unemployment claimant alleged it was against her religious beliefs to be fingerprinted
How later courts described this case
- unemployment claimant alleged it was against her religious beliefs to be fingerprinted
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
Bonnie F. Kaite, :
Petitioner :
:
v. :
:
Unemployment Compensation :
Board of Review, : No. 851 C.D. 2016
Respondent : Submitted: November 4, 2016
BEFORE: HONORABLE ROBERT SIMPSON, Judge
HONORABLE P. KEVIN BROBSON, Judge
HONORABLE JOSEPH M. COSGROVE, Judge
OPINION
BY JUDGE COSGROVE FILED: November 29, 2017
Bonnie Kaite (Petitioner) petitions for review of an April 28, 2016
Order of the Unemployment Compensation Board of Review (Board) which
declared her ineligible for benefits under Section 402(e) 1 of the Unemployment
Compensation Law (Law). We reverse.
Petitioner began working for Altoona Student Transportation
(Employer) on August 29, 2001. In November 2015, she was notified by Employer
that she would have to submit to a fingerprinting background check due to the
enactment of a new regulation.2 Petitioner informed Employer it was against her
1
Act of December 5, 1936, Second Ex. Sess., P.L. (1937) 2897, as amended, 43 P.S. §
802(e).
2
Amendments to the Child Protective Services Law, 23 Pa.C.S. § 6301-6386, became
effective July 1, 2015. Section 6344(b)(3) requires certain individuals to submit a report of federal
religious beliefs to be fingerprinted and asked if she could submit to a different form
of background check that did not involve fingerprinting. On December 22, 2015,
Petitioner was suspended by Employer and told she could only return to work if she
submitted to fingerprinting. Petitioner filed for unemployment compensation (UC)
benefits but was determined to be ineligible by the UC Service Center under Section
402(e) of the Law.3 Petitioner appealed the Notice of Determination and the Referee
held a hearing at which Petitioner and her Union representative testified. The
Referee issued a decision on February 26, 2016 in which he also concluded
Petitioner was ineligible for benefits under Section 402(e). Petitioner appealed to
the Board, which adopted the findings and conclusions of the Referee and affirmed
the Referee’s decision. Petitioner appealed4 to this Court.
Petitioner presents the following issues on appeal:
(1) Did the Board err in concluding that Petitioner did not
have good cause for violating Employer’s
fingerprinting requirement;
criminal history record information and the applicant must submit a full set of fingerprints to the
Pennsylvania State Police for purposes of obtaining that report.
3
Section 402(e) of the Law provides that “[a]n employe shall be ineligible for
compensation for any week…[i]n which his unemployment is due to his discharge or temporary
suspension from work for willful misconduct connected with his work, irrespective of whether or
not such work is ‘employment’ as defined in this act[.]” 43 P.S. § 802(e).
4
Our scope of review is limited to determining whether findings of fact are supported by
substantial evidence, whether constitutional rights have been violated, or whether an error of law
was committed. Emery Worldwide v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 540 A.2d
988, 989 n.2 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1988). Whether a claimant’s conduct constitutes willful misconduct is
a question of law reviewable by this Court. Lee Hospital v. Unemployment Compensation Board
of Review, 589 A.2d 297, 299 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1991).
2
(2) Did the Board violate Petitioner’s constitutional rights
under the Free Exercise Clause to the First and
Fourteenth Amendments of the United States
Constitution when it denied Petitioner unemployment
compensation benefits;
(3) Did the Board err as a matter of law when it
determined Petitioner’s beliefs are personal and not
religious;
(4) Did the Board not support its determination that
Petitioner’s beliefs are personal instead of religious
with substantial evidence; and
(5) Did the Board err in concluding Petitioner did not have
good cause for violating Employer’s fingerprinting
requirement even though her religious beliefs are
sincerely held?
Petitioner argues the Board erred in concluding she did not have good
cause for violating Employer’s policy. She testified that she believes fingerprinting
is contrary to her religion and if she submits to fingerprinting she “will not get to go
to Heaven because I’m marked – the mark of the devil.” (Reproduced Record (R.R.)
31a-32a.) Petitioner based her beliefs on passages from the Bible and the preaching
of her father, a Christian Evangelist. She argues she has a sincerely held religious
belief which constitutes good cause for not complying with Employer’s requirement.
In its April 28, 2016 order, the Board adopted and incorporated the
Referee’s findings and conclusions and affirmed the decision of the Referee. The
Board found that Petitioner’s good cause argument was not credible, that Petitioner’s
belief was personal and not religious, and the mere fact that Petitioner characterized
those beliefs as religious did not constitute evidence of good cause.
3
The employer bears the burden of proving the existence of the work
rule and its violation, and once the employer establishes that, the burden then shifts
to the claimant to prove that the violation was for good cause. Oliver v.
Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 5 A.3d 432, 438 (Pa. Cmwlth.
2010). Where the state denies benefits because of conduct mandated by a religious
belief, putting substantial pressure on a person to modify behavior and violate that
belief, a burden upon religion exists. Cassatt v. Unemployment Compensation
Board of Review, 642 A.2d 657, 659 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1994). The burden that a denial
places on a claimant’s right to free exercise must be sufficiently compelling to
override the claimant’s First Amendment rights. Id.
In Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority v.
Unemployment Compensation Board of Review (SEPTA), 420 A.2d 47 (Pa. Cmwlth.
1980), this Court affirmed a decision of the Board that an employee was entitled to
unemployment compensation benefits when he was absent one day from work due
to religious observation. The employee was a member of the Bethel Holy
Commandment Church and observed a holy day every twenty-eight to thirty days.
Two weeks before the holy day, the employee asked his employer to excuse him
from work that day but received no response until a much later date, at which time
the request was denied. The employee did not report for work on the holy day and
he was discharged by his employer. The employee was granted benefits and the
employer appealed. The issue before the Court was not whether the employer had
the right to discharge the employee for his conduct but rather whether the
Commonwealth was justified in reinforcing that decision by denying the employee
benefits under the Law for the conduct. Id. at 49. The Court found that the denial
of benefits was not justified.
4
In the matter sub judice, Petitioner is challenging the Board’s
determination that she did not have good cause for her violation of the fingerprinting
requirement. Petitioner testified she was raised to believe that any marking on the
hands or head is the mark of the devil and will prevent her from getting into heaven.
(R.R. 31a-32a.) She stated she was “willing to do anything else they ask me to do
with the exception of [fingerprinting] because I really do believe I won’t get into
heaven.” (R.R. 31a-35a.) This Court has held that absence from work due to
observation of a religious holiday constitutes good cause. SEPTA, 420 A.2d at 49.
It is analogous here that Petitioner’s refusal to submit to a requirement that is in
opposition to her religious beliefs would also constitute good cause for violating
Employer’s policy.
Petitioner argues the Board violated her constitutional rights under the
Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution5
when it denied Petitioner unemployment compensation benefits. The Petitioner
states that the Board’s decision on her eligibility to receive benefits is based on her
unwillingness to violate the principles of her faith. She argues her sincerely held
5
The First Amendment to the United States Constitution provides: “Congress shall make
no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging
the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to
petition the Government for a redress of grievances.” U.S. Const. amend. I.
“The Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment is applicable to the States through
the Fourteenth Amendment…” Commonwealth v. Parente, 956 A.2d 1065, 1068, n.6 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 2008).
The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides: “All persons born
or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United
States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall
abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive
any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within
its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” U.S. Const. amend. XIV §1.
5
religious beliefs conflict with Employer’s requirement and making her submit to that
requirement is an infringement on her First Amendment rights.
The United States Supreme Court has held that a conditioning of the
availability of benefits upon an employee’s willingness to violate a cardinal principle
of her religious faith effectively penalizes the free exercise of her constitutional
liberties. Sherbert v. Verner, 374 U.S. 398, 406 (1963).
In Sherbert, an employee was discharged by her employer because she
would not work on Saturday which was the Sabbath Day of her faith. The employee
applied for unemployment compensation benefits and was denied because the South
Carolina Employment Security Commission found the employee’s restriction upon
her availability for work on Saturdays brought her within a provision of a statute that
disqualified people who failed without good cause to accept suitable work when
offered. The United States Supreme Court stated that the ruling of the South
Carolina court forced the employee to choose between following the precepts of her
religion and forfeiting benefits or abandoning the precepts of her religion in order to
accept work. Sherbert, 374 U.S. at 404. “Governmental imposition of such a choice
puts the same kind of burden upon the free exercise of religion as would a fine
imposed against appellant for her Saturday worship.” Id.
In her testimony before the Referee, the Petitioner, when asked how
being fingerprinted went against her religious beliefs, replied:
My father was a Christian Evangelist. […] In Revelations
where it speaks of the mark of the devil to the head and the
hands. […] We were brought up to believe that means
tattoos and fingerprints. […] You know that’s the way I
was brought up. And that’s the way I still believe today
6
that if I do this then I’m not going to get to go to Heaven
because I’m marked – the mark of the devil.
(R.R. 31a.) Petitioner’s situation is analogous to that of the employee in Sherbert as
she is being forced to choose between following her religious beliefs and forfeiting
benefits or abandoning her religious beliefs in order to comply with Employer’s
requirement. This imposition is a violation of Petitioner’s constitutional right to free
exercise of religion.
Petitioner further argues the Board erred when it determined her beliefs
were personal and not religious. Petitioner was raised in a Christian Evangelist
household but did not belong to a formal religion and asserts the Referee denied her
benefits because her religious beliefs are not practiced in a formal setting. Petitioner
claims that the formality, or lack thereof, of her religious beliefs does not change the
fact that they are religious beliefs.
In order to qualify for First Amendment protection, a claimant’s beliefs
must be sincerely held and the beliefs must be “religious in nature, in the claimant’s
scheme of things.” Monroe v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 535
A.2d 1222, 1225 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1988)(quoting Africa v. Commonwealth of
Pennsylvania, 662 F.2d 1025, 1030 (3d Cir. 1981)). “In determining whether or not
a belief is sincerely held, we may not question the truth of a belief, but must
determine whether or not that belief is truly held.” Id. (emphasis in the original).
The Board found that Petitioner’s beliefs were personal and not
religious because the Petitioner, at the time of the hearing, indicated she is not a
member of any formal, recognized or organized religion. (R.R. 37a.) The Board
7
concluded the beliefs were personal because she kept her religion quiet and only
practiced in her home. Id.
The United States Supreme Court rejected the notion that to claim the
protection of the Free Exercise Clause one must be responding to the commands of
a particular religious organization. Frazee v. Illinois Department of Employment
Security, 489 U.S. 829, 834 (1989). This Court cautioned in Monroe that the Court
must avoid any predisposition toward conventional religions so that unfamiliar faiths
are not branded as secular beliefs. Monroe, 535 A.2d at 1225.
Petitioner has represented that she associates with a Christian
Evangelist religion she practices at home with her family. (R.R. 34a.) The Board
discredited her religious claim based on the fact that she did not belong to what
would be termed a conventional religion. (R.R. at 37a.) In light of this Court’s
decision in Monroe, the Board erred in classifying Petitioner’s beliefs as personal
and not religious.
Although not controlling, we are further persuaded by a recent decision
of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. In U.S. Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission [EEOC] v. Consol Energy, Inc., 860 F.3d 131 (4th Cir.
2017), the EEOC brought an action against an employer on behalf of a retired
employee who had refused to submit to a biometric hand scan for religious reasons.
According to the employee (who identified himself as “a life-long evangelical
Christian”), “the Mark of the Beast brands followers of the Antichrist, allowing the
Antichrist to manipulate them. And use of [employer’s] hand-scanning system,
[employee] feared, would result in being so ‘marked’…” Id. at 137-138. The EEOC
alleged that employer’s failure to accommodate employee’s religious beliefs by
8
providing an alternative to the hand scan resulted in a constructive discharge in
violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.6 At trial, a jury returned a
verdict in EEOC’s (and thus employee’s) favor. The employer appealed.7
In affirming, the Fourth Circuit recognized the importance of
evaluating one’s beliefs only for their sincerity: “It is not [the employer’s] place as
an employer, nor ours as a court, to question the correctness or even the plausibility
of [employee’s] religious understandings. Consol, 860 F.3d at 142. Although
employee’s own pastor disagreed with his beliefs about the “Mark of the Beast,” the
Court said that was irrelevant: “[Employee’s] religious beliefs are protected whether
or not his pastor agrees with them. … So long as there is sufficient evidence that
[employee’s] beliefs are sincerely held … and conflict with [employer’s]
employment requirement, that is the end of the matter.” Id. at 142-43.
In the present case, the sincerity of Petitioner’s beliefs was not at issue.
The denial of benefits rested on the finding that these beliefs were personal and not
religious in nature. Even if it were somehow proper for an employer (or
governmental entity) to question the “religiosity” of one’s beliefs, given that
Petitioner stressed that her beliefs (like those of the Consol employee) were
biblically rooted and dwelt on concepts such as “heaven,” and “the devil,” it is
6
42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e to 2000e-17.
7
Irrelevant to the present matter, EEOC cross-appealed the district court’s determination
that precluded punitive damages.
9
difficult to comprehend how the Board determined them to be “personal” and not
“religious.”8 As such, the Board’s decision cannot stand.9
For these reasons, the decision of the Board is reversed.
___________________________
JOSEPH M. COSGROVE, Judge
Judge Cohn Jubelirer did not participate in the decision of this case.
Judge Simpson concurs in the result only.
8
In finding that “[t]he [Petitioner] is not a member of a recognized or organized religion,”
and basing its decision that Petitioner’s beliefs were thus merely “personal” and not “religious,”
the Board fails to fulfill its duty to protect Petitioner’s constitutional rights, in this case the First
and Fourteenth Amendment right to free exercise of religion.
9
Petitioner was willing to accept alternatives to the fingerprinting. She testified as follows:
“That’s the only background check that I object to. They can do anything else they want. […] I’m
willing to go with anything else they ask me to do with the exception of that [fingerprinting]
because I really do believe if I let them do that I won’t get into Heaven. I believe that in my heart
or we wouldn’t be here today.” (R.R. 32a.) No such accommodation was made available.
10
IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
Bonnie F. Kaite, :
Petitioner :
:
v. :
:
Unemployment Compensation :
Board of Review, : No. 851 C.D. 2016
Respondent :
ORDER
AND NOW, this 29th day of November, 2017, the April 28, 2016
Order of the Unemployment Compensation Board of Review is reversed.
___________________________
JOSEPH M. COSGROVE, Judge