Woodson agreed that “the law does not sanction discharge of employees under the
guise of ‘willful misconduct,’ if the employer applies a racial double standard in making such
discharges.” Woodson, 336 A.2d at 869 (Pomeroy, J., dissenting). However, the dissent would
have remanded the matter to the Board, which had made no findings on the claimant’s assertion
of racial discrimination. The dissent criticized the majority for making the critical findings of fact
thereby turning the Supreme Court into a “super Unemployment Compensation Board.” Id. at
870.
8
Thereafter, in Bays v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review,
437 A.2d 72 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1981), this Court considered the eligibility of a claimant
who (along with others) was discharged for his role in an illegal work stoppage. Not
all participants were discharged. Some employees received warnings, and others
were suspended. This Court agreed with the Board that the discharged claimants did
not show disparate treatment because the conduct of each employee differed. Some
were ringleaders while others were reluctant participants. All participated in the
work stoppage in some way, but they behaved differently.
In American Racing Equipment, Inc. v. Unemployment Compensation
Board of Review, 601 A.2d 480, 483 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1991), this Court stated that “the
mere fact that one employee is discharged for willful misconduct and others are not
discharged for the same conduct does not establish disparate treatment. Bays v.
Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, [437 A.2d 72 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1981)].”
The issue in American Racing was insubordination, and the claimant acknowledged
that he refused to follow a directive. The claimant contended, however, that he was
the victim of disparate treatment because the employer should have issued this
directive to another employee. The claimant did not contend that insubordination
was usually tolerated by his employer. We rejected the claimant’s disparate
treatment argument.
It has been long held that an employer’s inconsistent enforcement of a
work rule constitutes a form of disparate treatment. In City of Beaver Falls v.
Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 441 A.2d 510 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1982),
this Court considered the city’s inconsistent enforcement of its requirement that city
employees had to live in the city. Drawing on Woodson, 336 A.2d 867, we explained
the need for consistent enforcement of a work rule as follows:
9
The [Supreme] Court held that a standard of conduct which an
employer may expect of an employee must be equally applied to
both blacks and whites. We believe that such a consideration is
equally applicable where racial discrimination is not involved.
Beaver Falls, 441 A.2d at 512. Accordingly, we concluded that an employer’s
“inconsistent enforcement of its [work rule] did not establish such a standard of
conduct with which it could reasonably expect its employees to comply.” Id. Stated
otherwise, a written work rule that is not enforced uniformly is no more than a piece
of paper.
Here, the Board stated that “Commonwealth Court has held that ‘the
mere fact that one employee is discharged for willful misconduct and others are not
discharged for the same conduct does not establish disparate treatment.’” Board
Adjudication at 1 (quoting American Racing, 601 A.2d at 483) (emphasis added).
In actuality, this quoted sentence was not the holding in American Racing but, rather,
a characterization of the Bays decision. In Bays, there was a common thread to the
willful misconduct of multiple employees, i.e., participation in a work stoppage.
However, the employees acted differently during that work stoppage and, thus, were
disciplined differently. This single sentence from American Racing, which
overstates the principle established in Bays, is obiter dictum. The Board has
erroneously made it the holding of American Racing, and it is not.6
An employer cannot pursue haphazard enforcement of its work rule and
expect that rule to be dispositive of a claimant’s eligibility. “[I]nconsistent
enforcement” of a work rule does “not establish such a standard of conduct with
which [an employer] could reasonably expect its employees to comply.” Beaver
6
The holding in American Racing was, simply, that refusal to follow a directive constitutes willful
misconduct, and there was no suggestion that insubordination was generally tolerated by the
employer.
10
Falls, 441 A.2d at 512. To be sure, an employer may change its enforcement policy
from one of a lax posture to one of zero tolerance, but it must warn employees of the
new strict enforcement policy. Id. at 512 n.3.
An unemployment compensation proceeding is not for redressing
employee workplace grievances but, rather, for determining eligibility for
unemployment compensation. Accordingly, in American Racing, we rejected the
claimant’s challenge to the employer’s decision to issue a directive to the claimant
and not to another employee. The focus of any unemployment case involving willful
misconduct is upon the employee, not the employer. Bays, 437 A.2d 72.
Inconsistent enforcement of a work rule defeats the existence of the work rule.
Beaver Falls, 441 A.2d 510. However, it is not the Board’s province to usurp the
management prerogative of the employer, which must decide on a case-by-case basis
what discipline to impose when a work rule infraction occurs. Geisinger, 964 A.2d
970 (holding that a discharge for multiple infractions of a computer policy did not
render the work rule a nullity because other employees, with far fewer violations,
were not discharged).
With these principles in mind, we turn to Claimant’s charge that he has
been the victim of disparate treatment. Claimant wants to focus on Employer. He
complains, for example, about the quality of Employer’s investigation of the
incident, but this is outside the ambit of an unemployment compensation hearing.
Claimant acknowledges that both he and Isaac exchanged “rude words” but
complains that only Claimant was disciplined. Claimant’s Brief at 11. The record
demonstrates that both Claimant and Isaac used “profane” and “abusive” language.7
7
Claimant points out, correctly, that the electronic exchanges did not take place during work hours
or on Employer’s premises. Whether they violated Employer’s work rule is problematic.
However, Claimant’s threatening confrontation in Employer’s parking lot did violate the work
rule, as found by the Referee.
11
However, the Board found that Claimant did more. He used “threatening” language,
which included a reference to a weapon, and he was the one who was found to have
instigated the altercation in the parking lot. Simply, the conduct of Isaac and
Claimant was not the same and, thus, Claimant did not make the case that
Employer’s work rule was not uniformly enforced.8
For all of the foregoing reasons, we affirm the Board’s decision.
________________________________________________
MARY HANNAH LEAVITT, President Judge
8
This Court’s recent decision in Kraft v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review (Pa.
Cmwlth., No. 1125 C.D. 2017, filed June 13, 2018), is also instructive. See Commonwealth Court
Internal Operating Procedure 414(a), 210 Pa. Code §69.414(a) (unreported memorandum
decisions may be cited for persuasive value). In Kraft, the claimant was dismissed, inter alia, for
making a racial comment, purportedly in jest. The claimant asserted that the employer’s work rule
against the use of racial slurs or negative stereotyping and demeaning jokes was not uniformly
enforced. However, the racial comments made by other workers were not made directly to another
employee, as was the case with the claimant’s racial comment. As in Geisinger and Bays, there
existed a common thread to the conduct in question, but the particulars were different.
12
IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
Earl Allen, :
Petitioner :
:
v. : No. 1460 C.D. 2017
:
Unemployment Compensation :
Board of Review, :
Respondent :
ORDER
AND NOW, this 12th day of July, 2018, the order of the Unemployment
Compensation Board of Review dated August 16, 2017, in the above-captioned
matter is AFFIRMED.
________________________________________________
MARY HANNAH LEAVITT, President Judge