The opinion
STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA
SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
FILED
In re D.C., J.R.-1, D.R., R.R., and J.R.-2
February 23, 2018
EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
No. 17-0770 (Cabell County 15-JA-38, 39, 40, 41, and 42) SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
OF WEST VIRGINIA
MEMORANDUM DECISION
Petitioner Grandmother L.R., by counsel Steven T. Cook, appeals the Circuit Court of
Cabell County’s May 25, 2017, order denying her motion to intervene.1 The West Virginia
Department of Health and Human Resources (“DHHR”), by counsel S.L. Evans, filed a response
in support of the circuit court’s order. The guardian ad litem (“guardian”), Allison K. Huson,
filed a response on behalf of the children in support of the circuit court’s order. Petitioner filed a
reply. On appeal, petitioner argues that the circuit court erred in denying her motion to intervene
upon an erroneous interpretation of controlling authority and failed to require that the DHHR
name her as a respondent in the initial petition.2
1
Consistent with our long-standing practice in cases with sensitive facts, we use initials
where necessary to protect the identities of those involved in this case. See In re K.H., 235 W.Va.
254, 773 S.E.2d 20 (2015); Melinda H. v. William R. II, 230 W.Va. 731, 742 S.E.2d 419 (2013);
State v. Brandon B., 218 W.Va. 324, 624 S.E.2d 761 (2005); State v. Edward Charles L., 183
W.Va. 641, 398 S.E.2d 123 (1990). Further, because two children share the same initials, they
will be referred to as J.R.-1 and J.R.-2 throughout this memorandum decision.
2
Petitioner additionally assigns error to the circuit court’s decision to separate the
siblings. We find, however, that this issue is not properly before the Court. Petitioner failed to
raise this issue before the circuit court and failed to include any order wherein the circuit court
made such a ruling in her appendix on appeal. Accordingly, we decline to address the issue
pursuant to Rule 10(c) of the Rules of Appellate Procedure, which require that a party’s brief
contain “citations that pinpoint when and how the issues in the assignments of error were
presented to the lower tribunal.”
Further, several of petitioner’s assignments of error include specific requests that this
Court modify or adopt certain factors or guidelines governing the granting of motions to
intervene or otherwise correct a perceived “variance between the lower tribunals in addressing
[various degrees of relatives] throughout the State . . . in relation to all abuse and neglect
cases[.]” Because petitioner is not entitled to relief in regard to the specific errors of which she
complains, we further decline to address her requests to provide the requested direction to circuit
courts in ruling on motions to intervene.
1
This Court has considered the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal. The facts and legal
arguments are adequately presented, and the decisional process would not be significantly aided
by oral argument. Upon consideration of the standard of review, the briefs, and the record
presented, the Court finds no substantial question of law and no prejudicial error. For these
reasons, a memorandum decision affirming the circuit court’s order is appropriate under Rule 21
of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
In January of 2015, the DHHR filed an abuse and neglect petition that alleged the mother
exposed the children to repeated instances of domestic violence. According to the initial petition,
three of the children were placed in petitioner’s care in December of 2014 pursuant to an out-of-
home safety plan between the mother and the DHHR. Specifically, the petition indicated that on
December 29, 2014, DHHR personnel “determined an out-of-home safety plan would have to be
implemented with the filing of a petition” since the mother violated a prior family court order
prohibiting contact with the father. It was also indicated that the mother and the children resided
in petitioner’s home. The two remaining children were placed with a different grandmother,
M.D.3
At an adjudicatory hearing in September of 2016, the circuit court was made aware of an
issue concerning the children’s placement. According to the record, “five children [were]
removed – from the [g]randmother’s.” It is unclear how all five children came to reside in the
same home, but the reference appears to be in regard to petitioner. Regardless, the circuit court
was informed that the removal was the result of “non-compliance” and was asked if it wished to
address the issue of the children’s removal. According to the record, the circuit court declined to
address the issue at that time. Thereafter, the parents’ parental rights to the children were
terminated.4
According to petitioner, she filed a motion to intervene in this matter in November of
2016. However, the motion to intervene contained in the appendix on appeal is unsigned and
does not include a certificate of service, although the circuit court’s docket sheet does reflect the
filing of such motion on November 3, 2016. Thereafter, the circuit court held a hearing in
February of 2017, during which petitioner’s counsel announced that petitioner filed a motion to
intervene. At that time, petitioner indicated that the allegations upon which the children were
removed from her home were false and asked that she be considered as a permanent placement.
The DHHR then indicated that the children were removed from petitioner’s home following an
investigation into conditions therein and upon evidence that petitioner permitted the mother to
3
During the course of the proceedings, the DHHR filed an amended petition after the
mother gave birth to another child, P.C., who is not at issue in this appeal.
4
The parties do not include the dispositional order in the appendix or otherwise indicate
on what date the parents’ parental rights were terminated. However, in the order denying
petitioner’s motion to intervene, the circuit court specifically found that “[a]t the time the
[petitioner] filed her motion, the parental rights of the biological mother had been terminated and
[petitioner] no longer ha[d] a legal relationship to the children.”
2
have unsupervised contact with the children following the termination of her parental rights. The
guardian further indicated that petitioner was provided services to correct certain issues in her
home but she failed to comply. The guardian also corroborated the fact that petitioner permitted
the mother to have unsupervised contact with the children against the circuit court’s order.
Moreover, the guardian indicated that a multidisciplinary team (“MDT”) meeting was conducted
in order to achieve permanent placement in petitioner’s home, during which it was made clear
that the children would be removed if petitioner permitted the mother to have unsupervised
contact with them. Finally, the guardian indicated that, following the investigation, petitioner’s
home was no longer eligible to be considered for foster placements. Ultimately, the guardian
informed the circuit court that the children were thriving out of petitioner’s home. Accordingly,
the guardian believed that petitioner’s motion to intervene was moot. Despite finding that the
children’s best interests were served by leaving them in their pre-adoptive placements, the circuit
court nonetheless permitted petitioner to develop a record on her motion to intervene at a later
date.
Petitioner filed a memorandum in support of her motion to intervene in March of 2017.
That same month, the circuit court held a hearing on the motion. Ultimately, petitioner admitted
that the mother had been around the children without proper supervision following the
termination of the mother’s parental rights and that her status as a foster provider was “closed . . .
due to concerns over infestation[.]” Based on this evidence, the circuit court denied petitioner’s
motion to intervene.5 It is from the order denying her motion to intervene that petitioner appeals.
The Court has previously established the following standard of review:
“Although conclusions of law reached by a circuit court are subject to de
novo review, when an action, such as an abuse and neglect case, is tried upon the
facts without a jury, the circuit court shall make a determination based upon the
evidence and shall make findings of fact and conclusions of law as to whether
such child is abused or neglected. These findings shall not be set aside by a
reviewing court unless clearly erroneous. A finding is clearly erroneous when,
although there is evidence to support the finding, the reviewing court on the entire
evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been
committed. However, a reviewing court may not overturn a finding simply
because it would have decided the case differently, and it must affirm a finding if
the circuit court’s account of the evidence is plausible in light of the record
viewed in its entirety.” Syl. Pt. 1, In Interest of Tiffany Marie S., 196 W.Va. 223,
470 S.E.2d 177 (1996).
Syl. Pt. 1, In re Cecil T., 228 W.Va. 89, 717 S.E.2d 873 (2011). Upon our review, the Court finds
no error in the proceedings below.
5
The parental rights to all children were terminated below. According to respondents, the
children have either been adopted or will shortly be adopted by their respective caregivers.
3
On appeal, petitioner argues that, as the children’s custodian, she should have been
provided notice of the proceedings and an opportunity to be heard from the outset of the case
under West Virginia Code § 49-4-601(e) and (h).6 She further argues that the circuit court erred
in denying her motion to intervene, based upon similar arguments that, as the children’s
custodian, she was entitled to participate in the proceedings. We do not agree. First, it is
important to note that petitioner only had custody of the children pursuant to an out-of-home
safety plan executed by the mother and the DHHR. In fact, petitioner acknowledges that “it was
the . . . DHHR that made the placement” that resulted in the children being left in her care. While
petitioner relies heavily on our prior holding in Bowens v. Maynard, 174 W.Va. 184, 324 S.E.2d
145 (1984), to argue that her custody of the children warranted her participation in the
proceedings, she fails to acknowledge this Court’s later distinction of that decision. Specifically,
in addressing Bowens, the Court noted that case “was decided in the factual context of an
individual who was a lawful custodian prior to the initiation of abuse and neglect proceedings,
which clearly is the type of custodian contemplated by the provisions of West Virginia Code §
49-6-2(c) [now West Virginia Code § 49-4-601(h)].” In re Jonathan G., 198 W.Va. 716, 727,
482 S.E.2d 893, 904 (1996). In clarifying the operation of this statute, the Court held that a
person who obtains physical custody after the initiation of abuse and neglect proceedings does
not enjoy the same statutory right of participation as is extended to parents and pre-petition
custodians. Id. at 729, 482 S.E.2d at 906.
In addressing a situation similar to petitioner’s, the Court again reiterated that obtaining
custody prior to the initiation of an abuse and neglect proceeding was essential to application of
West Virginia Code § 49-4-601(h) for purposes of participation in such cases. In State ex rel.
R.H. v. Bloom, No. 17-0002, 2017 WL 1788946 (W.Va. May 5, 2017) (memorandum decision),
we denied mandamus relief to a foster parent seeking to intervene in abuse and neglect
proceedings. In that case, the foster parent grandfather put forth an argument similar to
petitioner’s; namely that, as the child’s custodian, he was entitled to participate in the
proceedings under W.Va. Code § 49-4-601 or, alternatively, should have been permitted to
intervene in the proceedings. In resolving that matter, the Court indicated that “our focus is on
whether [the grandfather] qualifies as a ‘party . . . having custodial . . . rights or responsibilities’
which would also entitle him to the greater rights bestowed by West Virginia Code § 49-4-
601(h).” R.H. at *3. We discussed both Bowens and Jonathan G., stating that the latter clarified
that “the ‘custody’ discussed in [the] context [of abuse and neglect proceedings] refers to a
person who became a child’s custodian ‘prior to the initiation of abuse and neglect
6
“The petition and notice of the hearing shall be served upon both parents and any other
custodian.” W.Va. Code § 49-4-601(e).
In any proceeding pursuant to this article, the party or parties having custodial or
other parental rights or responsibilities to the child shall be afforded a meaningful
opportunity to be heard, including the opportunity to testify and to present and
cross-examine witnesses. Foster parents, preadoptive parents, and relative
caregivers shall also have a meaningful opportunity to be heard.
W.Va. Code § 49-4-601(h).
4
proceedings[.]’” R.H. at *3 (citing Jonathan G., 198 W.Va. at 727, 482 S.E.2d at 904). Further,
this Court “confirmed that a person who obtains physical custody after the initiation of abuse and
neglect proceedings - such as a foster parent - does not enjoy the same statutory right of
participation as is extended to parents and pre-petition custodians.” R.H. at *3 (citing Jonathan
G., 198 W.Va. at 729, 482 S.E.2d at 906). Accordingly, the Court found that “for the
[grandparent] to qualify as a custodian under § 49-4-601(h) where he would have the right to be
heard, testify, and call witnesses in the abuse and neglect proceedings, he must have held
custodial rights to the children prior to the initiation of the abuse and neglect petition.” R.H. at
*3. Despite acknowledging that “[a]t most, we can determine that the children were left at the
[grandfather’s] home for a three-week period before the abuse and neglect petition was filed[,]”
the Court ultimately held that the facts of the case “simply do not establish the existence of a pre-
petition custodianship.” Id. at *4.
Similarly in this matter, although the children were left in petitioner’s care for roughly
the same time period as the grandparent in R.H., it is clear, as petitioner acknowledges, that the
children were placed there by the DHHR attendant to the initiation of abuse and neglect
proceedings. While it is true that the DHHR delayed in filing the petition, the record shows that
petitioner was informed that the children were being placed in her care pursuant to “an out-of-
home safety plan [that] would have to be implemented with the filing of a petition[.]” As such,
we again find that a person who obtains physical custody after the initiation of abuse and neglect
proceedings, such as a foster parent like petitioner, does not enjoy the same statutory right of
participation as is extended to parents and pre-petition custodians. Jonathan G., 198 W.Va. at
729, 482 S.E.2d at 906. Accordingly, we find no error in the fact that the DHHR did not include
petitioner in its initial petition, or in the circuit court’s denial of petitioner’s motion to intervene.7
Moreover, we note that petitioner did participate in this matter to some extent.
Specifically, the record indicates that petitioner was present for, at least, the adjudicatory
hearing. Further, to the extent that petitioner argues that her purported status as a custodian
entitled her to the right to participate in the proceedings, we note that every specific event in
which she claims she was denied the right to participate occurred after the children were
removed from her care in August of 2016, when she could no longer have asserted any possible
custodial right to the children. Specifically, petitioner refers to certain attempts to contact social
workers, DHHR supervisors, and the DHHR to “retrieve the children” in August and September
of 2016. Petitioner fails to recognize, however, that the children no longer resided in her home at
that point and, thus, her argument that she was then their custodian has no factual basis. For these
additional reasons, we find no error in the circuit court’s denial of petitioner’s motion to
intervene.
Most importantly, the Court reiterates that “‘[i]n a contest involving the custody of an
infant the welfare of the child is the polar star by which the discretion of the court will be
7
Petitioner further argues that, as a named party to the proceedings, she should have been
appointed counsel under West Virginia Code § 49-1-604(f)(1), (2), and (3). Because we find no
error in regard to petitioner’s exclusion from the initial petition, we find she is similarly entitled
to no relief in this regard.
5
guided.’ Syl. Pt. 2, State ex rel. Lipscomb v. Joplin, 131 W.Va. 302, 47 S.E.2d 221 (1948).” Syl.
Pt. 3, In re S.W., 233 W.Va. 91, 755 S.E.2d 8 (2014). Here, the record is clear that the children’s
best interests were not served by placement with petitioner, as evidenced by their eventual
removal. While petitioner argues on appeal that she should have been allowed to present
evidence to show that the allegations upon which the children were removed were false, she fails
to acknowledge that she admitted to the circuit court that her status as a foster care provider was
revoked “due to concerns over infestation[.]” Moreover, the record shows that petitioner
permitted the mother to have unsupervised contact with the children following the termination of
her parental rights and directions from the circuit court to not permit her to have such contact.
Further, the record also shows that, contrary to petitioner’s arguments that she was not permitted
to participate in the proceedings, the DHHR implemented services in petitioner’s home through
the MDT in order to remedy the conditions that necessitated the children’s removal. According
to respondents, however, petitioner “would not comply[.]” Thus, it is clear that the children’s
best interests were served through placement outside petitioner’s home.
For the foregoing reasons, we find no error in the decision of the circuit court, and its
May 25, 2017, order is hereby affirmed.
Affirmed.
ISSUED: February 23, 2018
CONCURRED IN BY:
Chief Justice Margaret L. Workman
Justice Robin Jean Davis
Justice Menis E. Ketchum
Justice Allen H. Loughry II
Justice Elizabeth D. Walker
6