“Where statutory language is ambiguous, we may decipher legislative intent in other ways, including consideration of the broader statutory scheme, legislative history, and other sources.”
How later courts described this case
- “Where statutory language is ambiguous, we may decipher legislative intent in other ways, including consideration of the broader statutory scheme, legislative history, and other sources.”
- affirming the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of the county
- “Any interpretation of the statute that ‘would render one section of the act repugnant to another’ should be avoided.”
- “A statute is ambiguous if the statute is capable of conveying more than one meaning.”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
12/27/2017
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT KNOXVILLE
August 8, 2017 Session
BRADLEY COUNTY SCHOOL SYSTEM BY AND THROUGH THE BRADLEY
COUNTY BOARD OF EDUCATION ET AL. v. THE CITY OF
CLEVELAND, TENNESSEE
Appeal from the Chancery Court for Bradley County
No. 2014-CV-84 Jerri S. Bryant, Chancellor
No. E2016-01030-COA-R3-CV
This is one of four separate actions currently before this Court with the common issue of
whether the version of Tennessee Code Annotated § 57-4-306(a)(2)(A) in effect prior to
the July 2014 amendment of that statute required a municipality governed by its own
liquor-by-the-drink referendum and operating its own school system to share one-half of
its liquor-by-the-drink tax revenue with the county in which the municipality was located
when the county had not enacted a liquor-by-the-drink referendum. The county
commenced the instant action by filing a complaint requesting declaratory judgment of its
asserted right to a portion of liquor-by-the-drink tax revenue collected within the
municipality. Upon subsequent competing motions for summary judgment, the trial court
granted summary judgment in favor of the municipality, finding that the municipality was
entitled to keep all liquor-by-the-drink tax monies distributed to it by the Tennessee
Commissioner of Revenue (“the Commissioner”). Upon the county’s motion to alter or
amend, the trial court reserved judgment on the issue of whether the municipality was
entitled to the local political subdivision’s portion of the liquor-by-the-drink tax revenue
for sales that took place at private clubs within the municipal limits of the municipality
prior to the municipality’s 2002 passage of its referendum authorizing liquor-by-the-drink
sales. Following consideration of a motion for summary judgment on this remaining
issue filed by the municipality and a response filed by the county, the trial court again
granted summary judgment in favor of the municipality, dismissing the county’s
complaint in its entirety. The county has appealed. Determining that the municipality
was not required under the applicable version of the statute to share its liquor-by-the-
drink tax revenues with the county, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court
Affirmed; Case Remanded
THOMAS R. FRIERSON, II, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which D. MICHAEL
SWINEY, C.J., and RICHARD H. DINKINS, J., joined.
James F. Logan, Jr., Cleveland, Tennessee, for the appellants, Bradley County School
System, by and through the Bradley County Board of Education, and Bradley County,
Tennessee.
Douglas S. Johnston, Jr., Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellee, the City of Cleveland,
Tennessee.
Kristin Ellis Berexa and Mark E. McGrady, Nashville, Tennessee, for the amicus curiae,
Tennessee Municipal League Risk Management Pool, Inc.
OPINION
I. Factual and Procedural Background
The facts underlying this action are essentially undisputed. Tennessee Code
Annotated § 57-4-301(c) (2013 & Supp. 2017) provides for a tax “to include each and
every retail” of an alcoholic beverage sold for consumption on the premises by various
establishments delineated in section -301, such as restaurants, hotels, sports facilities, and
private clubs. This tax is commonly referred to as a “liquor-by-the-drink tax.” See Tenn.
Code Ann. § 57-4-306 (2013 & Supp. 2017); Copper Cellar Corp. v. Jackson, 762
S.W.2d 560, 562 (Tenn. 1988). Tennessee Code Annotated § 57-4-306, originally
enacted in 1967, prescribes the manner in which proceeds from the liquor-by-the-drink
tax are to be distributed, primarily in support of public education. At issue in this action
is the version of section -306 in effect prior to the Tennessee General Assembly’s 2014
amendment of that statutory section (“2014 Amendment”). See 2014 Tenn. Pub. Acts,
Ch. 901 § 1 (H.B. 1403). Particularly at issue is statutory language added to subsection
-306(a)(2)(A) through an amendment made by the General Assembly in 1982 (“1982
Amendment”). See 1982 Tenn. Pub. Acts, Ch. 942, §§ 1-2 (S.B. 1817).
The City of Cleveland (“the City”) passed a liquor-by-the-drink referendum in
2002. The citizens of Bradley County (“the County”) have rejected such a referendum.
As the trial court stated in its final order:
Prior to the 2002 referendum, private clubs operated within the city
limits of Cleveland, Tennessee and legally sold liquor-by-the-drink on the
premises. The clubs collected liquor taxes and remitted the taxes to the
State. In accordance with T.C.A. § 57-4-306, the State then returned one-
half of those revenues to the City, which the City in turn allocated fifty
2
(50%) percent of the revenues received back from the State to its[] school
system through the City’s annual appropriations.
As the trial court noted, the City had continuously operated its own school system since
1966, one year before the liquor-by-the-drink tax was initially enacted by the General
Assembly. Since passage of the 2002 referendum, the City had continued to receive fifty
percent of gross receipt taxes arising from sales of liquor by the drink. The City had not
distributed any of its liquor-by-the-drink revenue to the Bradley County School System
or the Bradley County Education Fund.
On April 14, 2014, the Bradley County School System (“the County School
System”), acting by and through the Bradley County Board of Education (“the County
Board”), filed a complaint in the Bradley County Chancery Court (“trial court”), seeking
declaratory judgment regarding the rights and responsibilities of the parties concerning
the liquor-by-the-drink tax. The County Board requested, inter alia, an order directing
the City to remit to the County Board “the full amount of unremitted tax revenues” plus
prejudgment interest. On May 13, 2014, the City filed a motion to dismiss the complaint,
asserting, pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 12.02(6), that the County Board
had failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. The City argued that
because the County had not authorized liquor-by-the-drink sales, all of Title 57, Chapter
4, including section -306, did not apply to the County. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 57-4-
103(a) (2013 & Supp. 2017) (“This chapter shall be effective in any jurisdiction which
authorizes the sale of alcoholic beverages for consumption on the premises in a
referendum . . . .”). The County Board filed a response in opposition to the motion to
dismiss on June 12, 2014.
Upon the County Board’s subsequent motion filed pursuant to Tennessee Rule of
Civil Procedure 42.01, the trial court entered an order on July 25, 2014, consolidating this
action with similar actions filed by the McMinn County Board of Education against the
Cities of Athens, Niota, and Etowah solely “for the purpose of consideration of the
Motions to Dismiss presently pending.” McMinn County also had not passed a liquor-
by-the-drink referendum, and the Cities of Athens, Niota, and Etowah had filed motions
to dismiss the respective complaints.1 The trial court denied the various motions to
dismiss in an order entered September 24, 2014.
The City filed an answer to the complaint on October 16, 2014, asserting, as
pertinent to this appeal, that (1) the County School System and County Board were not
proper parties; (2) Title 57, Chapter 4 of the Tennessee Code was not applicable to the
County because the County had not authorized liquor-by-the-drink sales; and (3) the City
1
The McMinn County actions are not at issue in this appeal.
3
was exempted by operation of Tennessee Code Annotated § 57-4-306(a) (2013) from
paying any portion of the liquor-by-the-drink tax proceeds received from the
Commissioner because the City operated its own school system separate from the County
School System. The County subsequently filed a motion to intervene as a co-plaintiff
with the County Board, which the trial court granted in an order entered February 3,
2015. We will hereinafter refer to the plaintiffs collectively as “the County.”
In the meantime, the General Assembly amended Tennessee Code Annotated §
57-4-306(a)(2), effective July 1, 2014, setting forth, inter alia, a detailed process by
which counties that were owed funds by municipalities under Tennessee Code Annotated
§ 57-4-306 could seek those funds and negotiate settlements as applicable. See 2014
Tenn. Pub. Acts, Ch. 901 § 1 (H.B. 1403). The 2014 Amendment included a distinction
between the liquor-by-the-drink tax proceeds received by a local political subdivision in
the time period spanning July 1, 2014, until June 30, 2015, and those proceeds received
after July 1, 2015, when, according to the 2014 Amendment, the statute would revert
back to its pre-amendment language. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 57-4-306(b)-(c) (Supp.
2014); 2014 Tenn. Pub. Acts, Ch. 901 § 1 (H.B. 1403).2 However, the General Assembly
has also amended Tennessee Code Annotated § 57-4-306 each year since the 2014
Amendment, extending the amended language in subsequent years, one year at a time.
See 2015 Tenn. Pub. Acts, Ch. 220 §§ 1, 2 (S.B. 990); 2016 Tenn. Pub. Acts, Ch. 885 §§
1, 2 (H.B. 1691); 2017 Tenn. Pub. Acts, Ch. 346 §§ 1, 2 (S.B. 1262).
Upon competing motions filed for summary judgment in January 2015, the trial
court conducted a hearing on March 2, 2015. In an order entered July 30, 2015, the court
granted the City’s motion for summary judgment. The court found that pursuant to
Tennessee Code Annotated § 57-4-103(a), only local political subdivisions that had
authorized liquor-by-the-drink sales had rights and responsibilities under Chapter 4 of
Title 57. The court concluded that pursuant to the governing version of Tennessee Code
Annotated § 57-4-306(a)(2), liquor-by-the-drink funds were “to be paid to the local
political subdivision which has passed the referendum thereby allowing the City to keep
all funds raised by this tax.” The court also determined that the 2014 Amendment did not
affect its interpretation of the prior version of the statute.
The County filed a motion to alter or amend the judgment on July 31, 2015, which
the trial court partially denied in an order entered November 19, 2015. The court
reserved judgment on the issue of whether proceeds from liquor-by-the-drink taxes
collected prior to the City’s 2002 referendum should be divided between the City and the
County. Following consideration of a motion for summary judgment on this issue filed
2
It is undisputed that due to pending litigation, an exception included in the 2014 Amendment excluded
Bradley County, via specific population parameters, from the amended language. See Tenn. Code Ann. §
57-4-306(i) (Supp. 2014); 2014 Tenn. Pub. Acts, Ch. 901 § 1 (H.B. 1403).
4
by the City, a response filed by the County, and supplemental briefs, the trial court
entered a final judgment on May 2, 2016, confirming its prior judgment and finding that
the City was entitled to retain all funds from “pre-referendum taxes collected from
private clubs.” The court granted the City’s motion for summary judgment in its entirety
and dismissed the County’s complaint. The County timely appealed.
During the pendency of this appeal, this Court granted a motion filed by the
Tennessee Municipal League Risk Management Pool (“the Pool”) to file a brief in this
matter as an amicus curiae. Upon Bradley County’s motion to consolidate this case with
three others pending on appeal, this Court entered an order on May 26, 2017, granting the
motion “only to the extent that these cases shall be set for oral argument on the same
docket and on the same day.”3
II. Issues Presented
Bradley County presents three issues on appeal, which we have restated as
follows:
1. Whether the trial court erred by declining to find that the version of
Tennessee Code Annotated § 57-4-306(a)(2)(A) in effect prior to the
2014 Amendment required the City, as a municipality governed by
its own liquor-by-the-drink referendum and operating its own school
system, to share one-half of its liquor-by-the-drink tax revenue with
the County when the County had not enacted a liquor-by-the-drink
referendum.
2. Whether the trial court erred by declining to find that the pre-2014
version of Tennessee Code Annotated § 57-4-306(a)(2) required that
one-half of all liquor-by-the-drink sales tax revenue received by the
City must be distributed in support of education in the same manner
as the County property tax is distributed.
3. Whether the trial court erred by finding that the City was entitled to
the local political subdivision’s portion of the gross receipt liquor-
by-the-drink taxes for sales that took place within the municipal
limits of the City prior to the City’s 2002 passage of the referendum
authorizing liquor-by-the-drink sales.
3
The other three cases currently before this Court on the same overarching issue are Sullivan Cty. v. City
of Bristol, No. E2016-02109-COA-R3-CV; Blount Cty. Bd. of Educ. v. City of Maryville, No. E2017-
00047-COA-R3-CV; and Washington Cty. Sch. Sys. v. City of Johnson City, No. E2016-02583-COA-R9-
CV.
5
III. Standard of Review
The grant or denial of a motion for summary judgment is a matter of law;
therefore, our standard of review is de novo with no presumption of correctness. See Rye
v. Women’s Care Ctr. of Memphis, MPLLC, 477 S.W.3d 235, 250 (Tenn. 2015); Dick
Broad. Co., Inc. of Tenn. v. Oak Ridge FM, Inc., 395 S.W.3d 653, 671 (Tenn. 2013)
(citing Kinsler v. Berkline, LLC, 320 S.W.3d 796, 799 (Tenn. 2010)). As such, this Court
must “make a fresh determination of whether the requirements of Rule 56 of the
Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure have been satisfied.” Rye, 477 S.W.3d at 250.
“Statutory construction is a question of law that is reviewable on a de novo basis without
any presumption of correctness.” In re Estate of Tanner, 295 S.W.3d 610, 613 (Tenn.
2009).
As our Supreme Court has explained concerning the requirements for a movant to
prevail on a motion for summary judgment pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Civil
Procedure 56:
We reiterate that a moving party seeking summary judgment by attacking
the nonmoving party’s evidence must do more than make a conclusory
assertion that summary judgment is appropriate on this basis. Rather,
Tennessee Rule 56.03 requires the moving party to support its motion with
“a separate concise statement of material facts as to which the moving party
contends there is no genuine issue for trial.” Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.03. “Each
fact is to be set forth in a separate, numbered paragraph and supported by a
specific citation to the record.” Id. When such a motion is made, any party
opposing summary judgment must file a response to each fact set forth by
the movant in the manner provided in Tennessee Rule 56.03. “[W]hen a
motion for summary judgment is made [and] . . . supported as provided in
[Tennessee Rule 56],” to survive summary judgment, the nonmoving party
“may not rest upon the mere allegations or denials of [its] pleading,” but
must respond, and by affidavits or one of the other means provided in
Tennessee Rule 56, “set forth specific facts” at the summary judgment
stage “showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Tenn. R. Civ. P.
56.06. The nonmoving party “must do more than simply show that there is
some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.” Matsushita Elec. Indus.
Co., 475 U.S. [574,] 586, 106 S.Ct. 1348 [(1986)]. The nonmoving party
must demonstrate the existence of specific facts in the record which could
lead a rational trier of fact to find in favor of the nonmoving party. If a
summary judgment motion is filed before adequate time for discovery has
been provided, the nonmoving party may seek a continuance to engage in
6
additional discovery as provided in Tennessee Rule 56.07. However, after
adequate time for discovery has been provided, summary judgment should
be granted if the nonmoving party’s evidence at the summary judgment
stage is insufficient to establish the existence of a genuine issue of material
fact for trial. Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.04, 56.06. The focus is on the evidence
the nonmoving party comes forward with at the summary judgment stage,
not on hypothetical evidence that theoretically could be adduced, despite
the passage of discovery deadlines, at a future trial.
Rye, 477 S.W.3d at 264-65 (emphasis in original). Pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Civil
Procedure 56.04, the trial court must “state the legal grounds upon which the court denies
or grants the motion” for summary judgment, and our Supreme Court has instructed that
the trial court must state these grounds “before it invites or requests the prevailing party
to draft a proposed order.” See Smith v. UHS of Lakeside, Inc., 439 S.W.3d 303, 316
(Tenn. 2014).
IV. Distribution of Liquor-by-the-Drink Tax Revenue
The County contends that the trial court erred by finding that the version of
Tennessee Code Annotated § 57-4-306(a)(2)(A) (2013) in effect prior to the 2014
Amendment did not require the City to share one-half of its liquor-by-the-drink tax
revenue with the County’s school system. The City asserts that the trial court properly
interpreted the governing statute as directing that because the City operated its own
school system, the portion of its liquor-by-the-drink revenue not paid into the state’s
general education fund was to be split between the City’s school system and the City
itself. Upon careful review, we determine that the governing statute was ambiguous in
that the distribution scheme for a city operating its own school system could be
reasonably interpreted in more than one way. Having therefore analyzed the surrounding
statutory scheme, the legislative history, and other applicable authorities, as well as the
record in this action, we conclude that the trial court did not err in determining that the
City was not required to share one-half of its liquor-by-the-drink tax revenue with the
County’s school system.
In conducting this analysis, we adhere to the following longstanding principles of
statutory interpretation:
When dealing with statutory interpretation, well-defined precepts apply.
Our primary objective is to carry out legislative intent without broadening
or restricting the statute beyond its intended scope. Houghton v. Aramark
Educ. Res., Inc., 90 S.W.3d 676, 678 (Tenn. 2002). In construing
legislative enactments, we presume that every word in a statute has
7
meaning and purpose and should be given full effect if the obvious
intention of the General Assembly is not violated by so doing. In re
C.K.G., 173 S.W.3d 714, 722 (Tenn. 2005). When a statute is clear, we
apply the plain meaning without complicating the task. Eastman Chem.
Co. v. Johnson, 151 S.W.3d 503, 507 (Tenn. 2004). Our obligation is
simply to enforce the written language. Abels ex rel. Hunt v. Genie Indus.,
Inc., 202 S.W.3d 99, 102 (Tenn. 2006). It is only when a statute is
ambiguous that we may reference the broader statutory scheme, the history
of the legislation, or other sources. Parks v. Tenn. Mun. League Risk
Mgmt. Pool, 974 S.W.2d 677, 679 (Tenn. 1998). Further, the language of a
statute cannot be considered in a vacuum, but “should be construed, if
practicable, so that its component parts are consistent and reasonable.”
Marsh v. Henderson, 221 Tenn. 42, 424 S.W.2d 193, 196 (1968). Any
interpretation of the statute that “would render one section of the act
repugnant to another” should be avoided. Tenn. Elec. Power Co. v. City of
Chattanooga, 172 Tenn. 505, 114 S.W.2d 441, 444 (1937). We also must
presume that the General Assembly was aware of any prior enactments at
the time the legislation passed. Owens v. State, 908 S.W.2d 923, 926
(Tenn. 1995).
In re Estate of Tanner, 295 S.W.3d at 613-14.
A. Ambiguity of Tennessee Code Annotated § 57-4-306(a)(2)(A) (2013)
The version of Tennessee Code Annotated § 57-4-306 in effect when this action
was commenced provided in pertinent part:
(a) All gross receipt taxes collected under § 57-4-301(c) shall be
distributed by the commissioner as follows:
(1) Fifty percent (50%) to the general fund to be earmarked for
education purposes; and
(2) Fifty percent (50%) to the local political subdivision as
follows:
(A) One half (½) of the proceeds shall be expended and
distributed in the same manner as the county property
tax for schools is expended and distributed; provided,
however, that except in counties having a population
of not less than twenty-seven thousand nine hundred
8
(27,900) nor more than twenty-seven thousand nine
hundred twenty (27,920), according to the 1980 federal
census or any subsequent federal census, any proceeds
expended and distributed to municipalities which do
not operate their own school systems separate from the
county are required to remit one half (½) of their
proceeds of the gross receipts liquor-by-the-drink tax
to the county school fund; and
(B) The other one half (½) shall be distributed as follows:
(i) Collections of gross receipts collected in
unincorporated areas, to the county general
fund; and
(ii) Collections of gross receipts in incorporated
cities and towns, to the city or town wherein
such tax is collected.
(b) Notwithstanding subdivision (a)(2), the fifty percent (50%) of the
gross receipt taxes allocated to local political subdivisions by
subdivision (a)(2) and collected in a municipality which is a premier
tourist resort shall be distributed to and expended by such
municipality for schools in such municipality.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 57-4-306 (2013).
The applicable version of Tennessee Code Annotated § 57-4-301(c) (2013),
referenced in subsection -306(a), provided:
(c) In addition to the privilege taxes levied in subdivision (b)(1), there is
further levied a tax equal to the rate of fifteen percent (15%) of the
sales price of all alcoholic beverages sold for consumption on the
premises, the tax to be computed on the gross sales of alcoholic
beverages for consumption on the premises for the purpose of
remitting the tax due the state, and to include each and every retail
thereof.4
4
Effective May 9, 2017, the General Assembly amended Tennessee Code Annotated § 57-4-301(c) to
designate the prior version of subsection -301(c) as -301(c)(1) and add a subsection -301(c)(2). See 2017
Tenn. Pub. Acts, Ch. 338 § 4 (S.B. 798).
9
Subsection -301(b)(1) (2013 & Supp. 2017) sets forth privilege taxes to be paid to the
alcoholic beverage commission by “[e]ach applicant for an on-premises consumption
license” during the application process and on an ongoing basis as the privilege is
exercised, according to such criteria as the type of seller, seating capacity, and percentage
of gross sales. Subsection -301(c), in both its prior and current versions, thus adds to the
privilege taxes levied in -301(b)(1) the fifteen-percent, liquor-by-the-drink tax applied to
alcoholic beverages consumed on the premises. Pursuant to subsection -306(a)(1), which
remains unchanged since the version governing here, all of the gross receipt liquor-by-
the-drink taxes are to be distributed by the Commissioner, with fifty percent allocated to
the state’s general fund, where they are earmarked for education purposes. Tenn. Code
Ann. § 57-4-306(a)(1) (2013 & Supp. 2017). Up to this point, the clarity of section -306
is not in dispute.
At issue in this action is the second fifty percent of the gross receipt taxes, which,
under the governing version of the statute, were to be distributed to the “local political
subdivision.” See Tenn. Code Ann. § 57-4-306(a)(2) (2013). Particularly at issue is the
distribution of the twenty-five percent (half of the fifty percent returned to the local
political subdivision by the Commissioner) as set forth in subsection -306(a)(2)(A). The
phrase, “local political subdivision,” is not expressly defined in Title 57, Chapter 4. In
general, a “political subdivision” may be defined as “[a] division of a state that exists
primarily to discharge some function of local government.” BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY
1197 (8th ed. 2004). For example, within Tennessee’s Governmental Tort Liability Act,
a “governmental entity” is defined in part as “any political subdivision of the state of
Tennessee including, but not limited to, any municipality, metropolitan government,
county, utility district, school district . . . .” Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-20-102(3)(A) (2012 &
Supp. 2017) (emphasis added). Accordingly, both the City and the County are local
political subdivisions of the state. However, whether the applicable version of Title 57,
Chapter 4 applied to a local political subdivision that had not authorized liquor-by-the-
drink sales is a separate question, which we will address in a subsequent portion of this
analysis.
We note that the plain language of Tennessee Code Annotated § 57-4-
306(a)(2)(B) (2013), which disposed of the final twenty-five percent of liquor-by-the-
drink gross receipt taxes, is not in dispute. This subsection provided that twenty-five
percent of gross receipt taxes (or fifty percent of the revenue returned to the local
political subdivision by the Commissioner) would be distributed to a county’s general
fund if the gross receipt taxes were collected in unincorporated areas of the county and to
a city or town if the gross receipt taxes were collected in that city or town. Tenn. Code
Ann. § 57-4-306(a)(2)(B) (2013). The applicable version of subsection -306(b), which
provided for distribution of gross receipt taxes collected in a municipality that was a
premier tourist resort, as that term was defined in Tennessee Code Annotated § 57-4-
10
102(26) (2013), is also not in dispute. The question of statutory interpretation at issue is
thus narrowed to the distribution scheme set forth for twenty-five percent of the gross
receipt taxes from liquor-by-the-drink revenue in subsection -306(a)(2)(A) (2013).
In the applicable version, subsections -306(a)(2)(A) and -306(a)(2)(B) were joined
by a semi-colon and the coordinating conjunction, “and.” Subsection -306(a)(2)(A), up
to the conjunction joining it to -306(a)(2)(B), stated:
One half (½) of the proceeds shall be expended and distributed in the same
manner as the county property tax for schools is expended and distributed;
provided, however, that except in counties having a population of not less
than twenty-seven thousand nine hundred (27,900) nor more than twenty-
seven thousand nine hundred twenty (27,920), according to the 1980
federal census or any subsequent federal census, any proceeds expended
and distributed to municipalities which do not operate their own school
systems separate from the county are required to remit one half (½) of their
proceeds of the gross receipts liquor-by-the-drink tax to the county school
fund; . . . .
The paragraph began with an independent clause, ending with the first semi-colon, which
provided: “One half (½) of the proceeds shall be expended and distributed in the same
manner as the county property tax for schools is expended and distributed; . . . .” This
statement, which stood as its own sentence prior to the 1982 Amendment, was linked in
the applicable version to an additional clause by the semi-colon, beginning with
“provided, however that . . . .”
The County posits that the semi-colon preceding “provided” indicates that the
clause added by the 1982 Amendment was a clarification of the preceding sentence. We
note that when the 1982 Amendment was approved by the General Assembly, “provided”
began a new sentence and that the punctuation was subsequently changed to a semi-
colon, apparently during codification of the 1982 Amendment. However, we find this
distinction immaterial to analysis of the statute. The meaning of “provided,” as it was
utilized here as a conjunction, is “[o]n the condition or understanding (that).” See
BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY at 1261-62. Combined with “however,” “provided”
functioned as a conjunctive adverbial phrase, with the standard function of “join[ing] two
clauses and indicat[ing] the relationship between them.” See generally BRYAN A.
GARNER, THE REDBOOK, A MANUAL ON LEGAL STYLE, 207 (3d ed. 2013).
A semi-colon, when utilized in its non-listing function, separates two independent
but related clauses and, as the County notes, “generally signals addition or contrast.” See
CHERYL GLENN & LORETTA GRAY, HODGES’ HARBRACE HANDBOOK 63 (16th ed. 2007).
11
Of course, a period also separates independent clauses, but one sentence does not follow
another in a vacuum. In this instance, the amended language began with the conjunctive
adverbial phrase, “provided, however,” which through its meaning connected the proviso
to the clause preceding it, whether that connection was signaled by a semi-colon, as in the
printed version of the amended statute, or simply through the neighboring proximity of
two sentences and context of those sentences, as in the version of the 1982 Amendment
passed by the legislature. The phrase, “provided, however,” was followed by the
nominalizer, “that,” signaling what was provided, which in this case was the entire clause
up to the end of subsection -306(a)(2)(A). The use of “provided that” thus created a
proviso, or “a provision that begins with the words provided that and supplies a
condition, exception, or addition.” See BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY at 1262 (emphasis in
original).
Immediately following “provided, however that . . .” the General Assembly
included an exception, narrowly drawn as applying “in counties having a population of
not less than twenty-seven thousand nine hundred (27,900) nor more than twenty-seven
thousand nine hundred twenty (27,920).” Tenn. Code Ann. § 57-4-306(a)(2)(A) (2013).
As the parties acknowledge and the legislative history of the 1982 Amendment indicates,
the General Assembly designed the exception to the proviso to apply solely to Bedford
County. Given that the above population parameters do not apply to Bradley County, we
can, for the purpose of our analysis, omit the exception, yielding the following:
One half (½) of the proceeds shall be expended and distributed in the same
manner as the county property tax for schools is expended and distributed;
provided, however, that . . . any proceeds expended and distributed to
municipalities which do not operate their own school systems separate from
the county are required to remit one half (½) of their proceeds of the gross
receipts liquor-by-the-drink tax to the county school fund; . . . .
See id.
In other words, one-half of the proceeds were to be expended and distributed in
the same manner as the county property tax for schools on the condition or understanding
that “any proceeds expended and distributed to municipalities which [did] not operate
their own school systems separate from the county [were] required to remit one half (½)
of their proceeds of the gross receipts liquor-by-the-drink tax to the county school fund.”
See id. (emphasis added). The underlined clause functioned as a restrictive relative
clause, restricting the “municipalities” to which this proviso applied to those that did not
operate their own school systems.5
5
Although the relative pronoun, “which,” generally would be used to indicate a nonrestrictive relative
clause while the relative pronoun, “that,” would be used to indicate a restrictive clause, interpreting
12
The City relies in part on this proviso as excluding it from remitting any part of its
liquor-by-the-drink proceeds to the County’s school system, whether in the manner in
which the county property tax for schools is distributed or into the County’s school fund,
because the City has operated its own school system since 1966, one year prior to the
initial enactment of the liquor-by-the-drink tax. We agree that under the plain language
of the applicable version of subsection -306(a)(2)(A), the City was excluded from the
proviso of remitting one-half of its proceeds into the County’s school fund because the
City operated its own school system. However, it is not clear from the structure and plain
language of the first part of subsection -306(a)(2)(A) whether the City’s operation of its
own school system excluded it from the general rule that “one-half of the proceeds [were
to] be expended and distributed in the same manner as the county property tax for schools
[was] expended and distributed[.]” See id.
The statute established this general rule and then set forth a condition or
understanding that applied to municipalities not operating their own schools. This
version of the statute did not clarify whether the opposite of the proviso was true, in other
words, whether a municipality operating its own school system could disregard the
general rule of distribution in the manner of county property tax and instead distribute
one-half of its proceeds to its own school system. Although the placement of the
conjunctive adverb, “however,” following “provided” in subsection -306(a)(2)(A) would
typically indicate that the proviso is in some manner antithetical to the general rule of
distribution in the manner of county property tax, it is not clear from the plain language
of subsection -306(a)(2)(A) how it would be so.
To summarize, it is possible to reasonably interpret the proviso as simply
operating to ensure that a municipality without its own school system would remit one-
half of its liquor-by-the-drink proceeds to the county within which it was located. It is
also possible to reasonably interpret the proviso as operating to require solely those
municipalities not operating their own school systems to remit proceeds to the counties in
which they were located, effectively exempting those municipalities that operated their
own school systems. The latter interpretation utilizes the longstanding maxim of
statutory construction maintaining that “the expression of one thing implies the exclusion
of all things not expressly mentioned.” See Limbaugh v. Coffee Med. Ctr., 59 S.W.3d 73,
84 (Tenn. 2001) (citing City of Knoxville v. Brown, 260 S.W.2d 264, 268 (Tenn. 1953)).
We do not find this maxim dispositive in this instance, however, because the statute is
“which” as nonrestrictive in this instance would be nonsensical because it would mean that no
municipalities operated their own school systems. We note also that this “which” clause is not marked by
paired commas as a nonrestrictive relative clause normally would be. The drafters appear simply to have
made the very common grammatical error of using “which” rather than “that” as a restrictive relative
pronoun. See generally GARNER, THE REDBOOK, A MANUAL ON LEGAL STYLE at 188-90.
13
ambiguous regarding whether the general rule of distribution in the manner of the
property tax for schools would still apply to municipalities to which the proviso does not
apply. Because the requirement in Tennessee Code Annotated § 57-4-306(a)(2)(A)
(2013) that municipalities without school systems must remit proceeds to counties can be
reasonably interpreted in more than one way when municipalities that do operate their
own school systems are at issue, we determine this requirement in the applicable version
of the statute to be ambiguous. See Bryant v. HCA Health Servs. of N. Tenn., Inc., 15
S.W.3d 804, 809 (Tenn. 2000) (“A statute is ambiguous if the statute is capable of
conveying more than one meaning.”).
B. Consideration of Statutory Framework, Legislative History, and Other Sources
Having determined that Tennessee Code Annotated § 57-4-306(a)(2)(A) (2013)
was ambiguous with regard to whether municipalities with their own school systems were
required to remit a portion of liquor-by-the-drink tax proceeds to the counties in which
they were located, we now consider the statutory framework, legislative history, and
other sources surrounding the version of the statute governing this action. See Arden v.
Kozawa, 466 S.W.3d 758, 764 (Tenn. 2015) (“Where statutory language is ambiguous,
we may decipher legislative intent in other ways, including consideration of the broader
statutory scheme, legislative history, and other sources.”). We begin with the County’s
assertion that the trial court erred by finding that Tennessee Code Annotated § 57-4-
103(a)(1) (2013) operated to render subsection -306 inapplicable to a county, such as
Bradley County, that had not passed a liquor-by-the-drink referendum. Upon careful
review, we conclude that because subsection -103(a)(1) set forth the effectiveness of the
entire statutory chapter in which the applicable version of subsection -306(a) was located,
subsection -103(a)(1) operated to classify a “local political subdivision” receiving liquor-
by-the-drink taxes from the Commissioner as one that had passed a liquor-by-the-drink
referendum. We further conclude, however, that this did not necessarily exempt the City
from the general requirement of subsection -306(a)(2)(A) of distributing one-half of its
liquor-by-the-drink revenue in the manner of county property tax distribution.
Title 57 of the Tennessee Code is entitled, “Intoxicating Liquors.” Chapter 4 of
Title 57 is entitled, “Consumption of Alcoholic Beverages on Premises,” and it consists
of three parts: Part 1 – “General Provisions,”; Part 2 – “Administration, Enforcement,
Prohibited Acts”; and Part 3 – “Taxes and Fees.” This overall structure has remained
unchanged since the present action was commenced, as has the language of Tennessee
Code Annotated § 57-4-103(a)(1), which provides within the general provisions of Title
57:
This chapter shall be effective in any jurisdiction which authorizes the sale
of alcoholic beverages for consumption on the premises in a referendum in
14
the manner prescribed by § 57-3-106; provided, that, in addition to any
other method authorized for holding an election pursuant to § 57-3-106, an
election may be held for such sales upon adoption of a resolution by a two-
thirds (2/3) vote of the legislative body of a county or municipality.
We determine this language regarding the effectiveness of Chapter 4 to be clear
and unambiguous. Because Part 3 is within Chapter 4, Part 3 is effective in any
jurisdiction that has authorized liquor-by-the-drink sales by referendum. See In re Estate
of Tanner, 295 S.W.3d at 614 (“Any interpretation of the statute that ‘would render one
section of the act repugnant to another’ should be avoided.”) (quoting Tenn. Elec. Power
Co. v. City of Chattanooga, 114 S.W.2d 441, 444 (Tenn. 1937)). Although the statutory
scheme regarding alcoholic beverages does not provide a definition of “jurisdiction” as it
is used in subsection §-103(a)(1), we further determine that the generally accepted
definition of jurisdiction as it applies to governmental authority is applicable within the
context of a jurisdiction’s authorization of alcoholic beverage sales. Black’s Law
Dictionary defines “jurisdiction” within this context of governmental authority as a
“government’s general power to exercise authority over all persons and things within its
territory,” “geographic area within which political . . . authority may be exercised,” or
“political . . . subdivision within such an area.” BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY at 867.
Therefore, at the time this action was commenced, Part 3 of Chapter 4 was effective in
the jurisdiction of the City, which had authorized liquor-by-the-drink sales, but was not
effective in the jurisdiction of the County, which had not authorized such sales.
The City argues that the ineffectiveness of Tennessee Code Annotated § 57-4-
306(a) (2013) in the jurisdiction of the County means that the City was not required to
remit any portion of its liquor-by-the-drink proceeds distributed by the Commissioner to
the County. However, we do not agree that this conclusion automatically follows from
subsection -103(a)(1) because the City, as a jurisdiction having authorized the sale of
alcoholic beverages for consumption on the premises, see Tenn. Code Ann. § 57-4-
103(a)(1), and thereby a local political subdivision receiving liquor-by-the-drink gross
receipt taxes from the Commissioner, see Tenn. Code Ann. § 57-4-306(a)(2), was
required to follow the requirements of Chapter 4. This analysis leads us back to the
ambiguity previously identified in subsection -306(a)(2)(A) but does not clarify it. It is
still possible to reasonably interpret the proviso of subsection -306(a)(2)(A) as either
simply ensuring that a municipality without its own school system would remit one-half
of its liquor-by-the-drink proceeds to the county within which it was located or as
actually exempting municipalities with their own school systems, such as the City of
Cleveland, from the general requirement of distributing one-half of their liquor-by-the-
drink revenue in the manner of county property tax distribution.
15
Inasmuch as Tennessee Code Annotated § 57-4-306(a)(2)(A) (2013) provided that
“[o]ne half (½) of the proceeds shall be expended and distributed in the same manner as
the county property tax for schools is expended and distributed,” it is important to
consider the statutory scheme for expenditure and distribution of the county property tax
for schools. Tennessee Code Annotated § 49-3-315(a) (2016) provides in pertinent part:
For each LEA [local education agency] there shall be levied for current
operation and maintenance not more than one (1) school tax for all grades
included in the LEA. Each LEA shall place in one (1) separate school fund
all school revenues for current school operation purposes received from the
state, county and other political subdivisions, if any. . . . All school funds
for current operation and maintenance purposes collected by any county . . .
shall be apportioned by the county trustee among the LEAs in the county
on the basis of the WFTEADA [weighted full-time equivalent average daily
attendance] maintained by each, during the current school year. For the
purposes of making the apportionment of local school funds as set forth in
this subsection (a), and in defining the WFTEADA for the current school
year, the county director of schools and the county trustee shall be guided
by the following procedure: . . . .6
The above statute goes on to delineate the procedure by which the county director
of schools shall certify to the county trustee the weighted full-time equivalent average
daily attendance (“WFTEADA”) during the preceding school year and, in progressive
fashion, estimate “the WFTEADA in the schools of the LEAs in the county” for
successive quarters of the current and upcoming years. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 49-3-
315(a)(1)-(5). Although the statutory procedure for determining the WFTEADAs
involves county officials, the City, as a local political subdivision receiving liquor-by-
the-drink tax revenue, would be able to remit a portion of those gross receipt taxes
received from the Commissioner to the County’s school fund, which arguably could then
be distributed by the County according to the procedure delineated in the above statute.
See Tenn. Code Ann. § 49-3-315(a) (“Each LEA shall place in one (1) separate school
fund all school revenues for current school operation purposes received from the state,
county and other political subdivisions . . . .”) (emphasis added).
The question arises as to whether, if the County were successful in the present
action, funds remitted by the City to the County’s school fund would in turn be partially
apportioned to schools operated by the City as LEAs geographically existing within the
County. This Court recently interpreted Tennessee Code Annotated § 49-3-315(a) in
light of whether a county was required to apportion funds from its “educational capital
6
The definitions in brackets are provided pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated §§ 49-1-103(2) (2016)
(LEA) and 49-3-302(18) (2016) (WFTEADA).
16
projects fund” to the school boards of cities located within the county. See City of Athens
Bd. of Educ. v. McMinn Cty., 467 S.W.3d 458, 459-60 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2014), perm. app.
denied (Tenn. May 14, 2015). This Court noted that, with one exception for
transportation levies not relevant here, “[a]ll school funds for current operation and
maintenance purposes collected by any county . . . shall be apportioned by the county
trustee among the LEAs,” including those LEAs operated by the cities located in the
county. Id. at 460 (quoting Tenn. Code Ann. § 49-3-315(a)) (emphasis in City of Athens).
Because the funds at issue in City of Athens had been collected by the county through
levying “a special tax designated for a capital projects fund,” this Court held that the
funds had not been collected “for current operation and maintenance purposes” and
therefore did not fall under the purview of Tennessee Code Annotated § 49-3-315(a).
City of Athens, 467 S.W.3d at 465-66 (affirming the trial court’s grant of summary
judgment in favor of the county).
In the current analysis, the County is requesting that this Court interpret the
language of Tennessee Code Annotated § 57-4-306(a)(2)(A) (2013) to mean that twenty-
five percent (half of the amount returned to the local political subdivision by the
Commissioner) of the gross receipt liquor-by-the-drink taxes collected within the
incorporated limits of the City would be paid in the manner of the county property tax to
the county school fund for distribution to all of the LEAs in the County, including those
located within the City. Because such a distribution within the County of funds obtained
from a “local political subdivision” such as the City is possible, see Tenn. Code Ann. §
49-3-315(a), we do not find the statutory scheme for expenditure and distribution of the
county property tax for schools to be dispositive of the ambiguity previously identified in
Tennessee Code Annotated § 57-4-306(a)(2)(A) (2013).7
However, we do find the legislative history surrounding the 1982 Amendment,
which added the ambiguous language at issue to Tennessee Code Annotated § 57-4-
306(a), to be instructive of the General Assembly’s intent. Prior to the 1982 Amendment,
the subject statutory section, then codified at § 57-162, provided in full:
7
The County also requests that this Court compare the language of the statute at issue to that utilized by
the General Assembly when enacting the local option sales tax in 1963. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-6-
712(a) (2013); 1963 Tenn. Pub. Acts, Ch. 329 § 4. The County asserts that because the local sales tax
statute demonstrated a disbursement method involving the county property tax for schools according to
weighted average daily attendance of students, this Court should conclude that proceeds from the liquor-
by-the-drink gross receipts were intended to be distributed solely as in the county property tax for
schools. Finding such a foray to be far afield from the statute at issue, we decline the County’s invitation
to superimpose the local sales tax statutory scheme upon the proviso effected within the liquor-by-the-
drink statutory scheme by the 1982 Amendment to Tennessee Code Annotated § 57-4-306(a)(2)(A).
17
Distribution of collections.—All gross receipt taxes collected under
subdivision (b) of § 57-157 shall be distributed by the commissioner of
revenue as follows:
(a) Fifty percent (50%) to the general fund to be earmarked for
education purposes; and
(b) Fifty percent (50%) to the local political subdivision.
(1) One half (½) of the proceeds shall be expended and
distributed in the same manner as the county property
tax for schools is expended and distributed.
(2) The other one half (½) shall be distributed as follows:
(a) Collections of gross receipts collected in
unincorporated areas, to the county general
fund; and
(b) Collections of gross receipts in incorporated
cities, towns, to the city or town wherein such
tax is collected.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 57-162 (1968).
In introducing the applicable Senate bill to the Finance, Ways and Means
Committee in March 1982, Senator Albright explained the bill’s purpose as follows:
Right now, the law provides that one-half of one percent of the gross
receipts by liquor by the drink tax goes to the, to, into the school system –
provide into the school system – goes to the city for the school systems. In
many counties, the cities do not operate a school system. They have been
turning this over to the county because the county provides that school
system for the city. There has been some. There was a couple of ‘em. I
have a whole bunch of little cities around Chattanooga. There was a couple
of them that did not want to return this money over. They simply asked for
an Attorney General’s ruling that the legislative intent was that that’s where
it would go in the school system. And they didn’t have a school system,
they shouldn’t be getting the money. That’s an Attorney General ruling.
Our county simply said rather than have an Attorney General’s ruling,
which – cause they would like to put this in legislation. And this just
18
provides, however, then if proceeds expanding or distribution to
municipalities which do not operate their own school system separate from
the county, are required to remit one-half of their proceedings from the
gross receipts liquor by the drink tax to the county school fund. And that is
where it is intended to go anyway.
As the sponsoring legislator, Senator Albright then engaged in the following exchange
with a committee member, Senator Crouch:
Senator Crouch: In other words, if, uh, we [are] still operating a city
school system it doesn’t affect –
Senator Albright: It doesn’t affect you at all. It goes to the city –
Senator Crouch: They’re still getting their . . . percent?
Senator Albright: See the legislation . . . says for the school fund.
That’s what the –
Senator Crouch: Okay.
Senator Albright thus assured Senator Crouch that if a municipality were operating its
own school system, the provision added by the 1982 Amendment would not affect the
municipality because the liquor-by-the-drink taxes returned by the commissioner would
still go “to the city.”
In introducing the bill to the committee, Senator Albright referenced a “ruling” of
the attorney general. At this point in time, the attorney general had issued two opinions
interpreting the distribution scheme set forth in Tennessee Code Annotated § 57-4-306,
the first in September 1980 (“1980 AG Opinion”), see Tenn. Op. Atty. Gen. 80-457, 1980
WL 103875 (Sept. 19, 1980), and the second in April 1981 (“1981 AG Opinion”), see
Tenn. Op. Atty. Gen. 81-270, 1981 WL 142843 (Apr. 27, 1981). We note that “although
opinions of the Attorney General may be persuasive authority, they are not controlling.”
Beacon4, LLC v. I & L Invs., LLC, 514 S.W.3d 153, 173 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2016).
However, we do afford such opinions “‘considerable deference,’” particularly because
“‘government officials rely upon them for guidance.’” See id. (quoting State v. Black,
897 S.W.2d 680, 683 (Tenn. 1995)). As to the statutory section at issue in this action, a
series of three attorney general’s opinions, released from 1981 to 1983, are informative
concerning the situation surrounding the 1982 Amendment. Moreover, insofar as
legislators indicated while introducing and explaining the 1982 Amendment that they
19
were responding to various municipalities’ reliance on the attorney general’s 1980 and
1981 opinions, those opinions are integral to the legislative history as well.
The question proffered in the 1980 AG Opinion focused on the situation presented
when a municipality had passed a liquor-by-the drink referendum but the county in which
the municipality was located had not. See Tenn. Op. Atty. Gen. 80-457, 1980 WL
103875, at *1. The attorney general opined:
It is the opinion of this office that if a municipality but not the county has
approved by referendum the sale of alcoholic beverages for consumption on
the premises the fifty percent (50%) distribution, under T.C.A. § 57-4-
306(2), of the gross receipts tax collected would go entirely to the local
municipality.
Id. The attorney general further concluded:
[I]f there has been no countywide election approving the sale of alcoholic
beverages for consumption on the premises in accord with T.C.A. § 57-4-
103, then the provisions of Chapter 4 dealing with both the imposition of
the tax and the distribution of the tax would have no application to such
county and it would not be entitled to a distribution of any amounts under
T.C.A. § 57-4-306(2) which go to the local political subdivision. Such
local political subdivision, i.e., the city or town, would then be required to
expend one half of the amount received in the same manner as the county
property tax for schools would be expended within the city or town.
Id. at *2 (emphasis added). Thus, according to the 1980 AG Opinion, a municipality
acting as the local political subdivision receiving gross receipt liquor-by-the-drink taxes
would be required to expend and distribute one-half of the monies returned by the
commissioner solely to the schools located within the municipality.
The 1980 AG Opinion did not address the distinction between a municipality that
operated its own school system and one that utilized a county school system to educate its
students. However, this question was the focus of the 1981 AG Opinion, with the
attorney general opining: “[T]hose municipalities which do not operate their own school
system separate from the county would be required to remit one-half of [their] proceeds
of the gross receipts liquor-by-the-drink tax to the county school fund.” Tenn. Op. Atty.
Gen. No. 81-270, 1981 WL 142843, at *1. Building on the prior analysis of Tennessee
Code Annotated § 57-4-306 in the 1980 AG Opinion, the attorney general reasoned as
follows:
20
If the local municipality does not operate a separate school system,
the one-half of the proceeds expended and distributed in the same manner
as the county property tax for schools as mandated by subparagraph (A)
would naturally have to be remitted to the county school fund.
It appears clear that the purpose of the statute is to earmark a certain
percentage of the proceeds of such taxes for the purpose of local education.
This objective could be accomplished by the remittance of such amount to
the county school fund where the municipality itself does not operate its
own school system.
Tenn. Op. Atty. Gen. No. 81-270, 1981 WL 142843, at *1.
In introducing to his committee the Senate bill that became the 1982 Amendment,
Senator Albright expressed an intent to codify the attorney general’s opinion, requiring
municipalities not operating their own school systems “to remit one-half of their
proceedings from the gross receipts liquor by the drink tax to the county school fund.” In
sponsoring the bill during a March 4, 1982 session of the entire Senate, Senator Albright
stated in pertinent part:
This bill . . . just puts into law what’s been the practice. And it says that
one-half of the proceeds of the gross receipt liquor by the drink to the
county school system where the city does not provide one.
The following exchange occurred in response:
Senator Darnell: Senator Albright as I understand it this is to make sure
that the funds actually go to, to the county for schools
– is that the intent of the bill? Or is that just a
peripheral sort of thing that’s involved here?
Senator Albright: This just makes sure – right some of, in my area in
Chattanooga – we’ve had a couple of them that had to
be told, you don’t have your own school system – the
county permits this – the statute says – can I just read
one brief sentence –
Senator Darnell: --they won’t turn over the money to the county?
Senator Albright: This would make it that they have to turn it over.
21
This exchange demonstrates that when he stated previously that a city would have to
distribute gross receipt taxes to the county in which it was located “where the city does
not provide one,” Senator Albright meant a city that does not provide a school system.
At the close of the March 4, 1982 session, the Senate approved the bill as sponsored by
Senator Albright.
We determine that as presented to and adopted in the Senate, the legislative intent
of the 1982 Amendment was to correct a situation in which some municipalities that did
not operate their own school systems were failing to distribute the statutorily required
portion of liquor-by-the-drink gross receipt taxes to the counties whose school systems
they utilized. As explained by the Senate sponsor, the intent was not to require
municipalities that operated their own school systems to distribute liquor-by-the-drink
revenue to the corresponding counties.
Subsequently, Representative Davis introduced the companion bill to the House
Calendar and Rules Committee on April 7, 1982, by stating in relevant part:
Mr. Chairman and Members of the Committee House Bill 2277 provides
that if, provides that in the distribution of liquor, local liquor by the drink
taxes that it will be distributed as it is now in the same fashion that local
property taxes is distributed for education. In the event that the
municipality affected operates a school system, right now the, the reason
for division in the law originally was for this percentage of the money to go
[to] education – fifty percent to the county, fifty percent to the municipality
involved. There are municipalities such as the one involved in my county
that are collecting this tax but that are, that are not operating school
systems. This simply changes the law to provide that in the event the city
does not operate a, a, the school system, that the money will go to the
county.
In response to a committee member’s question regarding under what circumstances the
proviso added by the 1982 Amendment would be “activated,” Representative Davis
replied:
If there’s, if a municipality is operating its own system it’ll continue to get
its share of the liquor by the drink money. Uh, only if it’s not operating a
school system and thereby using the county school system uh, will the
money that has been going to the municipality for education go instead to
the county.
22
The House approved the bill, with an amendment added to exclude Bedford
County, in a vote taken during a full session conducted on May 5, 1982.8 In introducing
the bill to the House as a whole during an April 8, 1982 session, Representative Davis
presented it as a remedy to a situation in which “[a]t the present time, there is no
provision . . . that those municipalities that do not operate school systems will permit the
money – which is to go to education from the liquor by the drink tax – to go to the
county.” The Senate subsequently adopted the bill as amended by the House without
further discussion.
Upon thorough review of the language of the statute in light of the statutory
framework, legislative history, and attorney general’s opinions referenced by the
legislative history, we hold that the General Assembly’s intent in enacting the 1982
Amendment to Tennessee Code Annotated § 57-4-306(a)(2)(A) was to require solely
those municipalities that did not operate their own school systems to share liquor-by-the-
drink tax proceeds with the counties in which they were located. This conclusion is also
supported by an opinion issued by the attorney general in January 1983, six months
following enactment of the 1982 Amendment (“1983 AG Opinion”). See Tenn. Op. Atty.
Gen. No. 83-36, 1983 WL 166853 (Jan. 18, 1983). Concluding that “the 1982
amendment to the statute was merely a codification of our opinion dated April 27, 1981,”
the attorney general opined in pertinent part:
It is the opinion of this office that the proper distribution of the liquor-by-
the-drink gross receipt privilege taxes under T.C.A. § 57-4-306(2)(A)
depends upon whether a municipality maintains a separate school system,
when the municipality but not the county has approved by referendum the
sale of alcoholic beverages for consumption on the premises.
***
If the municipality does operate a separate school system, it would be
entitled to the fifty percent of the liquor-by-the-drink gross receipts
privilege tax collected under T.C.A. § 57-4-306(2)(A).
Id. at *1. Although opinions of the attorney general are but persuasive authority, see
Beacon4, 514 S.W.3d at 173, we conclude that the 1983 AG Opinion merits considerable
deference given its issuance contemporaneously with the General Assembly’s enactment
of the 1982 Amendment and its consistency with the 1980 and 1981 opinions referenced
by legislators who sponsored the 1982 Amendment. See id.
8
During the April 7, 1982 House Calendar and Rules Committee meeting, Representative Phillips from
Bedford County explained that his county was requesting an exception because a municipality within the
county owned and paid expenses on buildings operated by the county’s school system.
23
C. 2014 Amendment to Tennessee Code Annotated § 57-4-306
Having concluded that the General Assembly’s intent in enacting the 1982
Amendment was to require solely those municipalities that did not operate their own
school systems to share liquor-by-the-drink tax proceeds with the counties in which they
were located, we further determine that nothing in the General Assembly’s adoption of
the 2014 Amendment contradicts this conclusion. It is undisputed that the 2014
Amendment was not adopted with retroactive application. As the trial court noted, when
analyzing legislative intent, we may view a subsequent, non-retroactive amendment as
“‘declaratory of the original legislative intent.’” See Sneed v. City of Red Bank, 459
S.W.3d 17, 32 (Tenn. 2014) (quoting Fretwell v. Chaffin, 652 S.W.2d 755, 757 (Tenn.
1983)). However, being mindful of the thirty-two-year time span between the 1982 and
2014 Amendments, we agree with the City that the best indicator of legislative intent in
this instance is the legislative history surrounding the 1982 Amendment itself.
Moreover, although the 2014 Amendment provided for a process by which
counties that were owed funds by municipalities under Tennessee Code Annotated § 57-
4-306 could seek those funds and negotiate settlements as applicable, nothing in the
amended statutory language provided that municipalities operating their own
kindergarten through twelfth-grade school systems, separate from the counties in which
the municipalities were located, owed such funds to the corresponding counties. See
Tenn. Code Ann. § 57-4-306 (Supp. 2014); 2014 Tenn. Pub. Acts, Ch. 901 § 1 (H.B.
1403). As amended in 2014, Tennessee Code Annotated § 57-4-306(a) provided:
(a) All gross receipt taxes collected under § 57-4-301(c) shall be
distributed by the commissioner of revenue as follows:
(1) Fifty percent (50%) to the general fund to be earmarked for
education purposes; and
(2) The other fifty percent (50%) to be distributed to local
political subdivisions as follows:
(A) Collections for privileges exercised in an incorporated
municipality shall be distributed by the commissioner
to the city recorder; and
(B) Collections for privileges exercised in an
unincorporated area of the county shall be distributed
by the commissioner to the county trustee.
24
Subsection (a) was thus amended to expressly provide for more than one local political
subdivision, with distribution of collections for privileges exercised to be sent to the city
recorder for those collections originating from a municipality and to the county trustee
for those collections originating from unincorporated areas of a county. See Tenn. Code
Ann. § 57-4-306(a) (Supp. 2014). Subsections (b) through (h) then provided a
distribution scheme for liquor-by-the-drink proceeds received from July 1, 2014, until
June 30, 2015.9 See id. at -306(b)-(h).10 Although we find a detailed analysis of this
distribution scheme unwarranted in an analysis of the prior version of the statute, we have
examined the distribution scheme of the 2014 Amendment and determined that it
essentially follows the ongoing intent of the General Assembly to have a portion of the
proceeds from the liquor-by-the-drink tax benefit children who attend school within the
jurisdiction, incorporated municipality or unincorporated county, wherein the gross
receipts originated. See id. Insofar as the County argues that the 2014 Amendment
demonstrates a contrary legislative intent underlying the 1982 Amendment, the County’s
argument is unavailing.
Finally, the County posits that public policy regarding funding education equally
for all students supports the conclusion that a municipality must share its liquor-by-the-
drink tax revenue with the county in which it is located. However, as the City notes,
Tennessee Code Annotated § 57-3-106(a) (2013 & Supp. 2017) provides for a local
option election in any county wherein the voters may decide to either permit or forbid
“the manufacture, receipt, sale, storage, transportation, distribution and possession of
alcoholic beverages . . . .” Even in counties, such as the County in this action, that have
not approved a liquor-by-the-drink referendum, students benefit from the distribution of
fifty percent of liquor-by-the-drink gross receipt taxes to the state’s general fund,
earmarked for education. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 57-4-306(a)(1).
Moreover, such an argument concerning perceived fairness of the tax distribution
scheme provided by the statute would properly be directed to the General Assembly
9
As Bradley County acknowledges, it was exempted from subsections (a)-(h) of the 2014 version of the
statute, via its population parameters, because at the time of the legislature’s adoption of the 2014
Amendment, Bradley County had commenced this lawsuit. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 57-4-306(i) (2014)
(exempting from subsections (a) through (h) counties having a population of, as specific to Bradley
County, “not less than 98,900 and not more than 99,000,” “according to the 2010 federal census or any
subsequent federal census” and directing that for counties with this population, language mirroring the
prior version of the statute would apply).
10
As noted previously, the General Assembly has amended Tennessee Code Annotated § 57-4-306 each
year since the 2014 Amendment, extending the amended language in subsequent years, one year at a time.
See 2015 Tenn. Pub. Acts, Ch. 220 §§ 1, 2 (S.B. 990); 2016 Tenn. Pub. Acts, Ch. 885 §§ 1, 2 (H.B.
1691); 2017 Tenn. Pub. Acts, Ch. 346 §§ 1, 2 (S.B. 1262).
25
rather than to this Court. See, e.g., City of Athens Bd. of Educ., 467 S.W.3d at 466
(“However compelling this argument [regarding the city’s receiving its “fair share” of
property taxes designated for county capital improvements] may be, it is properly
directed to others, e.g., the General Assembly, not to this Court.”). Inasmuch as we must
apply Tennessee Code Annotated § 57-4-306 as it was amended in 1982 and as the
General Assembly intended the amendment, we hold that, as a matter of law, the
applicable version of the statute did not require the City to share its liquor-by-the-drink
proceeds with the County.11 The trial court did not err in granting summary judgment in
favor of the City on this issue.
V. Distribution Prior to the City’s 2002 Liquor-by-the-Drink Referendum
The County also contends that the trial court erred by finding that the City was
entitled to the local political subdivision’s portion of the liquor-by-the-drink tax revenue
for sales that took place lawfully at private clubs located within the municipal limits of
the City prior to the City’s 2002 passage of the referendum authorizing liquor-by-the-
drink sales. Ruling specifically on this issue in its May 2, 2016 order granting summary
judgment in favor of the City, the trial court found that because the City had continuously
operated a school system separate from the County’s school system since 1966, the fifty-
percent portion of liquor-by-the-drink gross receipts from the private clubs had been
properly returned to the City as the “local political subdivision” by the Commissioner.
The court further found that the City had properly distributed half of that total to its own
school system under Tennessee Code Annotated § 57-4-306 and had not been required to
distribute any portion to the County’s school fund. In so finding, the court noted that the
County had failed to present any authority “stating that pre-referendum taxes collected
from private clubs should be allocated differently” than post-referendum taxes. We agree
with the trial court that in the absence of controlling authority specifically directing how
the pre-referendum, liquor-by-the-drink gross receipts were to be distributed, the County
is not entitled to relief on this issue.
Prior to passage of the 2002 referendum, private clubs located within the City had
been authorized to sell liquor by the drink pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated § 57-4-
101. It is undisputed that the Commissioner distributed fifty percent of the gross receipt
taxes from these pre-referendum sales to the City, which in turn expended and distributed
11
In support of its position, the City also argues that if this Court were to adopt the County’s
interpretation of Tennessee Code Annotated § 57-4-306 (2013) and hold that a privilege tax collected in
the City should have benefitted citizens of another jurisdiction, such a holding would render the statute in
violation of Article II, Section 28 of the Tennessee Constitution. Having determined that the applicable
version of Tennessee Code Annotated § 57-4-306 did not require the City to share its liquor-by-the-drink
proceeds with the County, we further determine the City’s constitutional argument to be pretermitted as
moot.
26
one-half of the amount returned to it into its own school system and kept one-half for the
City pursuant to its interpretation of the distribution scheme set forth in Tennessee Code
Annotated § 57-4-306(a)(2). We previously have determined that the pre-2014 versions
of subsection -306(a)(2) did not require the City, as a local political subdivision
authorizing liquor-by-the-drink sales and operating its own school system, to share its
portion of liquor-by-the-drink gross receipt taxes with the County. We are therefore not
persuaded by the County’s repetition of the same arguments urging us to interpret
subsection -306(a)(2) as requiring that the City share pre-referendum gross receipt taxes
with the County.
We do note, however, that pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated § 57-4-
103(a)(1), Chapter 4 of Title 57 was not effective in the local political subdivision of the
City prior to the City’s passage of its referendum authorizing liquor-by-the-drink sales.
In this situation, the Commissioner appears to have relied on subsection -306(a) to
expend and distribute gross receipt liquor-by-the-drink taxes to the originating location,
in this case the incorporated municipality in which the private clubs were located. The
County has proffered no authority, and this Court has found none, to support a conclusion
that pre-referendum, liquor-by-the-drink gross receipt taxes should have been expended
and distributed differently than post-referendum taxes during a time period when neither
the City nor the County had passed a referendum authorizing liquor-by-the-drink sales.
The trial court did not err by granting summary judgment in favor of the City on this
issue.
VI. Conclusion
For the reasons stated above, we affirm the trial court’s judgment. This case is
remanded to the trial court, pursuant to applicable law, for enforcement of the trial court’s
judgment and collection of costs assessed below. The costs on appeal are assessed
against the appellants, the Bradley County School System, by and through the Bradley
County Board of Education, and Bradley County, Tennessee.
_________________________________
THOMAS R. FRIERSON, II, JUDGE
27