Harrison Orr v. Terrence Plumb

NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MAR 12 2018

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

HARRISON ORR, No. 15-16514

Plaintiff-Appellee, D.C. No.

2:14-cv-00585-WBS-EFB

v.

BRAME, Officer, California Highway MEMORANDUM*

Patrol; STATE OF CALIFORNIA;

CALIFORNIA HIGHWAY PATROL,

Defendants,

and

PLUMB, Officer, California Highway

Patrol,

Defendant-Appellant.

HARRISON ORR, No. 16-15109

Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. No.

2:14-cv-00585-WBS-EFB

v.

BRAME, Officer, California Highway

Patrol; PLUMB, Officer, California

Highway Patrol; STATE OF CALIFORNIA;

CALIFORNIA HIGHWAY PATROL,

*

This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

Defendants-Appellees.

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of California

William B. Shubb, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted August 18, 2017

San Francisco, California

Before: RAWLINSON and NGUYEN, Circuit Judges, and VANCE,** District

Judge.

In these consolidated appeals, defendant Terrence Plumb challenges the

district court’s order denying his motion for judgment as a matter of law under

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 50(b), and plaintiff Harrison Orr challenges the

district court’s order partially denying his motion for attorney’s fees.1 We have

jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. In Plumb’s appeal, no. 15-16514, we affirm

the district court’s Rule 50(b) ruling. In Orr’s appeal, no. 16-15109, we vacate the

district court’s fee award and remand for recalculation of fees.

1. Plumb contends that he was entitled to judgment as a matter of law

because the facts at trial did not establish that he used excessive force when

arresting Orr. “We review de novo the district court’s denial of a Rule 50(b)

**

The Honorable Sarah S. Vance, United States District Judge for the

Eastern District of Louisiana, sitting by designation.

1

We resolve Plumb’s appeal of the district court’s judgment on the jury’s

special verdict, no. 15-16154, in a concurrently filed opinion.

2

renewed motion for judgment as a matter of law. The test is whether ‘the

evidence, construed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, permits

only one reasonable conclusion, and that conclusion is contrary to that of the

jury.’” Estate of Diaz v. City of Anaheim, 840 F.3d 592, 604 (9th Cir. 2016)

(quoting White v. Ford Motor Co., 312 F.3d 998, 1010 (9th Cir. 2002)), cert.

denied, 137 S. Ct. 2098 (2017).

Even when a suspect “initially resist[s] being arrested, [the officer’s]

punches [a]re not necessarily a reasonable response.” Blankenhorn v. City of

Orange, 485 F.3d 463, 480 (9th Cir. 2007). “Relevant factors to [the

reasonableness] inquiry include . . . ‘the severity of the crime at issue, whether the

suspect poses an immediate threat to the safety of the officers or others, and

whether he is actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by flight.’” Id.

at 477 (quoting Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 396 (1989)).

Here, the officers were dealing with a 76-year-old disabled man who could

barely stand without a cane. Orr posed no immediate threat to the officers or

anyone else. He had agreed to accompany them to the station. He pleaded with

the officers not to handcuff him and told them that he needed control of his arms

for balance due to a stroke. While Orr passively resisted by folding his arms

across his chest and twisting his torso from side to side, the suspected crime,

driving under the influence of drugs, was nonviolent and based on a minor driving

3

infraction. A punch that caused Orr to fall to the ground was clearly not justified

under these circumstances. “[I]t is rarely necessary, if ever, for a police officer to

employ substantial force without warning against an individual who is suspected

only of minor offenses, is not resisting arrest, and, most important, does not pose

any apparent threat to officer or public safety.” Young v. County of Los Angeles,

655 F.3d 1156, 1166–67 (9th Cir. 2011).

It is irrelevant that by denying punitive damages the jury implicitly found

that Plumb’s conduct was not malicious, oppressive, or in reckless disregard of

Orr’s rights. “The Fourth Amendment inquiry is one of ‘objective reasonableness’

under the circumstances, and subjective concepts like ‘malice’ . . . have no proper

place in that inquiry.” Graham, 490 U.S. at 399.

Nor did Plumb have probable cause to arrest Orr for resisting arrest once

Plumb employed excessive force. A “defendant cannot be convicted of an offense

against a peace officer in the performance of his duties ‘unless the officer was

acting lawfully at the time the offense against the officer was committed.’” Arpin

v. Santa Clara Valley Transp. Agency, 261 F.3d 912, 920 (9th Cir. 2001) (quoting

In re Manuel G., 941 P.2d 880, 885 (Cal. 1997)). “An officer using excessive

force is not acting lawfully.” People v. Sibrian, 207 Cal. Rptr. 3d 428, 433 (Ct.

App. 2016); see People v. Olguin, 173 Cal. Rptr. 663, 666 (Ct. App. 1981)

4

(“[E]xcessive force by a police officer renders unlawful an otherwise lawful arrest

in that excessive force is not within the performance of the officer’s duty.”).

2. Plumb argues that the district court improperly denied him qualified

immunity because it was not clearly established at the time that he was violating

Orr’s constitutional rights. “[A] right is clearly established when the ‘contours of

the right [are] sufficiently clear that a reasonable official would understand that

what he is doing violates that right.’” Castro v. County of Los Angeles, 833 F.3d

1060, 1067 (9th Cir. 2016) (en banc) (quoting Serrano v. Francis, 345 F.3d 1071,

1077 (9th Cir. 2003)), cert. denied, 137 S. Ct. 831 (2017).

It was clearly established at the time that “gang-tackling without first

attempting a less violent means of arresting a relatively calm . . . suspect [of a non-

violent offense]—especially one who had been cooperative in the past and was at

the moment not actively resisting arrest—was a violation of that person’s Fourth

Amendment rights.” Blankenhorn, 485 F.3d at 481. The same conduct preceded

by a punch obviously would have been no less a Fourth Amendment violation.

We agree with the district court’s analysis, which relied primarily on Winterrowd

v. Nelson, 480 F.3d 1181 (9th Cir. 2007), and Meredith v. Erath, 342 F.3d 1057

(9th Cir. 2003). Rather than addressing these cases, Plumb instead relies on cases

that involved lesser force used by officers in far more dangerous situations.

5

3. Plumb contends that he was entitled to judgment as a matter of law on

Orr’s Bane Act claim. As relevant here, the Bane Act imposes liability on a person

who “interferes by threat, intimidation, or coercion . . . with the exercise or

enjoyment by any individual . . . of rights secured by the Constitution or laws of

the United States.” Cal. Civ. Code § 52.1(a). In other words, it “require[s] an

attempted or completed act of interference with a legal right, accompanied by a

form of coercion.” Jones v. Kmart Corp., 949 P.2d 941, 944 (Cal. 1998).

Plumb argues that the necessary coercion “must be independent of the

coercion, if any, inherent in the constitutional violation itself.” “[T]he majority of

federal district courts in California have held that ‘[w]here Fourth Amendment

unreasonable seizure or excessive force claims are raised and intentional conduct is

at issue, there is no need for a plaintiff to allege a showing of coercion independent

from the coercion inherent in the seizure or use of force.’” Simmons v. Super. Ct.,

212 Cal. Rptr. 3d 884, 894 (Ct. App. 2016) (quoting Dillman v. Tuolumne County,

No. 1:13-CV-00404 LJO, 2013 WL 1907379, at *21 (E.D. Cal. May 7, 2013)).

We agree. “[T]he elements of [an] excessive force claim under § 52.1 are the same

as under § 1983” if the plaintiff “asserts no California right different from the

rights guaranteed under the Fourth Amendment.” Cameron v. Craig, 713 F.3d

1012, 1022 (9th Cir. 2013).

6

Shoyoye v. County of Los Angeles, 137 Cal. Rptr. 3d 839 (Ct. App. 2012),

did not hold that in all Bane Act claims the coercion and the act violating a legal

right must be independent. Shoyoye involved an unlawful detention where the

plaintiff was not timely released from jail due to clerical error. Because “the

[California] Legislature meant the statute to address interference with

constitutional rights involving more egregious conduct than mere negligence,” id.

at 848, Shoyoye held that “[a] wrongful arrest and detention, without more, cannot

constitute ‘force, intimidation, or coercion’ for purposes of section 52.1,” id. at

849.

We have not extended Shoyoye’s holding beyond search-and-seizure cases,

where coercion is inherent in a detention or search regardless of whether the illegal

conduct is egregious. See Lyall v. City of Los Angeles, 807 F.3d 1178, 1196 (9th

Cir. 2015). Excessive force, on the other hand, is by its very nature egregious. See

Doe v. State, 214 Cal. Rptr. 3d 391, 400 (Ct. App. 2017) (“To prevail on a cause of

action under Civil Code section 52.1, the plaintiff must show that the defendant

interfered with or attempted to interfere with the plaintiff’s legal right by

threatening or committing violent acts.”).

4. We next address Orr’s appeal of the district court’s reduction of his

attorney’s fee request. We review the fee award for abuse of discretion. Morales

v. City of San Rafael, 96 F.3d 359, 362 (9th Cir. 1996).

7

The district court significantly reduced its lodestar determination based in

part on “the lack of a tangible public benefit from the verdict.” The court

acknowledged that in determining the appropriate fee it “should consider whether,

and to what extent, [Orr’s] suit benefitted the public,” including “the public benefit

of deterring unconstitutional conduct by law enforcement officials.” McCown v.

City of Fontana, 565 F.3d 1097, 1105 (9th Cir. 2009). Yet the district court was

“not persuaded that the verdict in this case will meaningfully deter future

violations by other officers.”

The court’s reliance on a law review article, Joanna C. Schwartz, Police

Indemnification, 89 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 885 (2014), was particularly problematic.

Based on empirical evidence “that police officers almost never financially

contribute to settlements and judgments, . . . lawsuits have little negative impact on

police officers’ employment, and . . . officers’ behavior is not influenced to any

substantial extent by the threat of being sued,” id. at 943, Schwartz argues that

courts should provide greater deterrents to police misconduct, such as by

eliminating qualified immunity, id., or imposing vicarious liability on

municipalities, id. at 947. But the court’s reduction of fees here would merely

serve to reduce the incentive for the California Highway Patrol to make remedial

changes to its procedures and training.

8

Moreover, whatever the merits of Schwartz’s academic findings and

recommendations, the district court was not free to disregard judicial precedent in

order to adopt them. Just as the court could not have imposed vicarious liability on

the state or refused to consider defendants’ qualified immunity defense, the court

should not have assumed, contrary to a long line of cases, that a fee award would

have no deterrence effect. See, e.g., Morales, 96 F.3d at 364 (“Because it assessed

damages against the defendants, the verdict established a deterrent to the City, its

law enforcement officials and others who establish and implement official policies

governing arrests of citizens.”).

We therefore vacate the award and remand for recalculation of fees. On

remand, the district court should reconsider or otherwise justify its lodestar

reduction in light of this memorandum disposition.

AFFIRMED in part; VACATED in part; and REMANDED.

9

FILED

Orr v. Brame, Case Nos. 15-16514 and 16-15109

MAR 12 2018

Rawlinson, Circuit Judge, concurring:

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

I concur in the result.